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PubMed2006

Adults with healthier dietary patterns have healthier beverage patterns.

There is an absence of research examining associations between food and beverage intake patterns and most research has centered on soft drinks, whereas research on overall beverage patterns is absent. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 99-02 for adults aged 19 y and older, we independently examined beverage and food intake patterns, as well as their interrelations. Cluster analysis generated mutually exclusive intake patterns for beverages and foods. Multinomial logistic regression models provided the odds of a given beverage pattern for each food pattern; we then compared the probability of a given beverage pattern for each food pattern. Six beverage and 6 food patterns emerged. Beverage patterns revealed that calorically sweetened, non caloric, and diet beverages tended to be consumed independently of one another. Being in the Snacks and High-Fat Foods cluster increased the odds of being in the Coffee and Soda (odds ratio (OR): 1.62 [95% CI: 1.27-2.06]) or Nutrients and Soda (OR: 1.51 [95% CI: 1.14-2.00]) beverage clusters and decreased the odds of being in the Water and Tea (OR: 0.51 [95% CI: 0.52-0.97]) cluster relative to the odds of being in the Water, Coffee, and Tea cluster. The opposite was true for the Vegetable pattern. Furthermore, persons who had a healthier food pattern had a higher probability of having a non caloric beverage pattern than persons who did not. Increasing awareness of both the contribution of calorie-containing beverages to overall energy intake and dietary patterns associated with these beverages helps inform policies targeted at reducing energy intake in the population.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Dietary patterns, eating behaviors, and bone mineral density in women runners.

Although reduced gonadal steroid hormone concentrations appear to play a major role in lower trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) in women with athletic amenorrhea, dietary deficiencies and eating behaviors may also affect BMD in women runners. To investigate this possibility, dietary patterns (7-d records), eating-disorders inventory (EDI), and BMD were examined in nine nonrunning eumenorrheic control (Contl) and 32 women runners classified as eumenorrheic (n = 19, Eumen) and oligo/amenorrheic (a group in which some were oligomenorrheic and some were amenorrheic; Ol/Am, n = 13). Runner groups had similar cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and training characteristics. Lumbar spine BMD was lower in the Ol/Am runners (-12%, P less than 0.05) but proximal femur BMD did not differ. Dietary intake and EDI subscale scores were similar among the groups. However, there was an inverse trend between EDI subscale scores for bulimia and ineffectiveness and femoral BMD in the Ol/Am runners (r = -0.62 to -0.71, P less than 0.05). These results suggest that self-reported dietary intake and/or eating behaviors do not predict reproductive-function alterations in women runners, but eating behaviors may be associated with lower BMD in Ol/Am runners.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

[The influence of hygiene and cultural characteristics of the family environment on dietary patterns of school children].

BACKGROUND: The diet of school aged children constitutes one of the basic pillars on which the health of an individual may be placed. The influence of the parents in dietary habits of children is absolute. The aim of the present study was to analyze what hygienic-cultural aspects of the familial environment are most linked to the diet of school children. METHODS: A study of non paired cases and controls was carried out in 48 children of 6-7 years of age (cases) with maximum consumption of cold meats and minimum consumption of vegetables and lettuce (universe = 131 children) versus a double control group of 34 children with inverse dietary patterns and 83 children who did not fulfill inclusion criteria of cases. Personal cleanliness and washing habits, attitudes towards television viewing, parental consumption of cigarettes and alcohol and sex education were also analyzed. RESULTS: Multivariant analysis identified a smoking father as a risk factor of worse diet (OR = 3.3, p = 0.016), with sex education received at home being associated with a decrease of 70% in the probability of having a bad diet (OR = 0.3, p = 0.016) on using the restricted control group. The smoker father was the only circumstance associated to bad diet on including the remaining children of the universe as controls (OR = 2.6, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: The diet of school children seems to be related with the global attitude of the family with regard to health. Smoking habit of the father may represent a negative marker of food preferences with regard to quality of diet.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1997

Effect of nationality on dietary pattern and meal behavior in China.

