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PubMed1994

[The history of research in color perception as a key to understanding various forms of congenital defects in red-green perception].

It is accurate to date the first scientific report about colour-deficiencies on 1777. Earlier descriptions may be followed up to the end of the 17th century. But usually it is only mentioned, that mistakes had happened. Huddart 1777, however, reported for the first time, that more than one person was involved in a family and that demonstrations of coloured ribbons helped to find out which colours became confounded. The famous self-observation of Dalton contains the assortment of individually combined silk-threads, which is an anticipation of subsequent arrangement-tests. Goethe developed a systematic arrangement-test of self-made small coloured targets with colours out of his own colour-wheel. A. Seebeck was the first who--using the spectrum for examination--found out that a special group of subjects showed a shortening of the spectrum at the red end. From this result Helmholtz concluded the existence of two types of red-green blindness. This new argument for the trichromatic organisation of our colourvision was the basis for the statement of the three types: protanopia, deuteranopia and tritanopia (v. Kries, A. König). Rayleigh later on succeeded in finding out anomalous trichromats following preparatory examinations of Maxwell. Nagel has the merit to have analysed protanomaly and deuteranomaly using the anomaloscope constructed by himself. Side by side with the spectral colour-tests pseudoisochromatic plates were developed for diagnostic purposes, at first thought out and introduced by Stilling and in the meantime used in many variations.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed2003

ERGs, cone-isolating VEPs and analytical techniques in children with cone dysfunction syndromes.

Photoreceptor and post-receptoral function in children with congenital and acquired cone disorders was measured by full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and transient visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Subjects were five rod monochromats (RM), five with cone dystrophy (CD), and 30 controls. Patients were diagnosed by clinical findings, ERGs, and standard color vision tests. VEP stimuli were check reversals and color grating onsets that stimulated each photoreceptor type (L-, M-, or S-cones) or post-receptoral pathways (L-M, white/black). VEP signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) were calculated by Fourier analysis of VEP epochs. All RM patients showed extinguished cone ERGs. A near normal S-cone VEP was recorded from a blue-cone rod monochromat without any signal from the L- or M-cone stimuli. Two other RM patients were classified as incomplete RM based on a low-level VEP signal from either L- or M-cone stimuli. CD patients had mildly to severely reduced ERGs and VEPs were abnormal to all cone-isolating stimuli. The VEP S/N ratio was not significantly correlated with the amount of rod contrast in the color stimuli. Color VEPs provide an objective assessment of macular cone function in children with cone dysfunction syndromes that is more sensitive to residual central cone function than standard full-field ERGs. VEP techniques may be useful in the early detection of cone loss in children, especially in children who do not tolerate ERG testing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Adverse consequences of altering the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test.

Modifications of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test (e.g., selection of new fixed-reference caps from within the test) have been proposed, with little or no theoretical justification or experimental verification. Predictions based on theoretical considerations of the underlying nature of the test and verified by experimental measurements on subjects with known color defects demonstrate that (1) modification can destroy the very nature of the test; (2) modification can alter axis determination and therefore, potentially, the diagnosis; (3) the resulting test scores cannot be compared reliably to established norms; and (4) accurate predictions of test performance can be made from theoretical considerations.

Color Perception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring short-wavelength-sensitive cone discrimination thresholds using pseudoisochromatic figures displayed on a color monitor.

PURPOSE: To simplify the testing of short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) cone function in the clinic. METHODS: SWS-cone discrimination thresholds were measured along the tritan axis using pseudoisochromatic figures displayed on a color monitor. A circular 6 degrees field, containing spatially discrete patches of varying sizes and luminances, was presented on a background. A subset of patches formed the target patch in the shape of a C. Eight subjects with normal color vision reported the direction of the gap in the C using a cursor controlled by a joystick. DATA: were expressed in units of SWS-cone trolands. RESULTS: SWS-cone discrimination threshold increased slowly as the SWS-cone trolands of the starting chromaticity increased. The dependence of the threshold on the SWS-cone activation level was similar to literature reports of chromatic discrimination measured with conventional paradigms. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of this method: (a) It is a simple intuitive task for patients. (b) The paradigm can be implemented with an 8-bit/gun color monitor. (c) The test avoids the need to define equiluminance for the individual patient before the color test is administered. This method can provide a useful technique for measuring SWS-cone function in a clinical population.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Cool white, Ultralume, and Vita-Lite fluorescent lamps for use in color vision testing.

