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PubMed2005

Factors affecting choice of community residential care setting.

UNLABELLED: To investigate factors associated with residents' choice of type of Medicaid-funded community residential care setting in western Washington State. METHOD: Prospective cohort design including residents new to any of three setting types (264 residents entering 170 different facilities), using data from state and Medicaid databases and in-person interviews. The authors used analysis of variance and multinomial logistic regression to examine bivariate associations and estimate effects of resident and facility characteristics on choice of facility type at baseline. RESULTS: Several resident characteristics appear to be associated with choice of community residential care setting, including age, marital status, education, functional status, and reported memory and behavior problems. Facility policies differ significantly among types of facilities and also appear to be associated with choice of setting. DISCUSSION: Selection processes operate in choice of community residential care setting, with residents choosing facility type based on the fit of their needs with facility characteristics.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

The social distribution of psychological distress and depression in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the associations between social position and mental health and explores whether differences in distress and depression by social position can be accounted for by differences in the major components of the stress process model. We extend previous work by including an ethnocultural measure alongside more traditional measures of social position. METHOD: Secondary data analysis of the 1994 National Population Health Survey. RESULTS: Consistent with findings from studies of younger adults, mental health in later life is determined in part by age, gender, marital status, education, and ethnocultural factors. The data indicate that the life experiences connected to these social positions are largely responsible for these effects. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that key social factors are related to mental health in late life, because one's position in the social structure shapes the stressors they encounter and the resources they have at their disposal to cope with them.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Duration of unemployment and depression: a cross-sectional survey in Lithuania.

BACKGROUND: In spite of a growing economy, unemployment is still a severe socio-economic problem in Lithuania. Nonetheless, no studies have been performed about the associations between unemployment and mental health in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between unemployment duration and depression in Lithuania. METHODS: The data was collected in a cross-sectional study in 2005. There were 429 filled-in questionnaires received (53.6% response rate) from unemployed persons registered with the Kaunas Labour Market Office. The severity of depression symptoms was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk factors for occurrence of depression. Sex, age, place of residence, marital status, education, income and practiced religion were the independent variables. Long-term unemployment was defined as lasting a duration of 12 months or more. RESULTS: The findings showed that long-term unemployed persons had more episodes of a depressive mood in the past 12 months in comparison with the group of the short-term unemployed. In addition, the BDI score mean was higher among the long-term unemployed compared with the short-term unemployed (10.1 +/- 8.8 and 14.2 +/- 9.5 respectively, p < 0.001). It was estimated that the duration of unemployment and BDI score had a positive correlation (r = 0.1968, p < 0.001). Among the short-term unemployed, the risk of depression increased significantly when the person was female, had an older age and had experienced more episodes of unemployment. Among the long-term unemployed, an older age was the risk factor for development of depression. However, higher education and income were the factors that significantly decreased the risk of developing depression for-short term as well as for long-term unemployed. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that depression is a severe problem in the unemployed population. Depression is more elevated among the long-term unemployed. This leads to arguing for common efforts in providing needed social support and health care to reduce the effects of unemployment on mental health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Consequences of adolescent pregnancy/parenting: a review of the literature.

This article reviews the empirical literature on the consequences of adolescent parenting in the arenas of economic impact, health risks to mother and child, parenting practices, and cognitive and behavioral performance of children. These consequences are divided between the direct effects of adolescent pregnancy and indirect effects, the latter of which are the socioeconomic and background correlates that also contribute to the risk of adolescent pregnancy, such as socioeconomic status, educational level, family structure, and family size. From this review of factors, social work practice and policy recommendations to reduce risk will be explored.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Risk indicators for future clinical attachment loss in adult periodontitis. Patient variables.

We studied patient-derived variables to identify individuals at risk for future clinical attachment loss (CAL). Seventy-five patients with chronic adult periodontitis were followed for 6 months and clinical and epidemiological parameters collected at baseline were related to CAL. Clinical parameters were obtained from 6 sites per tooth and whole-mouth averages were calculated. Epidemiologic parameters were obtained by questionnaire and interview. After the baseline examination, patients were treated with root planing and scaling. Thirty-one patients (41.3%) demonstrated greater than or equal to 1 site with CAL of greater than or equal to 2.5 mm, while 16 patients (21.3%) demonstrated CAL at greater than or equal to 2 sites. Epidemiological factors such as gender, health status, marital status, education, and occupation were not associated with CAL. In contrast, baseline mean attachment level, age, baseline mean probing depth, baseline mean recession, percentage of sites exhibiting bleeding on probing, and the number of missing teeth were related to CAL. Using logistic modelling, we found that baseline attachment level was the primary risk indicator for post-treatment CAL. Nineteen percent of the patients with baseline attachment levels less than 4.0 mm, 50% of the patients with 4.0 to 4.9 mm, and 85% (P less than .005) of the patients with greater than or equal to 5.0 mm exhibited CAL. The age of the patient was also a major risk indicator for CAL, and was independent of baseline attachment levels. Eighty-nine percent of the 60 to 69 year old patients demonstrated CAL, compared to only 35% of patients between the ages of 30 and 59 (P less than or equal to .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Perception of well-being among older persons in nonmetropolitan America.