In 1992 a national nutrition survey was conducted in China in approximately 100,000 people of all ages selected with use of a multistage, stratified, random, clustered procedure. Dietary data were collected with three consecutive 24-h recalls. A total of 9304 members of 20 minority nationality groups were included in the survey, accounting for 9.3% of the total sample. Meal behavior varied greatly according to nationality. Almost all Koreans and Tibetans ate three meals daily but 85% of Lahu people ate only two. Members of many other groups, including the Han, the majority nationality group in China, ate between two and three meals a day. People who ate two meals a day usually ate less than did those consuming three meals. The minority groups consumed amounts of dietary energy and protein comparable to those eaten by the majority group, although cereals accounted for a larger portion and animal food a smaller portion of energy and protein intakes. There were no differences in the dietary patterns of men and women of the same nationalities.

China↗

PubMed2004

Hypertension-related dietary patterns of rural older adults.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of hypertension is greater in older adults, and increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy-good sources of potassium, calcium, and magnesium-can reduce blood pressure. This study examined the hypertension-related dietary patterns of older adults. METHODS: A cohort of 180 Pennsylvania adults (aged >/=65), 90 with hypertension, were randomly selected from the Geisinger Rural Aging Study (GRAS). Data were collected by trained interviewers at a home visit. Dietary assessment used five 24-h recalls. We compared the characteristics and dietary intake of people with hypertension to those without hypertension and compared their intakes to current recommendations. RESULTS: Mean intakes of all participants were less than two thirds of the DRI for calcium and magnesium and fell far short of the 3,500 mg of potassium recommended for prevention and treatment of hypertension. Participants with hypertension consumed less sodium than controls. Both groups ate fewer fruits and vegetables than recommended but reached the dairy recommendation. Calcium intake was mainly from high-fat dairy products, beans were the top source of potassium and magnesium. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with hypertension should be guided to choose more low-fat dairy products and other low-fat calcium sources and to increase intakes of beans, dark green leafy vegetables, and other potassium and magnesium sources.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

A study of dietary pattern, household food security and nutritional profile of under-five children of a community of West Bengal.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in a tribal community of West Bengal to study the dietary pattern, household food security, utilisation of services and nutrition profile of under-five children. It was observed that average calorie consumption was 2,236 with 48% food insecured families. Cereals, starchy food and green leafy vegetables consumption was higher than the recommended daily allowance while pulses (scarcely supplied in fair price shops), milk, oil and sugar were less than recommended daily allowance. Nearly 11% kcal were coming from alcohol consumption. Public distribution system should supply all essential items with an improved quality on a regular basis and supply during lean season should be ensured. Prevalence of malnutrition in the children under-five years of age was 80.90% and 9.26% were suffering from severe grades. More severely malnourished children were observed in the age group of 12-23 months, amongst female children, in the families where mothers were working and also in the families where numbers of sibling were 2 or more. Services available under Integrated Child Development Services Scheme were utilised by 47.3% children.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2001

The DAFNE initiative: the methodology for assessing dietary patterns across Europe using household budget survey data.

OBJECTIVE: The DAta Food NEtworking (DAFNE) initiative was conceived in the 1980s and aims at using data already collected in the context of household budget surveys (HBSs) for the assessment of dietary patterns across Europe. DESIGN: HBSs are country-representative surveys conducted, with similar methodology, at regular time intervals by the National Statistical Offices of almost all European countries. DAFNE focuses at the designation of comparable, between European countries, categories of food and socio-demographic data, and the estimation of daily per capita food availability. With food and socio-demographic data classified into common categories, comparisons of food habits between European countries become possible. SETTING: Fifteen European countries with one or more HBS all undertaken during the period 1981-1999. SUBJECTS: Representative population samples in 15 European countries. RESULTS: DAFNE HBS data are comparable and allow a wide range of dietary analyses. Preliminary data document differences in food habits among European countries and provide insights into the socio-demographic determinants of food preferences. CONCLUSION: The DAFNE databank, if properly expanded and exploited, could become a valuable tool for national food and nutrition policy planning across Europe and for the identification of groups at higher risk for developing nutrition-related conditions.

