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PubMed1990

Influence of indeloxazine hydrochloride upon photic driving responses elicited by flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli in elderly patients.

We studied the influence of indeloxazine hydrochloride (IH) upon photic driving responses (PDRs) elicited by a 5 Hz flickering dot pattern and red flicker stimuli. Comparisons were made from a total of 22 elderly patients. By oral IH administration, clinical improvement was found in 12 patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis (improved group), whereas it was not observed in 6 patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis, 2 patients with multiinfarct dementia and 2 patients with Alzheimer's disease (unimproved group). Before and after the IH administration, an EEG examination by the above visual stimuli was carried out in each patient; a power spectral analysis of the occipital PDRs elicited by the visual stimuli was then made. The powers of PDRs elicited by the flickering dot pattern stimulation were not significantly different in both groups; those of 10 and 15 Hz PDRs elicited by the red flicker stimulation, however, decreased significantly by the IH administration in the improved group. It was suggested that such an analysis of PDRs elicited by the red flicker stimulation might perhaps be useful as one of the indicators to evaluate the efficacy of IH.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and central respiratory drive in humans.

1. The influence of central inspiratory drive on heart rate variability was investigated in young human subjects using power spectral analysis of R-R intervals. 2. The area of the high-frequency component occurring at the respiratory frequency (0.2-0.25 Hz) in the power spectral density curves was used as an index of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. 3. Central inspiratory drive was increased by breathing a CO2-enriched (5%) gas mixture and this condition was compared with a similar degree of ventilation produced voluntarily. 4. Tests were conducted on eight young subjects with and without low-dose scopolamine (scopoderm TTS) in a double-blind cross-over trial. 5. Scopolamine decreased heart rate and increased the high-frequency peak, suggesting that its main action on the cardiac vagal pathway was a peripheral one, possibly increasing the efficacy of vagal impulses on the cardiac pacemaker. 6. With scopolamine, CO2 breathing increased the area of the high-frequency component significantly more than a similar degree of ventilatory movements produced by voluntary hyperventilation. 7. It is concluded that respiratory sinus arrhythmia in humans is at least partly dependent on a central respiratory-cardiac coupling, most probably similar to that shown in animal studies.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1987

Pavlovian analysis of interactions between hunger and thirst.

In four experiments we examined the effect of an irrelevant drive on classical conditioning with food and water. In the first experiment the irrelevant drive weakened the conditioned response in extinction. In Experiments 2 and 3, this suppressive effect was found also in acquisition. Furthermore, the presence of an irrelevant drive during nonreinforced presentations of the conditioned stimulus was found to protect the conditioned response from extinction. Experiment 4 showed that the depressive effect of the irrelevant drive is manifested only when the relevant drive is present. Taken together, these results suggest that an irrelevant drive can influence conditioned responding by modulating the representation of the unconditioned stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Substance use and other health risk behaviors in collegiate athletes.

OBJECTIVES: To (a) determine the prevalence of alcohol and other drug use, and health risk behaviors among a general university population; and (b) compare health risk-taking behaviors between genders, and varsity athletes and their non-athlete peers. DESIGN: Descriptive survey of multiple health risk behaviors, including physical, mental health, alcohol and other drug, and sexual risk taking. SETTING: Two large midwestern universities. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 86% of 1,210 eligible students (271 athletes and 775 nonathlete peers) completed a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire during team meetings or class sessions. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences between gender and athlete status were assessed using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics for the following variables, determined by questionnaire responses: physical risk, mental health, alcohol and other drug use, and sexual behaviors. RESULTS: Common risk behaviors in the entire collegiate sample included riding in a car with a driver who was under the influence of alcohol, driving and swimming under the influence of alcohol, binge drinking, and low rate of condom use for all types of sexual intercourse. Risk-taking behaviors varied by gender, with men showing more risk behaviors than women, except for suicide and sexual behaviors. Male athletes had a higher prevalence of risk behaviors than their male nonathlete counterparts, in contrast to female athletes, who had fewer risk behaviors than their female nonathlete counterparts. CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous studies, results of the present study show, when results are stratified by gender, that not all athletes engage more frequently than nonathletes in high risk behaviors. Results suggest that educational and early intervention strategies to decrease risk may need to be tailored according to gender and athletic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Marijuana and driving in real-life situations.

