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PubMed1997

Application of a computer program to exclude additional unexpected antibodies.

BACKGROUND: When a patient has produced red cell (RBC) antibodies in the past, he or she is at risk of producing additional antibodies after antigen challenge. The presence of these antibodies should be excluded before each transfusion. The following criteria are applied when using commercial test RBCs: RBCs should not express the antigen against which the previously documented antibody is directed. For other clinically significant antigens, at least one RBC sample should be from a donor who is homozygous for the encoding gene. The manual selection of such RBCs is tedious and requires experience. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A computer program has been developed that generates exclusion panels (EPs) by selecting a minimum number of RBCs from commercial test panel complying with current criteria. When RBCs from a donor who is homozygous for the encoding gene are absent, the program selects, as a second-best option, RBCs from a donor who is heterozygous for that gene. The computer program developed for this study investigated the usefulness of commercially available panels from separate manufactures in excluding the presence of additional antibodies. A list of 488 antibodies detected by a regional blood bank in 1994 was used as cases of antibodies documented in the past. RESULTS: In 61 percent of the cases, successful EPs (i.e., those complying with the criteria), consisting of three to four different phenotypes, were selected. In the remaining 39 percent of cases, it was impossible to generate successful EPs: 1 to 2 additional antibodies could not be excluded or could be excluded only by using RBCs from heterozygotes. Commercial panels differed only slightly in their efficiency in providing suitable RBCs. None of the commercial panels could provide suitable RBCs to exclude all additional antibodies in the presence of anti-c, anti-e, or anti-M. Increasing the number of RBCs from which to select EPs only slightly increased the percentage of success. CONCLUSION: Computer-aided construction of EPs quickly shows whether strict criteria can be met or whether alternative techniques should be used. It leads to a significant reduction in the number of RBC suspensions necessary to exclude additional antibodies. Results with various commercial panels differed only slightly.

Antibodies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A computer program for toxico-chemical analysis using gas chromatography].

A high probability of identification of substances containing nitrogen or phosphorus in their molecules is obtained by the original gas chromatographic (GC) system. It enables the reliability of positive identification in 98.43% of cases compared with the modern GC where for the chromatographic library spectrum of 200 substances the probability of identification of unknown substances is only 28.13%. GC system is based on the parallel configuration of the two capillary columns of different polarities connected to the one-column injector and the one nitrogen-phosphorus detector as well as the original computer program developed on the qualitative-logistic approach to interpretation of chromatographic parameters using only one reference substance. The computer program can perform positive logistic identification also in the case when the unknown substance is in the closest chromatographic vicinity, with quite different reference substances on both capillary columns.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1977

A computer program to record technical data in leukapheresis and plateletpheresis procedures.

A computer program for the recording of data and calculation of results from leukapheresis and plateletpheresis procedures is described. It provides a printout of cell yields and other results for each procedure, as well as an updated list of donors and phereses. The data are kept on tape, accessible for periodic statistical analysis. While primarily set up for use with Haemonetics (intermittent-flow centrifugation) equipment, the program is adaptable for other systems.

Blood Transfusion↗

PubMed1991

Mixed oligo designer (MOD), a computer program to aid planning of automated, mixed oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis for mutagenesis experiments.

A computer program, MOD (mixed oligo designer), which aids in planning site-directed mutagenesis experiments using highly substituted oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligos), is described. The program calculates the relationship between the degree of oligo substitution and the mutation frequency, in order to achieve an optimal level of mutagenesis. The program can be used on a wide variety of computers and runs under a number of different operating systems.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1987

[A computer program for recognition of normal and pathologic blood and bone marrow cells].

A computer program to identify normal and pathological blood and marrow cells is presented. It requires an analysis of cellular morphology according to ten simple criteria. These criteria are treated by the Bayesian method; then the program offers, in decreasing order, the cells which are best classified. The responses are analyzed and discussed. This program seems to be well suitable to a computer-assisted teaching (CAT) of cytology. It supplements effectively the traditional methods.

Bayes Theorem↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A computer program for linear nonparametric and parametric identification of biological data.

A computer program package for parametric ad nonparametric linear system identification of both static and dynamic biological data, written for an LSI-11 minicomputer with 28 K of memory, is described. The program has 11 possible commands including an instructional help command. A user can perform nonparametric spectral analysis and estimation of autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions of univariate data and estimate nonparametrically the transfer function and possibly an associated noise series of bivariate data. In addition, the commands provide the user the means to derive a parametric autoregressive moving average model for univariate data, to derive a parametric transfer function and noise model for bivariate data, and to perform several model evaluation tests such as pole-zero cancellation, examination of residual whiteness and uncorrelatedness with the input. The program, consisting of a main program and driver subroutine as well as six overlay segments, may be run interactively or automatically.

Computers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A computer program for the interpretation of the acid-base status and respiratory gases].

