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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor in rats, dogs, and monkeys with selective carbamoyl glucuronidation of the primary amine in dogs.

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the l-threo isoleucine thiazolidide dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, di-[2S,3S]-2-amino-3-methyl-pentanoic-1,3-thiazolidine fumarate (ILT-threo) and its allo stereoisomer (ILT-allo) were evaluated in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Both compounds were well absorbed (>80%) in all species, and most of the dose (>60%) was recovered in urine. Metabolites identified in all species included a sulfoxide (M1), a sulfone (M2), and a carbamoyl glucuronide (M3). For both compounds, parent drug had moderate systemic clearance in rats and dogs ( approximately 20-35 ml/min/kg in both species) and lower clearance in monkeys ( approximately 6-9 ml/min/kg). In rats, M1 was present in systemic circulation in concentrations similar to that of parent drug, whereas in dogs and monkeys, exposures to M1 were higher than for parent drug. In dogs, exposures to the sulfoxide metabolite were approximately 2 to 3 times higher after administration of ILT-allo than after administration of ILT-threo. Carbamoyl glucuronidation was an important biotransformation pathway in dogs. Circulating levels of M3 were significant in the dog, and present only in trace levels in rats and monkeys. M3 could be produced in in vitro systems in a NaHCO3 buffer under a CO2-saturated atmosphere and in the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid and alamethicin.

Amines↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of dog-appeasing pheromone as a potential treatment for dogs fearful of fireworks.

Thirty dogs that showed signs of fear in response to fireworks participated in an open clinical trial to assess the potential value of dog-appeasing pheromone for the alleviation of their behavioural signs. The treatment was delivered continuously into the atmosphere of each dog's home with an electrically heated diffuser. At the baseline assessments, the owners identified the behavioural signs of fear that their dogs normally displayed in response to fireworks, rated their frequency and assessed the overall severity of their responses. These measures were repeated at the final assessment and the owners also rated the change in their dogs' responses. There were significant improvements in the owners' rating of nine of the 14 behavioural signs of fear that were examined, and in their ratings of the overall severity of the responses. The treatment was generally associated with a reduction in the intensity of fear but there were variations in the responses of individual dogs.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2006

Signs of travel-related problems in dogs and their response to treatment with dog-appeasing pheromone.

Sixty-two dogs with problems when travelling in the car took part in a non-blinded study aimed at differentiating groups of dogs on the basis of the pattern of signs shown by individual dogs and their response to treatment with a collar impregnated with dog-appeasing pheromone (DAP) for six weeks and general behavioural advice. The dogs were taken out in the owner's car at least twice weekly for nine weeks, and their behaviour was assessed every three weeks to determine the frequency of 21 behavioural signs. On the basis of these signs and by using principal components analysis, the dogs were grouped into five well defined groups, defined as 'excitable', 'nausea', 'tense', 'attention-seeking' and 'elimination'. For the purpose of statistical analysis, the attention-seeking and elimination groups were combined when assessing the effect of the treatment. All the groups showed some statistically significant improvements after treatment, but their responses were not uniform. The greatest perceived improvement was among the nausea group and the least was among the excitable group. In the groups for which there were sufficient data for analysis, there was little evidence of a relapse in most of the signs in the three to five months after the collar had been removed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Diffusion of ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9004/001) in the cerebrospinal fluid. Comparison with other beta-lactam antibiotics in dogs with healthy meninges and in dogs with experimental meningitis.

After i.v injection of 50 and 100 mg/kg ceftriaxone in 1 h in dogs with healthy meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations found between minutes 90 and 240 were an average of 0.37 (0.32-0.41) and 1.22 microgram/ml (1.02-1.56), respectively. In dogs with meningitis a dosage of 50 mg/kg yielded high concentrations from minutes 60 to 240: on average, 13.0 microgram/ml (9.9-14.9); 9.9 microgram/ml in the fourth hour. The concentrations obtained in dogs with healthy meninges were 10-100 times higher than the MICs for meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae. In the infected dogs, the concentrations obtained were enough to eliminate virtually all the bacteria responsible for meningitis (except Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In the dogs with healthy meninges, the ratio of the CSF/plasma AUCs was 0.61% after 50 mg/kg, and 1.00% after 100 mg/kg. In the infected dogs, this ratio was 22.4% after 50 mg/kg. Comparison of the ratio of AUCs obtained under ceftriaxone with that under other beta-lactam antibiotics shows the former to be one of the highest.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl in conscious dogs and dogs sedated with a continuous rate infusion of medetomidine.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the hemodynamic consequences of the coadministration of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of medetomidine with a fentanyl bolus in dogs. ANIMALS: 12 healthy sexually intact male dogs weighing 30.3 -/+ 4.2 kg (mean +/- SD). PROCEDURE: Dogs received either fentanyl alone (15.0 microg/kg, i.v. bolus) or the same dose of fentanyl during an 11-hour CRI of medetomidine (1.5 microg/kg/h, i.v.). Prior to drug administration, dogs were instrumented for measurement of cardiac output, left atrial pressure, and systemic arterial blood pressures. Additionally, blood samples were collected from the pulmonary artery and left atrium for blood gas analysis. RESULTS: Medetomidine infusion reduced the cardiac index, heart rate, and O2, delivery while increasing left atrial pressure. Subsequent fentanyl administration further decreased the cardiac index. The Pao2 was not significantly different between the 2 treatment groups; however, fentanyl transiently decreased Pao2 from baseline values in dogs receiving a CRI of medetomidine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Because of the prolonged hemodynamic changes associated with the CRI of medetomidine, its safety should be further evaluated before being clinically implemented in dogs.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2001

