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PubMed2001

Capillary ion electrophoresis of endogenous anions and anionic adulterants in human urine.

Normal human urine contains many anions and cations. Ionic concentrations in urine have classically been determined by spectrophotometry of color reactions, flame emission spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography, or potentiometry with ion-specific electrodes. Capillary ion electrophoresis (CIE) is a form of capillary electrophoresis which uses the differential electrophoretic mobility of ions to perform a separation of an ionic mixture. Various salts can be added to urine specimens to abnormally elevate ionic concentrations and interfere with either immunoassay urine drug screening procedures or gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric confirmation techniques. Application of CIE for the direct detection of endogenous anions and anionic adulterants in human urine specimens was the purpose of this investigation. CIE was performed using a Waters Quanta 4000 Capillary Electrophoresis System with either direct or indirect ultraviolet absorption detection at 254 nm. CIE of 30 random normal urine specimens and 21 urine specimens suspected of adulteration was performed. Duplicate aliquots were assayed by CIE and by colorimetric technique for nitrite. Sixteen specimens had elevated concentrations of nitrite and/or nitrate. The correlation coefficient between nitrite CIE and colorimetric results was 0.9895. Three specimens had detectable concentrations of chromate and were suspected of being adulterated with "Urine Luck," an adulterant found to contain chromate. Two specimens suspected of being adulterated with bleach were found to only contain chloride, sulfate, and phosphate. CIE is applicable to forensic analysis of urine anion concentrations. CIE can easily quantitate numerous endogenous anions and offers a method to detect and/or confirm anion adulteration of urine specimens.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials v. strategy for evaluating hazardous and nonhazardous filth.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uses regulatory action criteria for filth and extraneous materials to evaluate adulteration of food products. The criteria are organized into three categories: health hazards, indicators of insanitation, and natural or unavoidable defects. The health hazard category includes criteria for physical, chemical, and microbiological hazards associated with filth and extraneous materials. The health hazard category encompasses criteria for HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) hazards and HACCP contributing factors. The indicators of insanitation category includes criteria for visibly objectionable contaminants, contamination from commensal pests, and other types of contamination that are associated with insanitary conditions in food processing and storage facilities. The natural or unavoidable category includes criteria for harmless, naturally occurring defects and contaminants. A decision tree is presented for the sequential application of regulatory action criteria for filth and extraneous materials associated with each category and with each type of filth or extraneous material in the three categories. This final report of a series in the development of a transparent science base for a revised FDA regulatory policy in the area of filth and extraneous materials in food includes a comprehensive list of the references that form the science base for the FDA regulatory policy.

Decision Trees↗
PubMed1990

New food safety initiatives in the Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The production of meat and poultry products has become increasingly complex. Technological growth has contributed to the need for sophistication in determining the origin and risk of food-borne microbial infections as well as environmental contaminants. The increasing use of agricultural chemicals in animal production and to some extent in processed foods has led to the presence of chemical residues in meat and poultry. These changes have caused the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), a public health agency within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), to institute new food safety initiatives and procedures for inspection of meat and poultry products. The goal is to reduce risks to the public health from conditions observed during antemortem and postmortem inspection or detected during processing. FSIS is committed to scientific innovation and has implemented several rapid inplant tests that have given the Agency inexpensive, less disruptive methods to determine product adulteration contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Misuse of corticosteroids in some of the drugs dispensed as preparations from alternative systems of medicine in India.

Screening for corticosteroids carried out on 120 samples of alternative medicines which were dispensed to patients suffering mainly from asthma, arthritis, etc., showed that 38.32% of them were adulterated with steroids. Most of these samples were submitted for screening by either a medical practitioner or the patients themselves, who suspected effects of steroids from these drugs. The percentage of steroid positivity was determined in ayurvedic drugs, homeopathic drugs, and unknown or other category of drugs. The presence of steroids in these drugs given for different ailments such as asthma, arthritis, and unknown/other ailments was also tabulated. The results show that a high percentage of these samples contained corticosteroids, however, the distribution of positivity amongst groups was not statistically significant. The lack of proper quality control mechanisms to verify ingredients or efficacy of 'alternative medicines' has led to the proliferation of the practice of dispensing spurious drugs containing corticosteroids as alternative medicines. This study aims to highlight the existence of 'quick fix' remedies dispensed as 'alternative medicines' which not only cause extensive adverse health effects to the patients but also bring alternative systems of medicines into disrepute. The deliberate contamination of corticosteroids with alternative systems of medicine by some practitioners is a cause of great concern. Such practices may not only disgrace alternative systems of medicine but may also lead to adverse side-effects on chronic exposure.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2003

DanceSafe and ecstasy: protection or promotion?

Since dangerous additives to the drug ecstasy can cause potentially lethal hyperthermia, the organization DanceSafe tests ecstasy for such adulterants. This study of over 700 college students examined whether individuals will use or abstain from ecstasy regardless of DanceSafe's presence at raves or whether DanceSafe erodes a powerful deterrent (i.e., the fear of hazardous additives) which may make nonusers more likely to try it. About 1/5 of nonusers said they might be more likely to try ecstasy if DanceSafe were present. In comparison to nonusers who plan to abstain, however, they were also more likely to be cigarette smokers, drink and use marijuana regularly at parties, and have more friends who use ecstasy. Further study of DanceSafe's impact on ecstasy use is warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The role of laboratory examinations in medical toxicology.

