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PubMed1997

Human colostrum IgA antibodies reacting to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli antigens and their persistence in the faeces of a breastfed infant.

IgA antibodies reacting to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) antigens in human colostrum and their role in the inhibition of EPEC adherence to HEp-2 cells were studied. Colostrum IgA was isolated with a Sepharose anti-IgA column. IgA-depleted colostrum lost its inhibitory effect on EPEC adhesion, while the IgA-enriched eluate was a potent adherence inhibitor. The same eluate showed a significant loss of inhibitory activity after absorption with an EPEC strain showing localised adherence (LA+), but no alteration after absorption with an LA- strain. No bands were observed in Western blot analysis with LA+ absorbed eluate and with a crude extract of the EPEC strain, but the eluate absorbed with LA- showed a strong recognition of a 94-kDa band, a molecular weight equivalent to that of intimin. Colostrum antibodies reacting to non-protein antigens were not detected by Western blot analysis. The persistence of anti-EPEC IgA in the gastrointestinal tract was shown by the strong reactivity to the 94-kDa band in Western blot analysis of one mother's colostrum and her infant's faeces. These data confirm the role of colostrum antibodies in protecting the neonate against infections due to EPEC.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effect of induction of parturition on immunoglobulin content of colostrum and calf serum.

Thirty-four pregnant crossbred beef cows were injected with prostaglandin F(2) alpha (PGF group, n = 11), dexamethasone (DEX group, n = 11), or saline (control group, n = 12) on Day 270 of gestation. Immediately after calving, all colostrum was milked from each cow. A sample was taken, and the remainder was fed to that cow's calf within one hour of birth. Serum was collected from each calf at 0 and 24 h of age. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) content of colostrum and serum was determined with commercial radial immunodiffusion plates. The data from four PGF cows that did not calve until after 140 h post injection were excluded from the results. Mean (+/- SD) volumes (ml) of colostrum were 2086 (+/-1148.4) for the PGF group, 1336 (+/-583.7) for the DEX group, and 2404 (+/-1140.7) for the control group. Mean (+/- SD) concentrations (mg/dl) of IgG in colostrum were 6017 (+/-3351.2) for PGF, 10285 (+/-5370.7) for DEX and 10766 (+/-5098.3) for the control group. Mean (+/- SD) total quantities of IgG (g) in colostrum were 133.9 (+/-120.03) for PGF, 134.1 (+/-96.67) for DEX and 235.6 (+/-147.22) for the control. IgG concentrations were very low or were not detectable in serum of all calves prior to administration of colostrum. Mean (+/- SD) concentrations (mg/dl) of IgG in serum of calves at 24 h of age were 1469 (+/-905.8) for calves from PGF cows, 1819 (+/-1289.8) for calves from DEX cows, and 3317 (+/-1888.2) for calves from control cows. Calves from control cows had significantly more IgG at 24 h than calves from PGF cows or DEX cows (p<0.05). Calves born to cows induced to calve early may be at an increased risk of failure of passive transfer and so should be monitored for IgG concentrations.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1965

PROTEINS OF RUMINANT COLOSTRUM.

1. The proteins in the whey of ewe colostrum resemble those obtained from goat colostrum in containing two main electrophoretic components, with mobilities of -2x10(-5) and -3.9x10(-5) cm.(2)sec.(-1)v(-1) in sodium veronal buffer, pH 8.6 and I 0.1, at 1 degrees . 2. Of 32 samples of goat colostrum examined by paper electrophoresis 27 contained the immune lactoglobulin characteristic of colostrum; of 55 samples of cow colostrum all contained immune lactoglobulin.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum immunoglobulins A and G.

Enteric virus-specific IgA and IgG present in paired human sera and colostrums were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Virus-specific IgA was present in all colostrums, but virus-specific IgG could not be detected. The reverse was true when sera were assayed. Most of these colostrums also neutralized either polio virus or reovirus, as did IgA, which was separated from a pool of colostrums by exclusion chromatography. No correlation could be made between levels of neutralizing and ELISA antibody titers in colostrums.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1995

A novel immunosuppressive factor in human colostrum.

