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PubMed2006

Psychometric analysis of a scale assessing self-efficacy for cultural competence in patient counseling.

BACKGROUND: The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education adopted revised accreditation standards and guidelines for the PharmD degree program in January 2006. The revised standards mandate the inclusion of cultural competence in pharmacy curricula. Assessment tools to evaluate the impact of training are needed. OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychometric properties of a 12 item scale designed to estimate the impact of cultural competence training on pharmacy students' self-efficacy in providing culturally appropriate patient care. METHODS: A 12 item scale to assess the impact of an elective course on pharmacy students' (N = 175; 173 analyzable) perceived self-efficacy in providing culturally competent patient care was used before and after students completed the training. Principal components analysis was conducted to examine the underlying structure of the scale, and the Cronbach alpha statistic was computed as an estimate of internal consistency. Pre-versus posttraining responses for each item and for the total scale scores were compared as an indicator of concurrent validity. RESULTS: The principal components analysis yielded a one-component solution, "self-efficacy for cultural competence," which included all 12 contributing items and accounted for 46% of the total variance. Item communalities ranged from 0.25 to 0.58. Component loadings ranged from 0.50 to 0.76. Overall, the scale exhibited a Cronbach alpha estimate of internal consistency of 0.89. Posttraining scores were significantly higher than pretraining scores for both the total scale scores (posttest and pretest mean +/- SD score = 47.96 +/- 5.15 and 34.21 +/- 6.19, respectively; p < 0.001) and for each item (p values < 0.001). These comparisons provide evidence of concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that our 12 item scale exhibits acceptable psychometric properties and is a useful tool for estimating the impact of cultural competence training on pharmacy students' perceived self-efficacy for providing culturally competent care and services.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed1984

Preparing students for the realities of contemporary pharmacy practice. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.

A report of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Study Committee on the Preparation of Students for the Realities of Contemporary Pharmacy Practice is presented. The development of the committee and its charge are described. The report includes a description of the purpose and essential elements of contemporary pharmacy practice, and the barriers restricting their achievement that arise within the profession, society, and pharmacy education. Recommendations of the committee regarding curricular offerings, instructional strategies for developing problem-solving, communication, and self-learning skills, types of post-entry-level education and training programs, career counseling, student recruitment, pharmacy faculty, and intra- and interprofessional relations are discussed. The report calls for a combined effort on behalf of practitioners and educators to prepare graduates to enter practice in community, hospital, or long-term care pharmacy, and emphasizes the need to match these efforts to the dynamics of contemporary pharmacy practice.

Economics, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1988

Leadership in a clinical profession.

The contributions of residency training programs to pharmacy's development into a clinical profession are described. Residency programs supply institutional pharmacy with mature, highly skilled clinical and managerial practitioners, and ASHP's accreditation process ensures the programs' quality. Residents develop values, philosophy, and vision that breed innovation and advancement of the profession. As pharmacy departments strive to meet the standards set by the accreditation program, the level of services rises; subsequently, higher standards are established and practice advances accordingly. Future residency training for community practice and the movement toward the Pharm.D. as the sole entry-level degree for practitioners must be evaluated in terms of effect on patient care and on pharmacy school and hospital resources. Planning for future pharmacy education and manpower needs should involve the whole profession, but the needs of community and hospital pharmacy may differ. A goal for the future is entry-level residency training for all hospital pharmacists, with the Pharm.D. degree as a prerequisite. Such a residency program would focus on clinical practice and provide experience in all pharmaceutical services and the overall management of a pharmacy department; it would be a prerequisite for advanced specialized residency programs. Managers of departments providing clinical services will need an entry-level clinical residency followed by a specialized residency in administration. In their 25-year history, residency programs have contributed greatly to the profession. Efforts to develop quality residency training sites and promote them to pharmacy graduates should continue.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2001

The quality of public and private pharmacy practices. A cross sectional study in the Savannakhet province, Lao PDR.

AIM: The aim was to study the practices of public and private pharmacies in the Savannakhet province, Lao PDR, in relation to defined aspects of good pharmacy practice (GPP) and rational use of drugs (RUD). STUDY DESIGN: The study design was cross-sectional using structured interviews and observations. A total of 105 drug sellers (31% and 4% had pharmacy education at public and private pharmacies, respectively) were interviewed, and the pharmacies were inspected. In addition, 576 customers were interviewed immediately after the drug transaction and all their drug purchases were recorded. Facility, patient-care and prescribing indicators covering aspects of GPP and RUD were used to measure and compare the quality of services of the pharmacies. RESULTS: The results showed that public pharmacies differed significantly from private pharmacies, with lower mean scores for availability of essential drugs (5.1 vs 6.4), 95% confidence interval (CI -2.23, -0.34) and essential materials (5.6 vs 6.9, 95% CI -2.40, -0.20), and with a higher percentage of antibiotics dispensed (34% vs 24%, P<0.02), as well as more injections (31% vs 7%, P < 0.001) and drugs per customer (2.4 vs 1.4, 95% CI 0.84, 1.16). More drug purchases were decided by health workers at public pharmacies than at private pharmacies (92% vs 16%). At public pharmacies, significantly more drugs were prescribed from the National Essential Drug List (76% vs 56%, P=0.004), and more drugs had an international non-proprietary name (67% vs 35%, P<0.001). There was no significant difference regarding order in the pharmacy, oral information and drugs adequately labelled at the public pharmacies compared with the private pharmacies. CONCLUSION: In spite of the differences shown, both public and private pharmacies performed suboptimally in relation to several aspects of GPP and RUD. The lack of essential drugs, essential materials, information on drug use and adequate drug labelling all contribute to irrational use of drugs. Interventions are needed to improve practice and drug use.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A survey of suicide prevention curricula taught in Australian universities.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to survey Australian universities to determine the scope of suicide prevention curricula in a range of prevocational courses. METHOD: Coordinators of undergraduate and postgraduate university programs for medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, theology, education, pharmacy, law and journalism were asked to complete a survey instrument to determine whether specific knowledge, attitude and skills items were included in the course content. Additional information was sought concerning the dominant method of teaching. Data were compared by discipline. An arbitrary threshold of 70% of courses within each discipline responding positively to each survey item was established as an adequate level of penetrance of that item into prevocational programs. RESULTS: Overall, knowledge and attitudes related to suicide prevention are taught more comprehensively than are skills. Knowledge and attitude items are taught most comprehensively in medical and nursing schools, somewhat less in psychology, social work, and pharmacy, uncommonly in theology and education. Law and journalism courses currently include very little material related to suicide and suicide prevention. Skills relevant to the management of suicidal individuals and their families are taught most comprehensively in psychology, nursing and medical courses, with low penetrance into other courses. CONCLUSION: The greatest opportunity to increase exposure to knowledge and attitudes relevant to suicide prevention exists within education, theology, law and journalism courses. Programs directed to the development of interpersonal skills relevant to the management of suicidal individuals and their families could be introduced across the board.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women in pharmacy: twenty-five years of growth.