It is evident that the smoking of marijuana by human subjects does have a detrimental effect on their driving skills and performance in a restricted driving area, and that this effect is even greater under normal conditions of driving on city streets. The effect of marijuana on driving is not uniform for all subjects, however, but is in fact bidirectional; whether or not a significant decline occurs in driving ability is dependent both on the subject's capacity to compensate and on the dose of marijuana. For those subjects who improved their performance, the explanation may lie in overcompensation and possibly the sedative effect of the drug. Whereas the street portion of this study approximated normal driving conditions, it should be emphasized that the context of the driving experience een on city streets was experimental. the design of this study maximal safeguards in terms of a dual control vehicle and a driver observr; in addition, the subjects were proffessionally screened and, with rare exception, they were emotionally stable. Given the experimental setting and set, the safeguards, and the nature of the study sample, idiosyncratic behaviour that might occure under normal driving condition would be less likely to occur in a study such as this. Other identified factors might lead to more stringent conclussions regarding the effects of marijuana on driving.The first is night driving, which may be more stressful. But an even more important unanswered question is the cumulative effect of alcohol and marijuana on driving (64 percent of the study sample reported alcohol in combination with marihjuana before driving). Third, the doses of marijuana used in this study were within the range of social marijuana usage(1); more heroic doses might be taken before driving. Fourth, the effect of marijuana on reactions and decision during high speed is still another unknown. What are the recommendations that emarge from this study? Driving under the influence of marijuana should be avoided as much as should driving under the influence of alcohol. More investigation is urgently required-and high priority should be given to studies that approximate normal conditions of driving and in which alcohol and marijuana are administered to the same subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Driver safety in older adults. The physician's role in assessing driving skills of older patients.

Physicians play an important role in addressing driving safety issues with their patients. This is especially true when age-associated changes, medical conditions and medications are likely to increase crash risk. Unfortunately, physicians have little or no training in determining crash risk. Furthermore they are reluctant to alienate their patients by raising concerns about driving. In response to a growing need, the American Medical Association (AMA), with support from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), has produced materials to help physicians approach this issue. This article provides background about the aging and medical influences on driving, a summary of selected information from the AMA guide, and additional resources.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Imposed versus involved: different strategies to effect driving cessation in cognitively impaired older adults.

In the lives of persons with cognitive impairments, a time comes when it is necessary to give up driving. This may be a particularly difficult issue for the driver, his or her family members, and their health care professionals. In this study, the phenomenon of unsafe driving by cognitively impaired older adults and the process of affecting driving cessation, was explored through guided interviews with 216 persons throughout the state of Florida. Participants included professionals working in the aging network, mobility counselors, safety officers, individuals with a mild degree of cognitive impairment and their family members. The strategies employed to influence or effect cessation could be categorized as those that involved the individual affected and those that were imposed on the individual. Conditions that appeared to influence whether driving cessation would occur were observed. There were distinct pros and cons to each strategy. In this article, specific information is provided to guide nurses working with cognitively impaired people who have become unsafe drivers. It is expected that driving cessation can be voluntarily effected in many cases but may have to be imposed in others. The skilled nurse will know when and which type of recommendation is appropriate.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Factors influencing the acceptance of nature conservation measures--a qualitative study in Switzerland.