Human colostrum contains a factor that inhibits the induction of interleukin 2 (IL2) in T lymphocyte cell lines (colostrum inhibitory factor, CIF). In PMA-stimulated EL4.E1 cells, inhibition is the result of blocking the accumulation of IL2 mRNA. Human colostrum contains on the order of 100 U/ml of CIF activity, where 1 U/ml inhibits 50% of the IL2 response. Transient acidification to pH 3.0 increased CIF activity severalfold. Although it resembles TGF beta in some respects, antisera against TGF beta neutralized 10% or less of the CIF activity in human colostrum. Furthermore, whereas authentic TGF beta blocked the induction of IL2 by PMA-plus-calcium-stimulated cells by only about 50%, CIF inhibited it completely. A similar CIF activity was also detected in bovine colostrum, but not in normal bovine milk.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Lipid peroxidation and activities of tyrosine aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase in hepatoma and glioma cells grown in bovine colostrum-supplemented medium.

The growth stimulating properties of bovine serum and colostrum were compared in rat hepatoma (HTC) and glioma (C6) cell cultures. A colostrum concentration of 2% was optimal for HTC cells, which then reached a terminal density 40% of that in serum-supplemented medium. The corresponding figures for C6 cells were 10 and 81%, respectively. After 4 d in culture, levels of lipid hydroperoxides were measured and compared. Highest levels of lipid hydroperoxides were found in HTC and C6 cells grown in unsupplemented medium. HTC and C6 cells grown in serum supplemented medium contained levels of 52 and 64%, respectively, of that in unsupplemented medium. The corresponding levels for cells grown in presence of colostrum were 40% for HTC and 44% for C6 cells. To obtain information on any functional alterations in the cells due to the presence of colostrum the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5) and glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) by dexamethasone was studied. Although colostrum seemed to increase the basal activities of the enzymes, no significant effects on the degree of induction could be detected.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Inhibition of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adhesion to HEp-2 cells by colostrum and milk from mothers delivering low-birth-weight neonates.

UNLABELLED: Breast milk samples from three groups of Brazilian women were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adhesion to HEp-2 cells: G1, mothers delivering preterm babies of appropriate birth weight (n = 12); G2, mothers delivering term babies of low birth weight (n = 11); G3, the control group, mothers delivering term babies of appropriate birth weight (n = 39). Colostrum samples were obtained at 48-72 h and milk samples on the 7th, 30th and 60th days after delivery. All samples showed strong inhibitory activity (66%-100%), without significant differences among the three groups and four periods. Total IgA and anti-EPEC IgA concentrations were significantly higher in colostrum than in milk samples in the three groups studied. The levels of colostral IgA and anti-EPEC IgA observed in G1 and G2 were significantly higher compared to the control group. Western blotting assays showed that individual samples as well as pools of colostrum or milk samples contain IgA antibodies to many EPEC outer membrane proteins. A 94 kDa band with molecular weight consistent with the EPEC adhesin named intimin; was recognized by all samples analysed. Bands of different molecular weight were also recognized by some samples of colostrum and milk, such as a band of approximately 18.4 kDa, with molecular weight equivalent to bundle-forming pilus subunits. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that colostrum and milk from mothers of premature and small-for-date term neonates are as effective in protecting the newborn against EPEC infections as those from mothers of term babies of appropriate birth weight.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1985

Natural killer cells in human colostrum.

The presence of natural killer cells in human colostrum was disclosed with the use of a fluorochrome-labeled monoclonal antibody HNK-1 (Leu-7) that recognizes cells with natural killer and killer activity. Approximately 0.5% of total colostral cells were stained with this reagent. These cells were separated by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter and examined for their morphology by electron microscopy and for their cytotoxic activity against 51Cr-labeled K562 target cells. Two morphological types of natural killer cells were observed in colostrum: the first was represented by large cells with numerous vacuoles but without dense cytoplasmic granules; the second type, which occurred with lower frequency, resembled the large granular lymphocytes associated with natural killer activity in peripheral blood. The HNK-1-positive cells from colostrum displayed low cytotoxic activity against K562 target cells. Incubation of HNK-1-positive cells from peripheral blood with cell-free colostrum resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the cytotoxic activity. The functional changes were accompanied by morphological alterations which included degranulation and the formation of numerous vacuoles. The variances in the cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood HNK-1-positive cells suspended in different dilutions of colostrum suggest that this fluid contains humoral factors which modify morphology and function depending on their concentrations.