In the last 25 years, the number of women pharmacists has increased. Some of the predictions concerning the impact of these women on the profession of pharmacy have proven to be true. The issues presented in the predictions, a decline in manpower, a decrease in pharmacists' salaries, and a lack of leadership, are discussed. Pharmacy education and the increased number of women faculty members illustrate the changes that have occurred. These changes will have a positive impact on the pharmacy profession.

Education, Pharmacy↗
PubMed1996

Characteristics, importance, and implications of comprehensive drug therapy management.

Ideas and opinions about comprehensive drug therapy management (CDTM) were gathered from an expert panel representing health care practitioners, educators, and consumers. A qualitative method of inquiry, the Delphi technique, was used to aggregate opinions of an expert panel of health care professionals, health care educators, and consumer representatives. The 66 experts who agreed to participate in the study consisted of 10 from pharmacy education, 10 from pharmacy professional associations, 20 from managed care, 19 from primary care, and 7 consumers (public members of health care regulatory and governing boards). Each participant was sent a questionnaire designed to evaluate a preliminary definition of CDTM and gather opinions on related topics. A second questionnaire was sent to the participants to determine the extent of their agreement with each statement generated by the first questionnaire. A third questionnaire was sent, asking participants to reconsider their ratings in light of the group's responses and to choose the most important elements. The response rates were 83% for the first questionnaire, 70% for the second, and 76% for the third. The panel reached a high level of agreement on a definition of CDTM. Panel members also identified many critical aspects of CDTM, including what makes it worthwhile, barriers to and facilitators of engaging in CDTM, key participants, ways in which responsibility for CDTM may be shared, and the competencies needed for CDTM. An expert panel of health care leaders and future leaders, within and outside the pharmacy profession, reached a high level of agreement on a definition of CDTM and identified many critical aspects of this concept.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacy practice and education in the People's Republic of China.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pharmacy profession and the education programs available to train pharmacists in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The practice of pharmacy in the hospital setting and the current development of clinical services are also described. BACKGROUND: There are two streams of medical practices in the PRC: traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. Hospital and community pharmacies are responsible for the dispensing of medicinals used for both streams of medical practices. Forty-two colleges of pharmacy offer pharmacy education, half of which provide a Western medicine approach and the other half traditional Chinese medicine. Both types of colleges offer a four-year curriculum with options for specialization. Opportunities for graduate study are also available. Most of the graduates work in hospital pharmacies. Hospital pharmacies participate in the bulk manufacture of drugs and parenteral fluids. A bulk dispensing system is used by some hospitals; individual patient doses are dispensed in others. Recently, the need to develop clinical pharmacy services in PRC was recognized and training courses were begun. Curricula with specialization in clinical pharmacy are being considered by colleges of pharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: It is anticipated that through increased awareness of the potential contribution of pharmacists in the PRC healthcare system, more opportunities for educating pharmacists will be made available to satisfy the vast need of the country. Development of clinical pharmacy services also will be expected to improve the quality of care provided.

China↗
PubMed2005

Pediatric pharmacotherapeutic education: current status and recommendations to fill the growing need.

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education and the Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs state that their respective programs should provide a curriculum appropriate to produce general practitioners of pharmacy. Millions of prescriptions are written for infants and children each year, and relatively few pharmacists practice in environments devoid of pediatric patients. To fulfill the stated mandate, professional pharmacy curricula must include adequate content dedicated to pharmaceutical care of the pediatric patient. Current pediatric curricula are inadequate and must be improved. Pediatric topics should be introduced early in the curriculum to increase students' awareness of the special needs of this vulnerable population. Other recommendations include the provision at least 25 hours of didactic instruction in core pediatric areas and at least one pediatric clinical rotation to all students. Pharmaceutical care of pediatric patients can also be improved by offering pediatric rotations to all pharmacy practice residents and encouraging their participation. However, a change in attitude may be most important. The contention that pediatric pharmacy practice is an isolated subspecialty can no longer be supported.

Clinical Competence↗