A practical dog bed for environmental enrichment for geriatric beagles, with applications for puppies and other small dogs.

A group of 30 older beagle dogs was acquired for aging studies. The dogs were initially housed in kennel runs equipped with elevated benches, but it became apparent that some of the oldest animals had difficulties jumping down from them. To improve animal safety and comfort, practical dog beds were made out of the ends of clean high-density polyethylene barrels. Synthetic fleece bed liners were used for dogs that did not chew them or remove them from the beds. Nine of the beagles regularly were observed to use the beds. We also have found that this easily fashioned dog bed is a useful kennel resting place option for puppies and other small dogs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

[Survey of personal injuries caused by dogs and cats in Umeå. Walking the dog was the activity most often related to injury].

Injuries due to interaction with dogs and cats are not uncommon, and constituted 1.4% of all injuries in an unselected policlinical and inpatient material. This material was collected from a population of 135,000 people in Northern Sweden, and during 2 years 280 patients with injuries related to these domestic animals were found (Ndogs = 212, Ncats = 68). The injuries were in most cases caused by bites and by falls. The former were more common among men, the latter more common among women and related to fractures and dislocations. In contrast to many previous investigations, bite injuries were more common among adults than among children, possibly related to national differences in the keeping of dogs. Most dog related injuries were caused by the owner's dog. Walking the dog was the activity most often related to personal injury. The cost for inpatient cases (treated at the University Hospital, Umeå) caused by dogs and cats is of the same magnitude as the cost due to motorcycling in traffic, but less than the cost for injuries sustained during horseback riding and other horse related activities, for soccer, snowmobiling and for assaults.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1975

[Values of acido-basic balance in the blood of the beagle breed dog in comparison with the German shepherd dog].

The values of acidobasic balance were examined in 101 dogs of the Beagle breed and in 20 German Sheep-Dogs. The Beagle dogs were divided into five age groups. A difference was found between the values obtained in the group of the youngest dogs and those in older age groups. In comparison with Beagle dogs, the values were higher in German Sheep-Dogs (pH, base excess). A figure is attached representing the deviations of the values of acidobasic balance of blood in the two breeds.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1976

Immune response in dog. 3. Antibody formation in dogs and rabbits to human serum proteins and keyhole limpet haemocyanin.

Antibody formation in dogs and rabbits to human serum proteins and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) following primary, secondary and multiple stimulation was analysed. Primary injection of human serum stimulates the formation of precipitin antibodies to beta2 lipoprotein in dogs, beta2 lipoprotein and beta globulin in rabbits. After a secondary dose the rabbits formed precipitins to a whole range of human serum proteins, while the dogs to beta2 lipoprotein, albumin, beta globulin. When the primary dose of antigen was divided over a period of 8 weeks, the dog produced precipitins to beta2 lipoprotein while the rabbit to a wide range of serum proteins. Secondary stimulation of these animals did not increase the number of precipitins formed. Quantitative analysis of the antibody produced show that the best response was with beta2 lipoprotein followed by albumin and beta globulin. As the immunogenicity of the antigen was greater the differences between the two species were narrow. These differences were less pronounced following the primary injection than after the secondary and multiple stimulations. The primary response to KLH (which represents mainly IgM) is better in the dog than in the rabbit, while the secondary response (IgG) was better in the rabbit. The poorer IgG response in the dog compared to the rabbit, observed in all the experiments, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[The concentration of ascorbic acid in the liver, the cerebrum, the kidney, the adrenal glands and the musculus longissimus dorsi of dog fetuses, dogs and cats of different ages].

