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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1956

Cholera studies. 7. Practical laboratory diagnosis.

The first portion of this study describes in detail the different aspects of stool examinations, including the collection, preservation, and pooling of specimens, macroscopic and bacterioscopic examination, enrichment methods, and cultivation on a variety of solid media. The author also deals with the examination of vomits and of water. The performance and value of different identification tests (agglutination, haemolysis, and bacteriophage) and confirmatory tests are then considered. An annex is included on bacteriological procedures in the laboratory diagnosis of cholera.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections.

Anaerobic organisms play a major role in pleuropulmonary infections. Clinical manifestations range from simple aspiration to acute, severe, necrotizing pneumonias to chronic infections, such as lung abscess and empyema. Implicated pathogens are usually of endogenous origin. Laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections is based on recovering the etiological agent from clinical specimens. Appropriate specimens include pleuml fluid, transtracheal aspirates, transthoracic aspirates and fiberoptic bronchoscopic aspirates. Collection and transport of uncontaminated specimens is crucial to the recovery of the causative agents. Evaluation of a Gram's stain of clinical material provides a guide to initial therapy. Pigmented and non-pigmented Prevotella species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus species, and Bacteriodes species are the most commonly recovered anaerobes in pleuropulmonary infections. Successful treatment of anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections requires a combination of antibiotic therapy and surgical interventions. Routine susceptibility testing of recovered isolates is rarely warranted.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1998

Laboratory diagnosis of von Willebrand disease.

Von Willebrand disease is the most-common inherited bleeding disorder, including both quantitative (types 1 and 3) and qualitative (type 2) defects of von Willebrand factor. Among patients with suspected von Willebrand disease, the laboratory diagnosis requires three levels of testing: screening tests, specific assays for von Willebrand factor to establish the diagnosis, and discriminating tests to allow accurate characterization of the numerous types and subtypes of the disease. Because of their poor sensitivity, normal screening tests do not exclude the diagnosis. In most cases, specific measurements of von Willebrand factor antigen, von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity, and factor VIII levels in plasma allow differentiation of quantitative (proportionately decreased levels) and qualitative (discrepant levels) deficiencies of von Willebrand factor. Among the latter, a decreased von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity/von Willebrand factor antigen ratio is in favor of the three subtypes (2A, 2M, and 2B) defined by an abnormal interaction between von Willebrand factor and platelet glycoprotein Ib, whereas a decreased factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen ratio suggests subtype 2N, defined by a defective binding of von Willebrand factor to factor VIII. Several discriminating tests are available to definitively characterize each subtype. Moreover, for all variants, the link between phenotype and genotype is established using DNA analysis. In all cases, the precise characterization of type and subtype of von Willebrand disease remains essential for the choice of optimal therapeutic monitoring of each patient.

Hematologic Tests↗
PubMed2004

Flow-cytometric approach to the prompt laboratory diagnosis of TRALI: a case report.

OBJECTIVES: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a rare but serious complication which can occur after transfusion of blood components. In this report we describe our flow-cytometry approach to the laboratory diagnosis of a case of TRALI in a recipient of fresh frozen plasma containing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II antibodies. METHODS: The post-transfusion reaction work-up included the direct and indirect Granulocyte Immunofluorescence Test (GIFT) on the recipient's neutrophils collected before and after the reaction and on the serum from the recipient and from all implicated donors; flow-cytometry bead-based screening and identification assay for HLA class I and II antibodies in donor sera and flow cytometry cross-matching on T and B patient's lymphocytes. Finally, we investigated the reactivity of one donor serum, containing HLA class II antibodies, with the patient's neutrophils activated in vitro to induce expression of HLA class II. RESULTS: We found an increased level of IgG bound on patient's granulocytes collected after TRALI, in the absence of detectable granulocyte and HLA class I antibodies in the five implicated donors. One of them showed HLA-DR 1 and -DR 51 antibodies, which determined a positive cross-match with patient's B lymphocytes and in vitro activated granulocytes. Both HLA class II antigens were present in the recipient and absent in the donor. CONCLUSIONS: In some pathological conditions, HLA class II antibodies can react with activated granulocytes expressing HLA-DR antigens, and activate TRALI reaction. HLA class II antibodies screening and flow cytometry cross-matching techniques should be added to the current diagnostic algorithm of TRALI.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Laboratory diagnosis of opiate drugs.