Budgets↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary pattern of self-care among Asian and Caucasian diabetic patients.

Diabetes mellitus is a growing pandemic and its self-care management rests primarily with the individual. This qualitative case study investigated the self-care dietary pattern among a group of 25 Asians and 24 Caucasians diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Data collected from a semi-structured interview and a 7-day health diary explored the self-care activities undertaken by the participants to establish metabolic control. From an analytical perspective, the collective responses were placed on a continuum ranging from strict adherence, moderately flexible adherence to very flexible adherence. The findings suggest that most of the participants were located in the latter two categories of diet related to self-care. Implications for healthcare professionals in promoting self-care will be discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

Dietary patterns associated with a low-fat diet in the national health examination follow-up study: identification of potential confounders for epidemiologic analyses.

To identify systematically the nutrient and food group intakes associated with a low-fat diet, the authors used the detailed dietary information collected from 10,306 individuals aged 32-86 years in the 1982-1984 National Health Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Intakes of vitamin C and percentages of calories from carbohydrates, dietary fiber, poultry, low-fat dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals, and whole grains were markedly higher, while intakes of protein, total fat, saturated fat, oleic and linoleic acids, cholesterol, sodium, all red meats, high-fat dairy products, eggs, nuts, white bread, fried potatoes, desserts, fats, and oils were much lower in the quartile with the lowest percentage of calories from fat. These dietary patterns associated with a low-fat diet were essentially constant across strata of age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. This study suggests that individuals on a low-fat diet substitute certain carbohydrate-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables for fat. Given these associations between low-fat diets and other dietary factors independently associated with certain cancers, these dietary factors should be considered potential confounders in studies of dietary fat and these cancers.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

A randomized trial of the effect of a plant-based dietary pattern on additional breast cancer events and survival: the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study.

The Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study is a multisite randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a high-vegetable, low-fat diet, aimed at markedly raising circulating carotenoid concentrations from food sources, in reducing additional breast cancer events and early death in women with early-stage invasive breast cancer (within 4 years of diagnosis). The study randomly assigned 3088 such women to an intensive diet intervention or to a comparison group between 1995 and 2000 and is expected to follow them through 2006. Two thirds of these women were under 55 years of age at randomization. This research study has a coordinating center and seven clinical sites. Randomization was stratified by age, stage of tumor and clinical site. A comprehensive intervention program that includes intensive telephone counseling, cooking classes and print materials helps shift the dietary pattern of women in the intervention. Through an innovative telephone counseling program, dietary counselors encourage women in the intervention group to meet the following daily behavioral targets: five vegetable servings, 16 ounces of vegetable juice, three fruit servings, 30 g of fiber and 15-20% energy from fat. Adherence assessments occur at baseline, 6, 12, 24 or 36, 48 and 72 months. These assessments can include dietary intake (repeated 24-hour dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaire), circulating carotenoid concentrations, physical measures and questionnaires about health symptoms, quality of life, personal habits and lifestyle patterns. Outcome assessments are completed by telephone interview every 6 months with medical record verification. We will assess evidence of effectiveness by the length of the breast cancer event-free interval, as well as by overall survival separately in all the women in the study as well as specifically in women under and over the age of 55 years.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies support the hypothesis that plant-based diets are environmentally better than meat-based diets. This study aims to further explore this topic and to compare different environmental impacts resulting from different dietary patterns (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and methods of production (conventional farming and organic agriculture). DESIGN: Three weekly balanced diets, equivalent to one another for energetic and nutrient content, have been planned: an omnivorous one, a vegetarian one and a vegan one. For each one, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method has been applied in order to calculate the environmental impact, expressed in 'points'. INTERVENTIONS: The software we selected to carry out the Inventory Analysis and the Impact Assessment is SimaPro5. The Assessment phase has been conducted using Ecoindicator 99, a damage-oriented method, which analyses the impact according to three large damage categories, each of them subsuming various impact categories.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2026