In dog fetuses aged of 45 and 55 days as well as in dogs and cats of different ages the body weight and the concentration of ascorbic acid in different tissues were analysed. In the liver, the highest concentration was determined in the dogs aged 28 days (432 +/- 71 micrograms/g wet weight) and in the cats aged of 42 days (474 +/- 85 micrograms/g). In the cerebrum the highest concentration was found in dog fetuses aged 55 days (821 +/- 75 micrograms/g) and in cats aged 1 to 3 days (888 +/- 56 micrograms/g). In the kidneys and in the M. longissimus dorsi, the concentration was also in part age-dependent. The concentration in the adrenals of dog fetuses was lower than that after birth: the highest concentration was analysed in dogs aged 28 days (1780 +/- 340 micrograms/g) and in cats aged 6 months (1497 +/- 203 micrograms/g). The significance of ascorbic acid for the development of the tissues of carnivores is discussed and compared with the concentration in other species.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1991

Immunoreactive N-terminal fragment of proatrial natriuretic peptide, ANP (1-98), in plasma of healthy dogs and dogs with impaired volume regulation: a comparison with the C-terminal ANP (99-126).

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is stored in atrial myocytes as a 126 amino acid precursor molecule (ANP 1-126) and is cleaved during its release into circulation into the biologically active C-terminal ANP (99-126) and the N-terminal counterpart, ANP (1-98). While interest has focused on ANP (99-126) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, data for the cosecreted N-terminal sequence, ANP (1-98) are generally missing. Plasma levels of the N-terminal immunoreactive peptide (N-ANP [1-98]) were measured in normal dogs, and in dogs with impaired volume regulation (congestive heart failure; chronic renal failure or Cushing's syndrome and compared with those of C-ANP (99-126). The N-ANP (1-98) concentration was 593.1 +/- 81.1 fmol ml-1 in normal subjects, which is about 60-fold higher than the C-ANP (99-126) (10.8 +/- 2.6 fmol ml-1). In patients suffering from chronic renal failure ANP (1-98) was increased to 1582 +/- 196 fmol ml-1, and in dogs with congestive heart failure to 1612 +/- 244 fmol ml-1. In contrast, Cushing's syndrome dogs showed decreased N-ANP (1-98) concentrations (351 +/- 65.9 fmol ml-1). There was a positive correlation between plasma levels of N-ANP (1-98) and C-ANP (99-126) levels (correlation coefficients: normal: r = 0.78; congestive heart failure: r = 0.76; chronic renal failure: r = 0.86; Cushing's syndrome: r = 0.57). High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of dog plasma showed one major peak of N-terminal immunoreactivity corresponding to ANP (1-98).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus intermedius carriage by healthy dogs and comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to isolates from dogs with pyoderma.

We conducted an epidemiological study of Staphylococcus intermedius using arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) and antibiograms. One hundred and twenty-five S. intermedius isolates were recovered from the oral cavity and/or cranial hair coat of healthy dogs enrolled in a pet therapy program. Commensal S. intermedius was cultured from 32% of the oral cavity cultures and 13% of the cranial hair coat cultures. We characterized the colonization of the dogs as transient, intermittent, or persistent. For dogs characterized as persistently colonized, 73% of the isolates came from the oral cavity. These isolates were also genotyped by AP-PCR. A single major AP-PCR type was observed in 91% of the dogs (n=22); minor variations were frequently observed in these major types. Antibiograms of these commensal isolates were compared to antibiograms from 97 historical clinical isolates (1988-1992) obtained from cases of canine pyoderma. Resistance was most often observed to penicillin (64% and 55%) and tetracycline (38% and 38%) among the commensal and clinical isolates, respectively. The commensal isolates were significantly less resistant to erythromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Our data suggests that differences in both genotype and antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes exist among S. intermedius strains isolated from different anatomic sites from the same dog and supports the opportunistic nature of S. intermedius in canine infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Histomorphometry of the optic nerves of normal dogs and dogs with hereditary glaucoma.