Landscapes fulfil a multitude of ecological and social functions. Due to the fact that both traditional and everyday landscapes today face many different threats, regulatory measures have been undertaken in many countries to protect and further sustainable landscape development. They include legislation as well as economic incentives. In recent years, however, it has become clear that just to have a few laws and to spend money on subsidies is not enough. Factors other than legislation are also essential to further the sustainable development of landscapes. One of the basic factors affecting the success or failure of landscape conservation measures is public acceptance of these measures. Our project took this as its starting point. The objective was to determine which conditions and factors influence acceptance positively or negatively. To this end 22 Swiss who are directly affected by nature conservation measures, in particular by mire landscape and dry meadow conservation measures, were interviewed using qualitative interview techniques. It is shown that perception, communication, and possibilities to participate are the most decisive driving factors influencing the formation of a long-lasting acceptance. Furthermore, acceptance may be based mainly on economic criteria, on usefulness, on ecological or even aesthetic aspects. It can be shown that not all of these motivations lead to a long-lasting acceptance. Ecologically based acceptance seems the most promising because it is founded on general convictions. Economic incentives--though important--seem to generate only superficial acceptance and do not seem to be as important as is usually assumed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1998

Drugs and driving in Vienna, Austria.

Drugs that affect the central nervous system are generally assumed to have the potential to impair driving ability. In a retrospective survey, police files and the results of toxicological urine analysis from drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs in Vienna from 1993 to 1996 were investigated. Decisive for police intervention was "unsafe driving" (swerving, hesitating, going too slowly, etc.), driving at high speed within the city limits, driving through red lights or stop signs, and driving at night without lights. In one-fifth of the cases drivers caused a traffic accident. Casting suspicion on driving under influence of drugs was mainly caused by impaired coordination of movements, bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, drowsiness, conspicuous behavior, and changed pupils. In the majority of the study population more than two symptoms were recorded by police. In 94% of the cases police suspicions could be confirmed by toxicological urine analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Round table conference on ventilatory failure, Brussels, Belgium, March 16-18, 1991.

It was possible to reach agreement on several important issues relating to VF. First, the phenomenon of CO2 retention may have both pathophysiologic and compensatory components. There is increased awareness of the nature, intensity, and significance of the cross-talk between the ventilatory control center and the pump itself, as expressed in breathing pattern and indices of ventilatory drive. We are learning to interpret that information more effectively to assess functional reserve. Second, knowledge concerning the relative importance of various muscle groups is still incomplete, and the impact of disease on muscle function, lung mechanics, and ventilatory control is not fully understood. Dynamic hyperinflation and sleep disturbances provide two clear examples of conditions whose wide-ranging influence on drive, workload, and muscle function was, until quite recently, under appreciated. Finally, there was a general consensus that our therapeutic approaches to VF should be modified to reflect improved understanding of the pathogenesis of CO2 retention and iatrogenic lung injury. In the acute setting, measures to limit alveolar distention, such as controlling airway pressure, revising blood gas targets, and/or using adjunctive methods for blood gas exchange may avoid barotraumatic edema and rupture. The potential for non-invasive ventilation to avert intubation, facilitate ventilator withdrawal, and help patients with chronic VF to achieve compensation without machine dependence is now being actively investigated. This two day conference proved a stimulating forum for interchange of ideas regarding the state of the field, and allowed many opportunities for scientific interaction, both during outside the formal program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Europe↗
PubMed2005

