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PubMed1977

Cultivation of Chlamydia trachomatis in cycloheximide-treated mccoy cells.

An isolation technique for Chlamydia trachomatis using McCoy cells is described. In contrast to earlier techniques employing such cells, no pretreatment of the cells was used. The glutarimide antibiotic cycloheximide was added to the culture medium used for incubating the cells after infection. Cycloheximide was used at concentrations that depressed, but did not completely inhibit, the metabolism of the eucaryotic host cells. In studies on different immunotypes of C. trachomatis cultured in the yolk sac of embryonated hen eggs, the cycloheximide technique was compared with a method using pretreatment of cells with 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. The cycloheximide method gave greater numbers of inclusion-forming units per cover slip for all the immunotypes of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis agents tested, i.e., A through I. In a study of 194 cervical and urethral specimens from women, cycloheximide treatment of McCoy cells was found to be more efficient than 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine treatment for the isolation of C. trachomatis.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1975

Cytology as a guide to the presence of chlamydial inclusions in Giemsa-stained conjunctival smears in severe endemic trachoma.

Microscopical examination of 927 Giemsa-stained conjunctival smears from children with chronic trachoma in southern Tunisia showed 93 (10 per cent.) with typical trachoma (chlamydial) inclusions in epithelial cells. The accompanying cytological features were a useful indicator for inclusions. Inclusions were found only in slides with numerous polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and separation of the epithelial cells. When these two features alone were present, 3 per cent. of the smears were inclusion-positive; when many lymphocytes were present also, 25 per cent. were inclusion positive; when other cytological features (plasma cells, macrophages, blastoid, and stem cells) were present as well, 70 per cent. of the smears were inclusion-positive. The occurrence of these sets of cytological features can be a useful guide for selecting smears for intensive examination for chlamydial inclusions. Immunofluorescent (FA) staining and Giemsa staining of 527 pairs of matched smears detected trachoma agent in 67 (13 per cent.); in thirty by both methods, in thirteen by Giemsa staining alone, and in 24 by FA alone. The examination of Giemsa-stained smears for chlamydial inclusions is a useful technique for the diagnosis of trachoma or inclusion conjunctivitis by laboratories that do not have the specialized facilities for the identification of these chlamydial infections by the technically more complex procedures of immunofluorescent staining or isolation in embryonated eggs or tissue cultures.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1989

Experimental chlamydial epididymitis.

Male Wistar rats were infected with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis by inoculation of chlamydiae into the vas deferens. Epididymitis was observed in all infected animals clinically and histologically. Chlamydiae were detected in the epithelium of epididymal tubules by immunohistochemical staining (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase technique). Inflammation progressed from the cauda to the corpus and caput epididymidis leading to fibrosis of the cauda epididymidis 28 days after infection. Animals responded to the infection with a rise of both serum IgM and IgG antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Current problems of perinatal Chlamydia trachomatis infections.

Chlamydia trachomatis has been recognized as a pathogen of trachoma, nongonococcal urethritis, salpingitis, endocervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, inclusion conjunctivitis of neonates, follicular conjunctivitis of adults, infantile pneumonia and associated conditions. Chlamydial infections during pregnancy may also cause a variety of perinatal complications. Different antigenic strains of C. trachomatis from endocervical, nasopharyngeal and conjunctival origins have been associated with different clinical conditions. Control programs emphasizing early diagnosis, targeted screening, and effective treatment will lead to an eventual decline in the incidence of perinatal chlamydial infection. This review focuses on current problems of perinatal C. trachomatis infections in the aspects of microbiological and immunological pathogenesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiology and therapy of Chlamydia trachomatis infections.

Chlamydia trachomatis infections are exceedingly prevalent, and can be associated with significant sequelae. The major infections are urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, and ocular infection. Chlamydial genital infections present as syndromes, where C. trachomatis is one of the causes of the syndrome. Because specific laboratory diagnosis of a chlamydial infection is often not available, and even if available does not exclude the concurrent presence of other pathogens, therapy should usually be directed at all the major causes of the syndrome. Thus, although C. trachomatis is readily eradicated by tetracyclines, macrolides, sulphonamides, and rifampicin, for most situations tetracyclines are the drugs of choice. Penicillins have some activity when used in multiple-dose therapy, but are not reliable for eradication of chlamydiae. Aminoglycosides, nitroimidazoles, and the newer cephalosporins have minimal or no useful activity. Seven days of tetracycline hydrochloride 500mg 4 times daily or doxycycline 100mg twice daily are the optimum regimens for uncomplicated urethritis, cervicitis (except in pregnancy), and gonorrhoea. These regimens should be extended to 10 days for epididymitis and salpingitis. Additional antimicrobials should be added to the salpingitis regimen. For chlamydial infection during pregnancy, erythromycin 500mg 4 times daily for 1 week or 250mg 4 times daily for 2 weeks should be utilised. Neonatal infection requires 2 to 3 weeks of systemic treatment with erythromycin. Inclusion conjunctivitis responds well to antimicrobials, but improved sanitation has a greater effect than antimicrobial therapy in the management of trachoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Acute red eye. Differentiating viral conjunctivitis from other, less common causes.

Adenoviral conjuctivitis is one of the most common causes of acute red eye. Other diagnostic considerations include herpes virus conjunctivitis, chlamydial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and various other less common infections. Careful history taking can help in identifying a viral cause. The presentation may range from a minor conjunctivitis resulting from an upper respiratory tract infection to a serious, debilitating epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Local care and interventions to minimize transmission are the cornerstones of management. Infection is usually self-limiting. Warm soaks and artificial tear lubricants may relieve itching and burning. Patients should be instructed to avoid touching their eyes, wash hands often, use disposable towels, and avoid group activities for as long as an ocular discharge is present. Use of topical corticosteroids or antibacterial preparations can lead to complications, and injudicious use of topical corticosteroids may mask serious conditions that require other interventions.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of IgM antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci from Japanese infants and children with pneumonia.

Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is now well established as a pathogen of neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis and infantile pneumonia. C. pneumoniae (TWAR) and C. psittaci also cause pneumonia and other respiratory infections. Serum samples from 223 Japanese infants and children with pneumonia were tested for IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci. IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis were measured by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by a microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test. IgM antibodies to C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci were determined by MIF. Of 223 patients, 48 (21.5%) were positive for IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis, 11 (4.9%) were positive for C. pneumoniae and 5 (2.2%) were positive for C. psittaci. From nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 87 infants with pneumonia (0 to 1 year of age), we attempted to isolate C. trachomatis with tissue culture. C. trachomatis was isolated from 23 (26.4%) of 87 infants with pneumonia, and IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis were detected in 17 (19.5%) of them. Our data suggest a role for chlamydial infection in childhood pneumonia beyond infancy with both C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae being contributing pathogens.

Adolescent↗