Blood Cells↗

PubMed1994

Detection of enzootic pneumonia in pig herds using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sow colostrum.

A total of 6256 colostrum samples from 185 Finnish pig health scheme herds were screened for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibodies, using a commercial ELISA kit, between November 1989 and April 1991. Most (162) of the herds were negative. In six herds, in which positive colostrum samples were found, the presence of enzootic pneumonia was confirmed by clinical and pathological findings. One herd had several seropositive sows but no clinical disease and in 16 herds occasional positive colostrum samples were found. Antibodies appeared in the colostrum four days to six months before the signs of the clinical disease; the number of seropositive sows was low (average 10.6 per cent). The specificity of the ELISA was estimated to be as high as 99.4 per cent in this study. Colostrum appeared to be a suitable sample for ELISAS.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Serum opsonic activity and neutrophil phagocytic capacity of newborn lambs before and 24-36 h after colostrum uptake.

Neutrophil (PMN) counts, immune complex (IC) uptake by PMN, and serum opsonising activity for promoting yeast uptake were used to evaluate infection clearing capacity in 16 lambs prior to colostrum feeding (two lambs fed bovine colostrum, 14 suckled lambs) and at 2 days of age. At 2 days of age lambs had more circulating PMN than they had prior to colostrum uptake (P less than 0.01). Colostrum feeding caused a significant increase in the percent of lamb PMN phagocytosing IC, although at Day 2 the percent phagocytosis was significantly lower (32.2%) than for adult controls (90%). Yeast opsonophagocytosis was greater when 24-36 h post-feeding serum was the source of opsonin than when pre-feeding serum was used (P less than 0.001). When adult serum was the opsonin, yeast opsonophagocytosis was approximately twice the phagocytosis mediated by 24-36 h post-feeding serum. The peripheral neutrocytosis and the enhancement of opsonophagocytosis generated by absorption of either ovine or bovine colostrum did not differ. The results of this study suggest that the parameters evaluated may be used for indicating the presence (or absence) of passively acquired protective immunity.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Maedi-visna control in sheep. I. Artificial rearing of colostrum-deprived lambs.

A field trial to study the practicability and efficacy of maedi-visna control in sheep by artificial rearing of lambs was carried out during the lambing season of 1979. Lambs were immediately separated from the dams at birth, deprived of ovine colostrum, and reared isolated from the parent flock. Bovine colostrum was given instead of maternal colostrum. Eleven farms participated in the experiment. All flocks were severely infected with maedi-visna virus: 63-100% of the ewes were seropositive as demonstrated by ELISA. Artificially reared lambs were serologically tested and positives culled at the age of 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months. Only very few positives were found: 1/389, 1/376, 0/337, 1/223, 1/192 and 0/144, respectively. The first two sero-positive lambs occurred in one flock, and it could be ascertained that both had mistakenly been given ovine colostrum probably containing maedi-visna virus. No explanation, other than sub-optimal hygiene and isolation, could be found for the two sero-positive sheep that turned up in another flock at 24 and 30 months of age although, transplacental infection cannot be entirely excluded. It is concluded that artificial rearing of ovine colostrum-deprived lambs is an effective and practicable method for the control of maedi-visna in sheep. The method appears particularly useful when valuable genetic material has to be salvaged.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1995

Detection of antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, serotype 2 in porcine colostrum using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for serotype 2.