Thirty-one normal and 20 color vision-deficient persons were tested with the Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) Pseudoisochromatic Plates, Farnsworth's D-15 and 100-Hue tests, and the Davidson & Hemmendinger (D & H) Color Rule using Vita-Lite, Ultralume, and Cool White fluorescent lamps to determine their usefulness for color vision measurement. The persons with deficient color vision were classified with a Nagel anomaloscope. The Macbeth Easel lamp was the reference for determining relative lamp performance. No normal was misclassified with any of the lamps. Scores with the Vita-Lite lamp were qualitatively and quantitatively most similar to those with the Macbeth lamp. The Ultralume gave intermediate results, and the Cool White was the least satisfactory substitute. Norms for the metameric D & H Color Rule for each lamp were different, which prevented intercomparisons. Best separation of the scores of deficient from normal persons with the D & H Rule occurred with the Macbeth and Vita-Lite lamps. Better performance with the Vita-Lite and Ultralume lamps can be expected from protans with the HRR and 100-Hue Tests and poorer performances from deutans on the HRR tests than with the standard Macbeth Lamp. The Cool White lamp was judged an unsuitable substitute for color vision testing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A time induced tritan defect.

It is hypothesized that if blue is signalled more slowly than red in the visual system, and if integration time is longer for blue than for red, then a tritan defect should be apparent for normal observers. Data from short-exposure viewing of the City University Colour Vision Test indicate that, at 3.75 msec. a significant tritan error occurs.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Validity of the Holmes-Wright lantern as a color vision test for the rail industry.

A simulated field test was designed to determine whether the Holmes-Wright A lantern (HWA) is a valid color vision test for the rail industry. The simulation replicated viewing rail signal lights at 0.8 km distance under daylight conditions. Using the worst-normal as the maximum number of allowable errors on the simulation, 94% of the color-defectives failed both tests on the first trial and 92% failed at the second session. The HWA had a higher false negative rate than a false alarm rate. The majority of individuals who had discrepancies on the two tests were mild deutans. Results from the Ishihara test were marginally better at predicting performance on the simulation.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1983

Colour vision and spectral sensitivity in children with visual handicaps.

In children with a visual handicap, colour vision testing may provide additional cues to diagnosis. Some information is given by pseudo-isochromatic plates. More informative are the arrangement tests, especially the Panel D-15. These tests can be used also in cases with severely reduced visual acuity. In suspected achromatopsia, the scotopic spectral sensitivity can be revealed by the D-15 test, the anomaloscope, or measuring the spectral sensitivity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

[A new sieve-test for testing colour vision (author's transl)].

From our results we can be sure that the colour test disk is at least as reliable for mass testing for colour blindness as the Ishihara isochromatic colour plates. In practice the test disk has the advantage of constancy of testing conditions and easy and quick procedure. If it is necessary to differentiate between protopia and deuteropia the colour test disk is significantly better Ishihara's colour plates.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1998

Early detection of changes in visual function in diabetes mellitus.

Psychophysical measurements were performed with a view to providing an assessment of early neural functional integrity in the presence of no or minimal diabetic retinopathy (DR). The investigations were carried out on a normal group and a number of age- and sex-matched non-insulin dependent diabetic groups with different levels of DR. Results were considered in terms of the presence of functional changes relative to the severity of DR and the duration of diabetes. Significant deficits were found for visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS) and colour vision. Both CS and colour vision measurements differentiated between non-diabetics and those with diabetes but without DR. However, none of the tests reliably distinguished diabetics without DR from those with early retinal changes although VA and colour vision (especially along a blue-yellow colour axis) were sensitive to more substantial retinal changes. This finding suggests such tests may be useful as screening tests for more advanced levels of background DR.

Adult↗