Where laboratory evidence on the consumption of drugs of abuse is central to rehabilitation of offenders or to prison terms, the techniques employed in drug detection in urine and the interpretation of laboratory results is extremely important. Where the misuse of drugs is wide-spread and rehabilitation includes "Aftercare" programmes involving regular urine tests for considerable periods of time, mass-screening, of up to 1,500 specimens a day, calls for fast, cheap, efficient and reliable tests. This paper deals with Singapore's experience in alternative methods of testing for morphine in urine arising from abuse of opiate drugs including heroin in large-scale screening programmes. Immunological/Thin-layer chromatographic/Gas Chromatographic systems and the cost and performance of combination of these techniques are highlighted. This paper also provides criteria for interpreting test results for codeine consumption.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1995

[Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection].

Recent use of modern methods in the field of molecular biology has provided new insights into the genetic and structural nature of HIV, which are now increasingly being applied to the diagnostic work-up. For the reliable laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection, three different possibilities are available: detection of specific antibodies against viral proteins (anti HIV AB), detection of the virus itself (HIV antigen) and detection of viral nucleic acid using in vitro amplification techniques. In this overview, we compare clinical and diagnostic parameters of an HIV infection, and discuss the current state of the art of an HIV infection and the future prospects offered by new molecular biological methods such as the use of recombinant antigens or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of viral nucleic acid.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1994

[Current status of laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by nonspore-forming anaerobes and ways of its improvement].

Nonspore-anaerobic bacteria are the most common pathogens of purulent opportunistic infection. However, this group of infections is not recorded in our country due to the lack of national culture media and special laboratory equipment for anaerobic bacteriology. The laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by nonspore-forming anaerobes are analyzed and urgent measures to solve this topical problem are defined.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2005

Laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus infection: current and future perspectives in clinical diagnosis and public health.

Since no protective vaccine or specific treatments are available for dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), accurate diagnosis is critical for the early initiation of specific preventive health measures to curtail epidemic spread and reduce economic losses. Commonly used diagnosis methods for confirming dengue infection involve virus isolation, detection of virus antigen or RNA in plasma or serum or tissues, and the presence of dengue virus-specific antibodies in serum and other body fluids. Recently, several techniques have been developed for rapid laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus, including centrifugation amplification to enhance virus isolation rate, the flow cytometry method for early detection of cultured virus, detecting viral nucleic acid e.g., by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative RT-PCR, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, and real-time PCR, detecting free viral non-structure antigens, anti-dengue virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and differentiation of primary versus secondary dengue virus infection. Newly established methods must be standardized to maintain high quality laboratory performance. Laboratory diagnostics must be tailored to a specific laboratory environment, the objectives of clinical needs and the availability of clinical specimens. Speed and accuracy of diagnosis must be balanced against test cost and availability. Future challenges in the study of dengue and DHF include the application of modern techniques, such as nucleic acid chips, protein chips and new biomarkers to avoid cross-reactivity among different serotypes of dengue viruses and other flaviviruses, plus development of internationally standardized guidelines to improve quality assurance of these advanced laboratory tests.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1991

Isolation of two antigens from the culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their applications in the laboratory diagnosis of the tuberculous meningitis.

Two antigens were isolated from the culture filtrates of H37Ra Mycobacterium tuberculosis by immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography, M. tuberculosis antigen 5 and immunoabsorbent affinity column-purified antigen (IAP). The potential application of these two mycobacterial antigens in the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis was evaluated by indirect enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. IAP antigen was more sensitive than antigen 5, although antigen 5 was more specific than IAP antigen in detecting tuberculous aetiology. Technical aspects of immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography have been highlighted in this study.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1980

Trichomonas vaginalis: reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis.

Vaginal discharge is the most common complaint and Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis the most frequently diagnosed problem among women attending the DeKalb County Georgia, Veneral Disease Clinic. Despite this prevalence, the 1837 observations of Donné are the criteria frequently used in the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Our study shows that a purulent, frothy discharge is indeed a characteristic of trichomonal vaginitis, but if it is used as the sole diagnostic criterion, 88% of women with trichomonal vaginitis will not be identified and 29% will be erroneously diagnosed as infected. Donné's wet-mount test remains highly specific, but culture will detect twice as many trichomonas infections. There is a positive association between trichomoniasis and gonococcal cervicitis, failure to use contraceptive techniques, and lack of yeast in the wet mount of vaginal secretions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current methods for the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by asporogenous anaerobic bacteria].

Nonsporulating anaerobes, the predominant representatives of normal human microflora, are most frequently isolated from the pathological material collected in patients with pyoinflammatory diseases developing in the presence of lowered immune status. The authors discuss the methods of laboratory diagnosis of nonsporulating anaerobic bacteria, analyze a complex of problems arising during work with these microorganisms, and pay special attention to rapid methods of diagnosis.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1995

Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections of the lung.