A computer program for analysing the parameters of the acid-base status and respiratory gases has been designed. The program separates cases which are included into classical picture of certain respiratory, metabolic and mixed disorders. Out of a test series of 200 findings, 93% findings have been accurately interpreted. The program is written in BASIC, translated into machine code and occupies about 25 Kbyte computer memory. The main parts of the program use commands which do not favorize any version of BASIC increasing the program portability to other systems. The classification of respiratory gases and acid-base status was based on the already known facts.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

BASIC computer program to summarize data using nonparametric and parametric statistics including Anderson-Darling test for normality.

Tools for calculating Gaussian parametric statistics are widely available in hand-held calculators and program packages for desktop as well as mainframe computers. The standard deviation calculated from non-Gaussian data may, however, be meaningless or even absurd. Furthermore, the standard error of the mean is frequently used as a descriptive statistic even if it really does not describe the variation in the observations themselves. However, comprehensive tools for calculating nonparametric descriptive statistics and judging whether observations have a Gaussian distribution are hard to come by. The present paper attempts to provide the essential statistical reasoning behind the calculation of descriptive statistics and introduces a computer program written in Microsoft BASIC that applies the methods described in the text.

Mathematical Computing↗

PubMed1992

BB_RADABA: a computer program as a tool for breeding and management of laboratory animals.

The use of well characterized laboratory animals in biomedical research is of importance for quality securing and reproducibility of animal experiments. Therefore, breeders should not only have in mind the reproduction of their animal stocks, but they should also be interested to achieve an optimal resemblance of the animals in the main traits characterizing them as a model of human diseases. Specific software applications which helps the breeders in monitoring the main breeding parameters, selecting suitable breeding pairs and data processing are practically not available. This prompted us to develop a computer program for management of breeding and experimental data, which we called BB_RADABA. In this report we want to give a short survey on this computer program.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

RSITE: a computer program to predict the recognition sequence of a restriction enzyme.

A computer program (RSITE) was developed which predicts the recognition sequence of a restriction endonuclease. The sizes of fragments experimentally determined on cleavage of a DNA of known sequence were input. Possible recognition sequences producing fragments of sizes matching those determined empirically were printed out. The program faithfully predicted the specificity of restriction enzymes of known recognition sequence and also determined the recognition sequence of a new restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenzae GU (HinGU II).

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Voxeldoes: a computer program for 3-D dose calculation in therapeutic nuclear medicine.

A computer program, VoxelDose, was developed to calculate patient specific 3-D-dose maps at the voxel level. The 3-D dose map is derived in three steps: (i) The SPECT acquisitions are reconstructed using a filtered back projection method, with correction for attenuation and scatter; (ii) the 3-D cumulated activity map is generated by integrating the SPECT data; and (iii) a 3-D dose map is computed by convolution (using the Fourier Transform) of the cumulated activity map and corresponding MIRD voxel S values. To validate the VoxelDose software, a Liqui-Phil abdominal phantom with four simulated organ inserts and one spherical tumor (radius 4.2 cm) was filled with known activity concentrations of 111In. Four cylindrical calibration tubes (from 3.7 to 102 kBq/mL) were placed on the phantom. Thermoluminescent mini-dosimeters (mini-TLDs) were positioned on the surface of the organ inserts. Percent differences between the known and measured activity concentrations were determined to be 12.1 (tumor), 1.8 (spleen), 1.4, 8.1 (right and left kidneys), and 38.2% (liver), leading to percent differences between the calculated and TLD measured doses of 41, 16, 3, 5, and 62%. Large differences between the measured and calculated dose in the tumor and the liver may be attributed to several reasons, such as the difficulty in precisely associating the position of the TLD to a voxel and limits of the quantification method (mainly the scatter correction and partial volume effect). Further investigations should be performed to better understand the impact of each effect on the results and to improve absolute quantification. For all other organs, activity concentration measurements and dose calculations agree well with the known activity concentrations.

Humans↗

PubMed1986

PKCALC: a BASIC interactive computer program for statistical and pharmacokinetic analysis of data.

PKCALC, an interactive computer program written in BASIC, facilitates: initial statistical analysis of multisubject data sets, pharmacokinetic analysis of experimental data, transfer of data between commercially available electronic spread-sheets (e.g., LOTUS 123) and the pharmacokinetic programs ESTRIP and PCNONLIN, and rapid preparation of graphs of data. Concentration versus time data can be entered into the program manually, from a data interchange format (DIF) file, or from a data file previously generated by PKCALC. The program has a main menu listing nine options. These include, but are not limited to, setting up a data file which can subsequently be read by PCNONLIN, chaining to a copy of ESTRIP augmented to read PKCALC data files, stripping curves manually, and utilizing the CRT and a line printer to graph polyexponential equations and/or subject data on linear or semilogarithmic axes. PKCALC runs on the IBM PC, IBM XT, IBM AT, and COMPAQ personal computers.

Computers↗

PubMed1996

GELSTATS: a computer program for population genetics analyses using VNTR multilocus probe data.