Gut bacteria associated with an atherogenic TMAO-dietary pattern and choline-rich foods among aging women.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Choline can be metabolized by gut bacteria with a choline utilization gene, CutC, as identified through genome sequencing studies. This metabolism produces trimethylamine, the precursor to the atherosclerotic metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Bacterial species involved in trimethylamine production in free-living humans have been under-investigated. We previously developed the TMAO dietary pattern (TMAO-DP), which is predictive of plasma TMAO and choline. We evaluated associations between the TMAO-DP, dietary choline, and choline-rich foods (fish, red meat, eggs) with the abundance of species with CutC. We also explored associations between the TMAO-DP and microbiome diversity. METHODS AND RESULTS: This cross-sectional analysis included 287 women (mean age = 79.6 years) from the Women's Health Initiative. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA were sequenced. Adjusted linear regression models evaluated associations between the TMAO-DP with the CLR-transformed abundance of species with CutC and with alpha-diversity indices. For beta-diversity, PERMANOVA examined measures of Aitchison distance within and between quartiles of the TMAO-DP. Associations between dietary choline and choline-rich foods with the abundance of species were evaluated using linear regression. The TMAO-DP was associated with Acidaminococcus intestini [Beta (SE): 0.23 (0.09), p-value = 0.035] and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans [Beta (SE): 0.16 (0.6), p = 0.035]. The TMAO-DP was not associated with alpha- or beta-diversity. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Acidaminococcus intestini, two species identified as having CutC by gene sequencing, may produce trimethylamine from diet in free-living women.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

[Change of inhabitant dietary pattern in Shandong province during 1988-1997].

Food consumption data of some bigger cities and towns of Shandong province during 1988-1997 had been collected and analyzed. The results showed that the consumption of cereals and vegetable in 1997 tended to be decreased and the consumption of meat, egg, fruit and milk in 1997 tended to be increased. The desirable dietary pattern (DDP) scores for cities and towns were 82.5, 78.7 in 1988, and 93.3, 88.4 in 1997 respectively. All these changes indicated that the dietary quality improved markedly but the consumption of bean and milk are not enough.

China↗

PubMed2002

Determinants of the adherence to an "a priori" defined Mediterranean dietary pattern.

BACKGROUND: A prospective cohort study with university level participants was initiated to study the effect of Mediterranean diet on health. AIMS: The objective of this study was to identify possible lifestyle and socioeconomic variables associated with the consumption of a Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP). METHOD: This analysis includes 1587 males and 2260 females. MDP was defined "a priori" by summing the standardized residuals of nutrients and foods after adjusting a regression model using total energy intake as the independent variable. Multiple regression and non-parametric locally weighted regression models were adjusted with the relative adherence to the MDP as the dependent variable in males and females. RESULTS: Women were more compliant than men with the MDP (Coefficient regression (b) = 4.1; Confidence Interval (CI) 95 % = 3.2 to 4.9). The compliance with the MDP was significantly poorer among younger participants both in men and women (p < 0.001 in men and in women). Participants who were more physically active were more likely to fulfill the traditional MDP (p = 0.01 in men and p < 0.001 in women). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence supporting the progressive departure from the traditional MDP in younger and highly educated subjects of the Mediterranean area. A more active life-style is associated with a better compliance with the MDP.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Obesity, dietary pattern and physical activity among children in a suburb with a high proportion of immigrants.

BACKGROUND: Obesity among children is a growing problem. Interventions should be planned to meet needs in different cultural settings. The objective of this study was to explore dietary patterns, physical activity and perceptions of relationships between life-style and health among children in a suburb with low socio-economic status and a high proportion of immigrants and refugees. METHODS: All children (n = 114) in Grades 5 and 6, aged 11 to 12 years, at a local Swedish school were invited, 112 participated. Food and exercise habits and perceptions on health and body image were assessed by a validated questionnaire and an interview. Height and weight were measured and risk for passing BMI 25 and 30 kg/m(2), respectively at the age of 18 was calculated. RESULTS: Thirty-one percent of the children were obese or overweight. Thirty-four percent spent more than 3 h daily watching TV or using computer, a behaviour, which clustered with excess intake of sweet drinks and habitually skipping breakfast. Only about half of the children believed that their life-style could affect their health. The results show that low socio-economic status and migration are proxies for overweight and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity, unhealthy living and a low awareness of relations between life-style and health call for action, for culturally sensitive prevention and treatment approaches.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed1989

Dietary pattern, energy and nutrient intake in patients with oro-facial discomfort complaints.