Over the past 10 years the diagnosis of viral pneumonias and other infections of the respiratory tract has been greatly facilitated by the application of new biotechnology. Molecular and immunologic techniques have been developed for the detection of viral nucleic acids and proteins in clinical materials obtained from the lung, either by bronchoalveolar lavage or biopsy. Clinicians are now able to obtain a virologic diagnosis with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, often within a few hours of the diagnostic procedure. We review the current status of the newer molecular and immunologic modalities being applied to the rapid laboratory diagnosis of viral infections of the lung, including direct and indirect fluorescent antibody staining of material from the respiratory tract, enzyme immunoassays, centrifugation cultures, and molecular techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction. These techniques permit the rational use of specific antiviral therapeutic agents in patients with drug-sensitive pulmonary viral infections, thus improving both morbidity and mortality.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Indirect hemagglutination test for indicating the HFRS virus and the laboratory diagnosis of the disease].

Conditions have first been developed for the preparation of erythrocyte immunoglobulin diagnostic preparation of erythrocyte immunoglobulin diagnostic preparation for HFRS virus which permits express detection of the specific virus antigen in suspensions of the lung tissue of rodents by means of the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) and laboratory diagnosis of the infection in humans by means of antibody detection by the indirect hemagglutination-inhibition test (IHAI). The IHA test is as sensitive as immunofluorescence, while the sensitivity of the IHAI test is not inferior to that of immunofluorescence but is higher than that of RIA.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein in the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.

Samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 112 cases of suspected meningitis were tested for the presence of C-reactive protein (CRP), using a qualitative and quantitative slide test. Bacterial meningitis was confirmed in 34 patients, based on CSF and blood culture results, and/or elevated CSF white blood cell (WBC) count and typical biochemical profile. There were 8 patients with early onset, and 3 who had received prior antimicrobial therapy among the 5 neonates, 23 children, and 6 adults with bacterial meningitis. Organisms recovered from CSF, and/or blood, included Haemophilus influenzae 14, Streptococcus pneumoniae 9, Streptococcus group B-5, Staphylococcus aureus 2, E. coli 2 and Klebsiella pneumoniae 1. Slide test was positive for CRP in 33 cases, giving a sensitivity of 97% which compared favourably with elevated CSF protein 33%, decreased CFS glucose 64.7% CSF glucose/blood glucose less than 1/2, 85%, raised CSF WBC 38.2%, raised CSF PMN 61.7%, CSF culture positive 88.2%, and CSF gram-positive 82.5%. Slide test was positive for CRP in 1 of 78 CSF samples negative for bacterial meningitis, giving a specificity of 98%. It was concluded that testing of CSF for CRP is a simple, rapid and accurate method for the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, which is particularly appropriate for areas lacking adequate laboratory facilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[The effect of drugs on laboratory diagnosis. The effect of ascorbic acid on selected automatic laboratory methods].

The paper presents further investigations for a critical survey on the influences of drugs on laboratory methods. In controversion to the meanings you can find in the literature that ascorbic acid is most one of the important drugs to interfere with laboratory results we couldn't see in our systematical experimental investigation such results. Only in very extremly cases it seems to be right. Selected parameters of clinical chemistry (glucose, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartal-aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, protein, albumine, creatinine, butanol extractable iodine, ferrum) show under therapeutic conditions no influences of ascorbic acid, which can lead to diagnostic or therapeutic false interpretations. Above all the often mentioned example that glucose estimations in blood (reduction methods) can disturb if ascorbic acid is present, is abstracted in an uncritical manner how our experimental results may show.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1994

Laboratory diagnosis of measles infection and monitoring of measles immunization: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

Measles infection continues to be a major global health problem, and in many countries the disease is frequently diagnosed on clinical grounds alone, although it is easily confused with other conditions. In order to discuss approaches to improving this situation, a WHO Consultation on Laboratory Diagnosis of Measles Infection and Monitoring of Measles Immunization was held in Glasgow on 7-8 August 1993. The discussions and recommendations made by the participants are summarized in this Memorandum.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1991

[The laboratory diagnosis of campylobacteriosis today].

Different conditions necessary for the successful isolation and cultivation of Campylobacter (culture media, inoculation techniques, gas mixtures, etc.) are described. Of these, the most effective conditions and methods, as well as those available for practical health service, have been determined. The main trends in further improvement of the laboratory diagnosis of Campylobacter infection is presented.

Acute Disease↗