This study examined the relationships of some selected sociodemographic variables to perception of well-being by elderly individuals living in nonmetropolitan areas in the United States. Data used were from the National Opinion Research Center's (NORC) General Social Surveys for the ten years between 1982-1991. Seven sociodemographic variables and six attitudinal variables were considered independent variables, and perception of well-being was treated as the dependent variable. Analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis indicated marital status, education, financial status, and religious attendance were significantly related to perception of well-being and five attitudinal variables increased the total variance accounted for in perceived well-being.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Perception of happiness among elderly persons in metropolitan USA.

The relationships of some selected sociodemographic variables with perception of happiness among older individuals living in metropolitan areas in the United States were examined. Data from the General Social Surveys for the ten years between 1982-1991 were analyzed. Seven sociodemographic variables, six social participation variables, and six attitudinal variables covering the six domains of life were considered independent variables with perception of happiness as the dependent variable. Analysis of variance indicated that race, marital status, education, financial status, and religious attendance were significantly related to perception of happiness and the six attitudinal variables increased the total variance accounted for in perceived well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Compliance in use of electric toothbrushes.

This study investigates the frequency of use of electric toothbrushes in relation to time of possession and social background variables. A questionnaire was sent to 129 patients who had acquired an electric toothbrush within 36 months. They were patients at the Department of Clinical Periodontology and at general dental clinics in Orebro. Response rate was 96%. The brush was used daily by 62%, whereas 3% had ceased to use them. Frequency of use and encountered problems were related only for those who had had the brush for 3 years or more. Logistic regression on the frequency of use with the variables age, gender, marital status, education, time of possession, and received instruction showed no associations except in two cases. For patients at general dental clinics, only brush type, and for patients at the department, only encountered problems had explanatory value. The conclusion is that compliance level was high and unrelated to social factors.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2003

Critical appraisal of the law enforcement in abortion care in Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the disparity in the law enforcement in abortion care and the widely reported induced abortion rates. DESIGN: A descriptive study. SETTING: The computer-entered data from the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Police Information and Documentation Center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixteen case files handled by the police in the last two years. The data of 326 subjects accused of alleged abortion related legal wrong doings were analysed for age, marital status, educational level, occupation and the due process in the court of law. The magnitude of induced abortions is reviewed from the available institutional based studies. RESULTS: The majority of aborting mothers, the service providers and their accomplices are found to be young, unmarried, poorly educated and of low socio-economic profile. The files that are under investigation and pending court rulings are remarkably high. The published incidence of induced abortion ratio of 318 per 1,000 live births is disproportionately greater than those that actually come under the attention of the law. CONCLUSION: The 1957 law is not officially repealed and its restrictive nature is not influencing the prevalence of illicitly induced abortions since the legal instruments are not fully operational. This is the consequence of fewer complaints advanced to the police and/or lack of obligatory reporting system of the events by the service delivery points.

Abortion, Illegal↗

PubMed1977

Contraceptive practice by women presenting to a free-standing abortion clinic.

A study was made of the contraceptive methods practised by the first 1,007 women who presented to the Preterm Sydney Clinic regarding pregnancy termination, after the clinic opened in June, 1974. The women's use of contraception at the time of the conception in particular, and also the women's general contraceptive history are described. These factors are related to social and demographic variables of age, marital status, educational level, occupation, country of birth, and religion. Additional discussion is included on the types of contraception used, the sources of contraceptive knowledge, and the methods chosen to use after the abortion.

Abortion Applicants↗

PubMed2000

Type of alcohol consumed and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although the J-shaped relation between alcohol intake and mortality has been reproduced in many large cohort studies, the question of whether the effects of beer, wine, and spirits differ remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between intake of different types of alcohol and death from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cancer. DESIGN: Pooled cohort studies in which intake of beer, wine, and spirits; smoking status; educational level; physical activity; and body mass index were assessed at baseline. SETTING: Copenhagen, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: 13 064 men and 11 459 women 20 to 98 years of age. MEASUREMENTS: Number of deaths and time to death from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cancer during follow-up. RESULTS: During 257 859 person-years of follow-up, 4833 participants died. J-shaped relations were found between total alcohol intake and mortality at various levels of wine intake. Compared with nondrinkers, light drinkers who avoided wine had a relative risk for death from all causes of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.99) and those who drank wine had a relative risk of 0.66 (CI, 0. 55 to 0.77). Heavy drinkers who avoided wine were at higher risk for death from all causes than were heavy drinkers who included wine in their alcohol intake. Wine drinkers had significantly lower mortality from both coronary heart disease and cancer than did non-wine drinkers (P = 0.007 and P = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION: Wine intake may have a beneficial effect on all-cause mortality that is additive to that of alcohol. This effect may be attributable to a reduction in death from both coronary heart disease and cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

[Social risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (epidemiologic social-medical study)].