In ninety-six patients with oro-facial and general complaints, which the patients assumed were caused by galvanic currents and/or metallic restorations, the recording and analysis of dietary pattern, energy and nutrient intake were performed. The records, in household measures, of the intake of food and beverages during 7 consecutive days according to a written instruction were collected. Sixty-eight out of the ninety-six records were sufficiently complete for calculation of nutrient intake. The remaining twenty-eight could only be used partially in the analyses. Most of the patients had a varied food intake of all the food groups during the 7-day period. The range was wide, however, and a few patients had relatively low intake of essential nutrients. It was not possible to find any correlation between oro-facial discomfort complaints and intake of any single nutrient that could indicate a cause-effect relationship. No correlation between diet pattern, energy and essential nutrients, and the measured electrode potentials of the fillings and constructions could be proved. Nor could the hypothesis that beverage intake might influence the electrode potentials and increase or aggravate the oro-facial complaints be verified.

Dentures↗

PubMed1997

Dietary patterns amongst ethnic Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: To provide baseline data on the food consumption pattern of ethnic Chinese women in Hong Kong during pregnancy, in order to identify any risk of nutritional imbalance in this population. SUBJECTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: One hundred and sixty-seven primagravid ethnic Chinese women attending the antenatal booking clinic at the Prince of Wales Hospital in the New Territories region were recruited. Among the study sample, subjects with less than 7 years of residence in Hong Kong were identified as recent immigrants (n = 25), while the remainder (n = 142) were classified as local. Half of the recent immigrants originated on the Chinese mainland and half from Indonesia. The eating patterns of the entire sample were compared with intake recommended in the Taiwan Food Guide. Comparisons were made between local and immigrant regarding age, educational standard and consumption of food from each food group. RESULTS: The median intake of meat and meat substitutes was significantly higher than recommendation. There was no significant difference between actual and recommended intake of fruit but the consumption of dairy products, bread and cereals, and vegetables were all significantly below minimum recommendation. CONCLUSION: The unfavorable dietary pattern reflected that many Chinese pregnant women are still not aware of dietary guidelines and the necessity of modifying their dietary practices in order to achieve the optimal maternal nutrition status. This lack of awareness is more prominently exhibited among the Asian Chinese immigrants.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Obesity and central adiposity in Japanese immigrants: role of the Western dietary pattern.

We examined the association of nutritional factors with body fat deposition in a representative sample (n=530, aged 40-79 years) of first and second-generation Japanese-Brazilian population who was submitted to standardized questionnaires, including nutritional data, clinical examination and laboratory procedures. Dietary data were compared between groups of subjects defined by the presence of obesity or central adiposity. Associations of body mass index or waist circumference (dependent variables) with energy and nutrient intakes (main exposure of interest) were analyzed by multiple linear regression, with adjustment for gender, age, physical activity and generation. Groups of obese subjects and those with central adiposity consumed higher proportions of energy as fat and lower as carbohydrate than those without obesity and central adiposity (p<0.05). Stratifying by generation, second-generation was shown to take more energy as fat than the first-generation (p<0.05). In the regression models, protein intake was the only variable significantly associated with body mass index. Replacing body mass index by the waist circumference, male sex and protein intake were shown to be independent predictors of central adiposity. When second-generation was taken, total energy intake and all macronutrient intakes became significantly associated with body mass index (p<0.05) but only protein intake predicted waist circumference. We speculate that Japanese-Brazilians, genetically prone to insulin resistance, when exposed to unfavorable environment will express a number of metabolic disturbances. A deleterious dietary pattern may contribute to weight gain, was associated with abdominal fat deposition in particular a protein-rich diet, and reflected by their waist circumference. Intra-abdominal fat could be triggering insulin resistance, which would explain the increased prevalence rates of diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension seen in Japanese-Brazilians.

Adipose Tissue↗