Medical toxicology is a medical subspecialty focusing on the diagnosis, management and prevention of poisoning and other adverse health effects due to medications, occupational and environmental toxins, and biological agents. The medical toxicology laboratories operates an analytical facility for clinical toxicology (intentional or unintentional drug overdose), environmental medicine (occupational and environmental toxicology, workplace drug monitoring), drug of abuse management, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and in some cases forensic toxicology. This article is focus on clinical toxicology, monitoring of drug abused patients and TDM. Still the most popular in medical toxicology is determination of xenobiotics in classic biological materials (blood/plasma, urine) however alternative materials (saliva, hairs) cause increasing attention. Alternative materials has special value in drug of abuse management (evaluation of drug abstinence), when collecting the blood create some problems and urine samples can be adulterated. For screening usually immunology based assays are applied and for some xenobiotics thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method. Conformation and quantitative analysis are carrying on using chromatographic method. In clinical toxicology chemical analysis are performed for diagnostic, therapeutic and some time for legal purposes. If results of toxicological analysis have direct influence on diagnosis or treatment they should be available during 2 hours other determination ought to be performed during 24 or 48 hours. Integral part of toxicological analysis is interpretation of results carried over by well-trained analyst with close co-operation with clinical toxicologist (physician).

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1989

[Amborum Special F and ASFO--2 glucocorticoid-containing herbal remedies].

Amborum Special F and ASFO are two names of a herbal remedy which is adulterated with the glucocorticoid betamethasone. Patients with asthma, rheumatic and chronic diseases import the drug direct from Burbank, California, USA. Its impressive antiasthmatic effect is reported in two patients. While under therapy the first patient developed Cushing's syndrome and the second showed suppression of adrenal cortisol production. The manufacturer, who claims that the drug contains no "western medicine" and in particular no cortisone, is unscrupulous enough to recommend it for children under two years of age. We have observed that a marked glucocorticoid effect and marked glucocorticoid side effects are achieved with small doses of betamethasone. A review of the literature and the two cases reported here suggest that the equivalence doses given in textbooks and tables of glucocorticoid equipotency are incorrect for betamethasone. Betamethasone is a more potent glucocorticoid than hitherto reported.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibody-mediated interference of a homogeneous immunoassay.

We hypothesized that an antibody-mediated interference could arise in a homogeneous immunoassay used to determine the presence of cocaine metabolites in urine. Urine specimens containing benzoylecgonine (BE) at concentrations near the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) threshold were assayed in replicate determinations by EMIT. Excess reagent protein (containing antibody specific for cocaine metabolites) was added to specimens to test for an antibody-mediated interference. Replicates of the BE-fortified specimens tested by EMIT that did not contain excess reagent antibody were all positive by the assay, while those that contained the excess reagent antibody were all negative. Because it may be difficult to detect excess interfering antibody by using some traditional tests for urine adulteration, we present these findings to illustrate a potential problem for some homogeneous immunoassays in forensic urine drug testing programs.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1984

High-performance liquid chromatography systems for the separation of local anaesthetic drugs with applicability to the analysis of illicit cocaine samples.

Two high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems are presented which are suitable for the separation of local anaesthetic drugs. An octadecyl-silica column is used with aqueous methanolic eluents (15 and 50% respectively) containing n-hexylamine-orthophosphoric acid buffers and data for 36 compounds are given. The HPLC systems have application for the identification of unknown drugs in this class while the first eluent (15% methanol, pH 2.5) is particularly useful for the examination of illicit cocaine samples because it gives good separation of common adulterants and impurities.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypochlorite adulteration of urine causing decreased concentration of delta 9-THC-COOH by GC/MS.

Marijuana is confirmed and quantitated in urine as 11-nor-delta 9-THC-9-COOH by GC/MS in the selected ion monitoring mode after extraction from urine. The addition of varying amounts of household bleach causes significant decreases in the quantitated amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Urine samples containing various known amounts of THC (25-219 ng/mL) were spiked with increasing amounts of household bleach (0-64 microL/mL of urine). The samples were extracted using a solid-phase extraction procedure, derivatized, and analyzed by GC/MS. The area counts for the deuterated internal standard versus the native drug, as well as the quantitation for the various spiked samples, were compared with those of the non-adulterated samples. The results demonstrated that there was an inverse relationship between the amount of bleach used and the amount of THC recovered. The area counts for both the deuterated and native THC decreased as the amount of bleach increased. There appeared to be a consistent decrease in the ratio of native to deuterated THC, suggesting that the bleach affected the native drug more than the deuterated compound. The same decrease in THC concentrations were noted when the samples were assayed by an RIA methodology (Roche Abuscreen) as well as by an FPIA assay (Abbott TDx).

Dronabinol↗