Cannabis intoxication and fatal road crashes in France: population based case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relative risk of being responsible for a fatal crash while driving under the influence of cannabis, the prevalence of such drivers within the driving population, and the corresponding share of fatal crashes. DESIGN: Population based case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: 10 748 drivers, with known drug and alcohol concentrations, who were involved in fatal crashes in France from October 2001 to September 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The cases were the 6766 drivers considered at fault in their crash; the controls were 3006 drivers selected from the 3982 other drivers. Positive detection of cannabis was defined as a blood concentration of Delta9tetrahydrocannabinol of over 1 ng/ml. The prevalence of positive drivers in the driving population was estimated by standardising controls on drivers not at fault who were involved in crashes resulting in slight injuries. RESULTS: 681 drivers were positive for cannabis (cases 8.8%, controls 2.8%), including 285 with an illegal blood alcohol concentration (> or = 0.5 g/l). Positive cannabis detection was associated with increased risk of responsibility (odds ratio 3.32, 95% confidence interval 2.63 to 4.18). A significant dose effect was identified; the odds ratio increased from 2.18 (1.22 to 3.89) if 0 < Delta9tetrahydrocannabinol < 1 ng/ml to 4.72 (3.04 to 7.33) if Delta9tetrahydrocannabinol > or = 5 ng/ml. The effect of cannabis remains significant after adjustment for different cofactors, including alcohol, with which no statistical interaction was observed. The prevalence of cannabis (2.9%) estimated for the driving population is similar to that for alcohol (2.7%). At least 2.5% (1.5% to 3.5%) of fatal crashes were estimated as being attributable to cannabis, compared with 28.6% for alcohol (26.8% to 30.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Driving under the influence of cannabis increases the risk of involvement in a crash. However, in France its share in fatal crashes is significantly lower than that associated with positive blood alcohol concentration.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hormonal and genetic influences underlying arousal as it drives sex and aggression in animal and human brains.

Estrogen treatment induces transcription and increases excitability and reproductive behavior. Estrogens provide the structural basis for increased synaptic activity and greater behavior-facilitating output. Administration of progesterone amplifies the effect of estrogens on mating behavior. The role of GnRH is to synchronize reproductive behavior with the ovulatory surge of LH. A causal connection can be charted from one individual gene to human social behavior, but only via six causal links. Glia, meninges and neurons may participate, under the influence of sex hormones, in the direction of sex behavior. Neural and genetic mechanisms for motivation may lead to biological understanding of functions that apply to the most primitive aspects of human mental functioning. With respect to aggression, besides testosterone and its metabolites, serotonergic projections to the forebrain play an important role.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Predicting summer hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: riverine N, P, and Si loading.

We conducted a statistical analysis to discern the relative strengths of the loading of various forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved silicate and their molar ratios on the variance in the size of the summertime low oxygen zone found off the Mississippi River, northern Gulf of Mexico. A stable statistical model that included Year and riverine nitrate+nitrite loading for the 2 months prior to the measurement of hypoxic zone size described 82% of its variation in size from 1978 to 2004. The usefulness of the term Year is consistent with the documented increase in carbon stored in sediments after the 1970s, which is when the hypoxic zone is predicted to have become a regular feature on the shelf and to have expanded westward. The increased carbon storage is anticipated to cause a sedimentary respiratory demand influencing the size of the zone, and whose temporal influence is cumulative and transcends the annual variations in nitrogen loading. The variable Year is negatively correlated with the TN:TP ratio in a way that suggests N, not P, has become more important as a factor limiting phytoplankton growth in the last 20 years. Nitrogen, in particular nitrate+nitrite, and not phosphorus, dissolved silicate, or their molar ratios, appears to be the major driving factor influencing the size of the hypoxic zone on this shelf. This conclusion is consistent with cross-system analyses that conclude that the TN:TP ratio in the Mississippi River, currently fluctuating around 20:1, is indicative of nitrogen, not phosphorus, limitation of phytoplankton growth. Nutrient management that places stronger emphasis on reducing nitrogen loading as compared to phosphorus loading, is justified.

Environment↗
PubMed1989

Fatal crash involvement and laws against alcohol-impaired driving.