GELSTATS, a computer program for population genetics analyses utilizing genetic markers revealed with variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) multilocus probes, is described and made available (both as C++ source code and as an executable DOS program). The program calculates several population genetics parameters, including: (i) individual and population band numbers; (ii) population bands exhibiting complete linkage (redundant examples of such bands can be removed in subsequent analyses); (iii) similarity (fraction of bands shared) between individuals and average similarity within and between designated groups; (iv) estimated probability that two individuals chosen at random will have identical band profiles; (v) heterozygosity estimates for designated groups; and (vi) Fst estimates. Nonparametric permutation methods are used to assess the significance of differences in both within- and between-group similarity. A jackknife test for heterozygosity differences between groups is also computed. Examples of GELSTATS analyses illustrate some features of the program.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A computer program for analyzing enzyme kinetic data using graphical display and statistical analysis.

A computer program, PENNZYME (M. C. Kohn, L. E. Menten, and D. Garfinkel, Comput. Biomed. Res. 12, 461, 1979), that fits trial rate laws to enzyme and transport steady-state kinetic data by nonlinear regression has been enhanced. The new version includes a set of mnemonic commands which can be displayed in a menu at the user's option. Graphic displays of measured data and computed curves, as well as deviations between them (residual plots) have been added to aid the user in determining if a model is free of bias or systematic error. Other features include the ability to display the variance-covariance matrix of the parameters, to hold individual parameters constant during an optimization, and to optimize error models for the experimental data by the extended-least-squares technique.

Computers↗

PubMed1999

A two-year study of microscopic urinalysis competency using the urinalysis-review computer program.

BACKGROUND: The microscopic examination of urine sediment is one of the most commonly performed microscope-based laboratory tests, but despite its widespread use, there has been no detailed study of the competency of medical technologists in performing this test. One reason for this is the lack of an effective competency assessment tool that can be applied uniformly across an institution. METHODS: This study describes the development and implementation of a computer program, Urinalysis-ReviewTM, which periodically tests competency in microscopic urinalysis and then summarizes individual and group test results. In this study, eight Urinalysis-Review exams were administered over 2 years to medical technologists (mean, 58 technologists per exam; range, 44-77) at our academic medical center. The eight exams contained 80 test questions, consisting of 72 structure identification questions and 8 quantification questions. The 72 structure questions required the identification of 134 urine sediment structures consisting of 63 examples of cells, 25 of casts, 18 of normal crystals, 8 of abnormal crystals, and 20 of organisms or artifacts. RESULTS: Overall, the medical technologists correctly identified 84% of cells, 72% of casts, 79% of normal crystals, 65% of abnormal crystals, and 81% of organisms and artifacts, and correctly answered 89% of the quantification questions. The results are probably a slight underestimate of competency because the images were analyzed without the knowledge of urine chemistry results. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows the feasibility of using a computer program for competency assessment in the clinical laboratory. In addition, the study establishes baseline measurements of competency that other laboratories can use for comparison, and which we will use in future studies that measure the effect of continuing education efforts in microscopic urinalysis.

Educational Measurement↗

PubMed1992

A simple computer program with statistical tests for the analysis of enzyme kinetics.

A simple computer program that calculates the kinetic parameters of enzyme reactions is described. Parameters are determined by nonlinear, least-squares regression using either Marquardt-Levenberg or Gauss-Newton algorithms to find the minimum sum of squares. Three types of enzyme reactions can be analyzed: single substrate reactions (Michaelis-Menten and sigmoidal kinetics), enzyme activation at a fixed substrate value or enzyme inhibition at a fixed substrate value. The user can monitor goodness of fit through nonparametric statistical tests (performed automatically by the computer) and through visual examination of the pattern of residuals. The program is unique in providing equations for activator and inhibition analysis as well as in enabling the user to fix some of the parameters before regression analysis. The simplicity of the program makes it extremely useful for quickly determining kinetic parameters during the data-gathering process.

Biometry↗

PubMed1995

MARKOV: a computer program for multi-state Markov models with covariables.

This paper discusses a computer program, called MARKOV, designed to fit a multi-state Markov model with covariables, with a particular emphasis on the analysis of survival data. The Markov model consists of k-1 transient disease states and one absorbing state. The exact transition times are not observed, except in situations such as death. Baseline transition intensities and regression coefficients are estimated via the method of maximum likelihood using a quasi-Newton optimization algorithm. The program's output includes the parameter estimates, the standard error of the estimates, the matrix of the correlation of the estimates and minus two times the log-likelihood function, evaluated at the initial values and at the maximum likelihood estimates. Optionally, survival curves can be generated from each transient state, for one or more combination of covariable values and simple tests about the parameters. The program is illustrated by using a four-state model to determine factors influencing diabetic retinopathy in young subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1979

A computer program for survival comparisons to a standard population.

PROPHAZ is a computer program created for the analysis of survival data using the general proportional hazards model. It was designed specifically for the situation in which the underlying hazard function may be estimated from the mortality experience of a large reference population, but may be used for other problems as well. Input for the program includes the variables of interest as well as the information necessary for estimating the hazard function (demographic and mortality data). Regression coefficients for the variables of interest are obtained iteratively using the Newton-Raphson method. Utilizing large sample asymptotic theory, x2 statistics are derived which may be used to test hypotheses of the form C beta = 0. Input format is completely flexible for the variables of interest as well as the mortality data.

Computers↗