A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed for detection of antibodies to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 in sera from pigs (Nielsen et al., 1991) was evaluated for its suitability to detect antibodies in colostrum to this serotype. Using colostrum from sows experimentally infected with serotype 2 and from herds known to be infected with this serotype, the sensitivity of the test was 100%. Antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 could be detected in colostrum of experimentally infected sows until at least 5 days after farrowing. Positive results were not observed with colostrum samples from herds known to be free from A. pleuropneumoniae. The high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay indicated that screening of herds for A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 infection by testing colostrum would be a reliable and simple method for herd monitoring.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae↗

PubMed1989

Effect of colostrum intake on plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acid and glucoregulatory hormone patterns in the neonatal pig.

The effect of colostrum on endocrine and metabolic factors affecting glucose homeostasis was evaluated in 60 neonatal pigs that were fasted, fed (nursed ad libitum) or limit-fed colostrum (25% ad libitum, 4-hr interval feeding). Plasma acquired at birth (t0), and after 10, 20 and 30 hr (t10, t20 and t30, respectively) was analyzed for glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and the glucoregulatory hormones--insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone and catecholamines. The concentration of glucose and NEFA was similar among treatment groups at birth and increased in proportion to the quantity of colostrum consumed. Pigs fed ad libitum achieved and maintained a higher (greater than or equal to 40%; P less than .01) glucose concentration when compared to fasted neonates. Limit-fed counterparts also achieved and maintained higher levels, with glucose concentration being approximately 20% higher throughout (P less than .05). Fed pigs maintained NEFA concentrations which were approximately 2.5-fold to 4-fold greater than that of fasted pigs (P less than .05). Likewise, limit-fed pigs tended (P = .19) to have elevated NEFA concentrations and a lower (P less than .05) insulin:glucagon molar ratio. An inverse relationship was observed between colostrum intake and plasma concentrations of cortisol and growth hormone. Concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine tended (P greater than .10) to be elevated in fed pigs, relative to those of fasted counterparts. Provision of even limited quantities of colostrum is therefore beneficial to the glucoregulatory response in newborn pigs.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Oral administration of bovine colostrum stimulates intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to polarize Th1-type in mice.

Th1 stimulus for Th2-skewed immune response during infancy is important for reduction of incidence of allergic diseases. We examined effects of oral administration of bovine colostrum on local immunity in intestine in adult mice. C57BL/6 mice were orally given bovine colostrum or control milk for 1, 3 or 6 months and intestinal microflora, fecal IgA, and lymphocyte population of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and their abilities of cytokine production were examined. Although the cell populations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) were not remarkably changed, the T cells in i-IEL were polarized to Th1 type after oral administration of bovine colostrum. Intestinal microflora and IgA levels in feces were not changed by oral administration of bovine colostrum. These results suggest that colostrum stimulates directly to i-IEL to polarize Th1 type, which may protect from infectious diseases and allergic diseases mediated by Th2 type responses.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2005

PCR detection of colostrum-associated Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) infection and relationship with ELISA-antibody status in lambs.

A recent large-scale experimental study showed that bottle-feeding ovine colostrum from seropositive ewes results in high MVV-seroconversion in lambs. In contrast, relatively few lambs that naturally suckled colostrum from seropositive dams seroconverted as a result of it. Furthermore, lambs fed uninfected bovine colostrum readily seroconverted when mixed with ovine-colostrum lambs indicating that horizontal MVV transmission between lambs was efficient. MVV-infection was further investigated in the same samples using two PCR tests targeting sequences in the long-terminal repeats (LTR) and POL MVV genes. PCR-tests confirmed previous serological findings. However, the LTR-PCR was more sensitive and allowed detecting infection earlier than the other tests, including 5-8% of new-born lambs from seropositive dams, providing more evidence that prenatal MVV-infection may be more important than considered. The degree of agreement between PCR and antibody tests in individual samples was low up to 6 months of age and moderate at 10 months-old. Nine percent of lambs were always PCR-negative but seroconverted and 19% of lambs were PCR-positive at least once and did not seroconvert. However, seroconversion was associated with increasing number of times lambs were PCR-positive and ovine colostrum-fed lambs were more frequently PCR-positive than other lambs. The significance of these findings in terms of MVV-infection, epidemiology and control is discussed.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Effects of exogenous progesterone on gestation length, foetal survival and colostrum yield in ewes.