It is estimated that in 1985 about 1,560 fewer drivers were involved in fatal crashes because of three types of drinking-driving laws. The laws studied were per se laws that define driving under the influence using blood alcohol concentration (BAC) thresholds; laws that provide for administrative license suspension or revocation prior to conviction for driving under the influence (often referred to as "administrative per se" laws); and laws that mandate jail or community service for first convictions of driving under the influence. It is estimated that if all 48 of the contiguous states adopted laws similar to those studied here, and if these new laws had effects comparable to those reported here, another 2,600 fatal driver involvements could be prevented each year. During hours when typically at least half of all fatally injured drivers have a BAC over 0.10 percent, administrative suspension/revocation is estimated to reduce the involvement of drivers in fatal crashes by about 9 percent; during the same hours, first offense mandatory jail/community service laws are estimated to have reduced driver involvement by about 6 percent. The effect of per se laws was estimated to be a 6 percent reduction during hours when fatal crashes typically are less likely to involve alcohol. These results are based on analyses of drivers involved in fatal crashes in the 48 contiguous states of the United States during the years 1978 to 1985.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Measuring subjective outcomes: rethinking reliability and validity.

Reliability and validity are criteria used to assess metric adequacy and are typically quantified by correlation coefficients. Reliability is described as the extent to which repeated measurements yield consistent results. Validity is described as the extent to which a measure actually measures what it purports to measure. These conceptualizations are less useful when applied to measures of subjective outcomes because they do not convey other influences that "drive" correlation coefficients. Consistency is a manifestation of a reliable instrument but does not ensure that an instrument is reliable. Establishing the validity of an instrument is a complex process that is heavily dependent on an investigator's hypothesis. Hence, validity coefficients may be more a reflection of hypothesis adequacy than of the extent to which instruments measure what they purport to measure. Appreciating how coefficients are influenced will better enable clinicians to assess the adequacy of subjective outcome measures.

Health Services Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of suspending phase viscosity on the passage of red blood cells through capillary-size micropores.

Much attention has been paid to the study of blood flow in long, narrow tubes. While the influence of tube diameter and driving pressure have been examined in detail, the influence of suspending phase viscosity has generally been assumed only to affect the blood viscosity in a linearly proportional manner, hence the practice of normalizing apparent blood viscosity values by the suspending phase viscosity to give a relative viscosity (e.g., Pries et al., 1992). While this assumption is probably valid for long tubes, it apparently does not hold for blood flow in short tubes (and by extension also for flow in short or branching capillary segments in vivo) in which RBC deformation plays a more significant role. In this paper we present a series of experiments using the Cell Transit Analyzer (CTA) in which the influence of driving pressure and suspending phase viscosity on RBC passage through short, narrow tubes has been systematically evaluated. Over the range studied (1 to 10 cm water), the influence of driving pressure was found to be unremarkable, in that RBC velocity scaled directly and linearly with pressure. This finding is consistent with previous studies. However, a distinct intercept was observed in the linear relationship between RBC pore transit time and suspending phase viscosity, which presumably arises as a consequence of RBC deformation either at the pore entrance or within the pore. Two simple mathematical models for the suspending phase-viscosity/transit-time relationship were considered. The results show that making CTA measurements over a range of suspending medium viscosities is a simple and practical way to obtain additional information about RBC mechanical properties.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1989

An investigation of factors related to intoxicated driving behaviors among youth.

This study assessed the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol and marijuana among a sample of 18 and 21 year olds and examined the across-time relationships between intoxicated driving and consumption, risk-taking/impulsive orientation, negative intrapersonal state, stress and use of alcohol and other drugs to cope with problems. Self-report data were collected from 556 men and women, ages 18 and 21, at two points in time. The data indicated that at least a minimum level of drinking and driving, as well as smoking marijuana and driving, is engaged in at least once for the majority of youth. Correlations between eight driving behaviors and consumption variables indicated that frequency of substance use was strongly related to frequency of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Regression analyses revealed that coping use of substances was the strongest predictor of driving under the influence. A path model examining the effect of stress, negative states and risk-taking orientations (T1) on driving under the influence as mediated through coping use (T2) was tested. Results showed that risk-taking orientation was the strongest predictor of DWI, both directly and indirectly (as mediated through coping use). Findings suggest that impaired driving may be part of a global syndrome of risk-taking behavior and is an activity engaged in most often by those who frequently use alcohol and other drugs to cope with problems.

Accidents, Traffic↗