The beagle dog with hereditary primary open-angle glaucoma, unlike other animal models of human glaucoma, possesses a slowly progressive, sustained elevation of intraocular pressure. The effects of this insidious elevation in intraocular pressure on the axons of the optic nerves of three beagles at early stages of glaucoma and two beagles with advanced signs of glaucoma were compared to the optic nerves of four age-matched normal dogs. Plastic embedded optic nerve cross-sections (1 micron) 1 mm posterior to the lamina cribrosa were osmicated and stained with Toluidine Blue. Axons from 0.2 to > 2.0 microns in diameter were counted and measured in 16 cross-sectional regions of equal size within the whole optic nerve using a computerized image analysis system. The mean optic nerve axon diameters in the normal, early glaucomatous, and advanced glaucomatous dogs were 1.53, 1.25 and 1.13 microns respectively. The average total optic nerve axon count in the normal dogs was 148,303. Approximately 16% of the total axonal fibers were counted in each nerve. The counts of optic nerve axons 2.0 microns or greater in diameter were reduced by up to 60% in the central regions of the optic nerves of affected beagles. The large diameter axons of the peripheral optic nerve of the beagle dogs with glaucoma were more resistant to the elevated intraocular pressure. The counts of axons > 0.6 to 0.8 micron in diameter were significantly increased in glaucomatous beagles.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

IgE is present on peripheral blood monocytes and B cells in normal dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis but there is no correlation with serum IgE concentrations.

Blood was collected from 29 dogs, 14 with atopic dermatitis (AD) and 15 controls. Total serum IgE was quantitated. Peripheral blood monocytes were harvested and labeled with leucocyte markers and anti-canine IgE before analysis by flow cytometry. There was no statistically significant difference between the atopic and control groups when the mean number of cells in the monocyte (CD14), antigen presenting cell (CD1c) or B cell (CD21) populations were examined. However, the variation in cell numbers was significant and much greater in the atopic group for CD1c and CD14 labeled cells. The mean percentage of double labeled cells, CD1c/IgE and CD14/IgE was significantly lower in the atopic population compared with the controls. More variation was observed in the numbers of monocytes of atopic dogs (CD14/IgE) and antigen presenting cells (CD1c/IgE) of control dogs. The mean percentage of B cells expressing IgE was 65 and 51% in the atopic and control groups respectively which is greater than that reported in humans. There was no statistically significant difference. Total serum IgE concentrations were similar in each group and did not correlate with cell bound IgE in any of the leucocyte populations studied. Canine AD is associated with more variability in circulating monocyte numbers and lower numbers of monocytes expressing IgE than control dogs. Unlike in humans, there is no correlation between circulating and cell bound IgE. Furthermore, high levels of IgE in the dog may be related to a greater number of B cells in the circulation committed to IgE production.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detection of Salmonella spp. in stray dogs in Bursa Province, Turkey: first isolation of Salmonella Corvallis from dogs.

The prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Salmonella spp. in stray dogs in Bursa province, Turkey were determined from a total of 82 faecal samples by bacteriological methods. Of the dogs, nine (11%) were positive for salmonellae-carrying. All Salmonella isolates were serotyped as S. Corvallis, and were sensitive to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, while 66.7% of them were resistant to streptomycin. It was concluded that stray dogs could be an important carrier of salmonellae as well as a source of human salmonellosis in Turkey. Additional studies are needed to clarify the epidemiological relationship between S. Corvallis isolated from dogs and humans with regard to public health. This is the first report on the isolation of S. Corvallis from dogs in the country.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Plasma 14C-cholic acid clearance in healthy dogs and dogs with cholestasis or a congenital portosystemic shunt.

The clearance profiles of intravenously injected tracer doses of radioactively labelled cholic acid were investigated in healthy dogs, dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt and dogs with cholestasis. The rate constants and residual plasma activity were significantly different in the healthy and diseased dogs, but it was not possible to differentiate between the dogs with portosystemic shunting and cholestasis because the results were determined not only by factors involved in plasma bile acid clearance but also by the enterohepatic circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Plasma von Willebrand factor-collagen binding activity in normal dogs and in dogs with von Willebrand's disease.

A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for the simultaneous assessment of the amount of von Willebrand factor (vWF) in canine plasma and its ability to bind to canine collagen in vitro. In 60 normal dogs, there was close correlation between the concentration of vWF and its activity as determined by vWF-collagen binding. In 14 dogs with type I expressions of von Willebrand's disease, the ratio of vWF antigen to collagen binding activity was normal or only slightly increased. In 7 dogs with type II expressions of the disease, this ratio was consistently elevated suggesting a significant functional deficiency of the protein. Plasma from 3 dogs with type III von Willebrand's disease had little collagen binding activity because of the severe quantitative deficiency of the protein. The described assay permits the rapid assessment of both the quantity and quality of vWF in a dog. This information is necessary for the detection and characterization of canine von Willebrand's disease, particularly the type II expressions, which cannot be diagnosed by quantitative vWF assays alone.

Animals↗