Twin bearing mature ewes (n=40) were treated with exogenous progesterone (100mg daily in oil) or vehicle (oil control) from Day 143 of gestation until lambing to investigate the effects on gestation length, foetal survival and colostrum yield and composition. Compared to control ewes, progesterone treated ewes had increased (P<0.05) serum progesterone concentrations (by 4.3 ng/ml) before lambing and in the first day post-partum (by 10 ng/ml). Progesterone treatment increased gestation length (150.4+/-0.6 days versus 147.8+/-0.6 days, P<0.05) and colostrum yield at 1h after lambing (P<0.05) but the colostrum had a lower concentration of IgG (P=0.02). In the first 24h after lambing, total colostrum and IgG yields were not different between groups. Four (20%) of the progesterone treated ewes produced either one or two dead lambs, while one ewe died on day 155 without initiating the birth process. We conclude that the daily administration of 100mg progesterone resulted in extended gestation length and reduced lamb survival but did not lower colostrum yield.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The influence of colostrum on infection of calves around 7 months of age with Schistosoma mattheei.

Studies have indicated that the intake of colostrum could modulate the offspring reaction towards early schistosome infections. The effect of colostrum (containing immunoglobulins, parasite antigens, immune cells and other cell-related products) on late Schistosoma infections is to our knowledge not documented. The objective of the present study is to determine whether the intake of colostrum from Schistosoma mattheei infected cows will modify late S. mattheei infection patterns in their offspring. Six calves born to confirmed non-infected cows and 10 calves born to confirmed infected mothers were purchased after intake of colostrum. All calves were exposed to a total experimental challenge of 2500 cercariae around the age of 7 months. Serum samples were collected before and after intake of colostrum and monthly thereafter for the determination of specific antibody levels. Faecal samples were collected monthly from 42 days after infection for the determination of faecal egg counts. Six calves of each group were slaughtered around the age of 15 months for worm recovery and tissue egg counting. No differences between both groups were observed in immunoglobulin levels and faecal egg counts after infection, and in worm counts and tissue egg counts at necropsy. In conclusion colostral effects, which were noticed at an early age, are no longer present around the age of 7 months. As such calves which are born during a season of high Schistosoma transmission will still be under colostral influence and therefore be more protected against a primary challenge than calves born during a low transmission season, as the latter will only receive their first challenge when colostral protective effects have disappeared.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Detection of antibody to Toxocara vitulorum perieneteric fluid antigens (Pe) in the colostrum and serum of buffalo calves and cows by Western blotting.

Toxocara vitulorum, a nematode parasite in the small intestine of cattle and water buffaloes, causes high morbidity and mortality of 1-3 months old buffalo calves. This research evaluated the specific perieneteric antigens (Pe) reactivity of anti-T. vitulorum-Pe antibody (Tv-Pe-Ab) in both immune sera and colostrum from buffalo cows immediately post-partum from buffalo cows. The presence of Tv-Pe-Ab in sera of buffalo newborn calves was also examined at 1 day before and after suckling the colostrum as well as in sera from naturally infected calves at the beginning and peak of the maximum infection and then again during the period of rejection and post-rejection of the parasite. Pe antigens were characterized for Tv-Pe-Ab by SDS-PAGE and Western blot (WB). The SDS-PAGE showed that Pe contained nine protein bands (11, 14, 31, 38, 58, 76, 88, 112 and 165 kDa). All Pe bands were recognized by Tv-Pe-Ab in sera and colostrum of buffalo cows. Only the serum antibodies of buffalo calves at 1 day of age after suckling the colostrum and during the beginning of T. vitulorum infection recognized Pe antigen's nine bands. In contrast, serum antibodies from 1-day-old buffalo calves, taken before suckling colostrum, did not react with any protein band. In suckling calves, which reached peak egg output, rejection and post-rejection stages of the infection, serum Tv-Pe-Ab reactivity with lower molecular weight protein bands (11-76 kDa) was lost and only reactivity with the Pe protein bands of higher molecular weight (88, 112 and 165 kDa) remained.

Age Factors↗