An epidemiological social-medical study was carried out in the section of IX polyclinic--Sofia, aiming at the establishment of the social risk factors effect upon the origination and course of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in view of the particularly social importance of the disease invalidity. The model is based on statistical methods for programmed computor processing. Two hundred and forty six subjects were examined, the basic group of 44 being with diagnosed RA according to the international criteria (0.35% from the population) and 2 control groups--patients with infectional alergic arthritis and healthy subjects. The assessment of the RA severity degree was performed according to the numeric method, elaborated for that purpose, based on the following criteria: number of the joints, kind of the joint involvement, functional capacity, patients' personal assessment of the difficulties due to the disease, disease duration, ESR, rheumatoid factor, X-ray changes according to the adopted four degrees. The following social factors were studied: occupation, kind of work, working conditions, financial status, education, home conditions, mode of life, activity in the leisure time. A statistically significant (correlation C with P less than 0,05--0,001) unfavourable effect of the following complex of risk social factors was established: 1. RA risk factors--unfavourable microclimatic working (C=0,24) and home (C=0.30) conditions: 2. Risk factors for RA invalidity--occupations with heavy physical work (C=0,40), wol income (C=0,31) and unfavourable home conditions (C=0,22). The results obtained will serve as a ground for concrete directed rheumatoid arthritis prophylaxis. That outlines the perspectives of similar studies for assessment of the effect of life environmental factors upon human health state.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗

PubMed2001

Duration of breastfeeding and associated factors in Western and Eastern Germany.

UNLABELLED: Ten years after the German political reunification, specific lifestyle habits still vary between the former Western (FRG) and Eastern (GDR) sectors of Germany. We have analysed data from the first nationwide SuSe Study on breastfeeding 1997-1998 (n = 1593 healthy, term German infants) stratified in a Western (80.3%) and Eastern (19.7%) subgroup. In the Eastern subgroup, breastfeeding was higher for the first 2 wk but decreased more rapidly thereafter. The adjusted relative risk (odds ratios, OR) for short-term breastfeeding was strongly associated (OR >2) with maternal age, supplementary feeding, single parent status, maternal educational status, breastfeeding problems and partner's attitude towards breastfeeding. In the multivariate model, not the geographical location where the mother grew up but the different distribution of risk factors was associated with short-term breastfeeding. Moreover, mothers from both the Western and Eastern sectors mentioned different reasons for giving up breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: More breastfeeding promotion is necessary for women from the former GDR.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The influence of professional commitment on turnover intention.

This study investigated the influence of professional commitment on turnover intentions of nurses. The study also examined the relationships between demographic data, work-related variables and the professional commitment. The self-administered questionnaires were distributed to one fifth of Southern Taiwan's population of nurses (n = 4,000). A total of 2,543 subjects completed the questionnaires with a 63.6% response rate. The nurses exhibited a medium-high degree of overall professional commitment. Age, salary, years in profession and years in organization were correlated significantly with professional commitment by Pearson's correlation. There were significant correlations between professional commitment and marital status, educational level, status of the youngest child, level of position, and family support in Spearman's correlations. Family support, age, level of position and status of hospital were the significant predictors in the final regression analysis model. The discriminant analysis showed that 45.4% of nursing professional commitment was correctly classified in predicting intention to leave the profession and 33.1% in predicting the intention to leave the organization. The study recommended that nursing professional commitment is an important moderator to affect the turnover intention of staff nurses.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Summary results of the 1996 Population By-census.

"This article presents the salient features and trends of the population of Hong Kong based on the results of the 1996 Population By-census." Information is included on population size, age and sex structure, marital status, educational attainment, labor force, occupations, industry, households, and housing.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1989

Elderly populations in the Jingan district of Shanghai and the special districts of Tokyo: a comparative analysis.

"The present paper is a comparative analysis of part of the survey of the elderly population conducted in the Jingan District of Shanghai in October 1987, and part of the survey on the social welfare (the actual living conditions) of the elderly in the special districts of Tokyo, with a view to finding the similarities and differences between the two localities.... The purpose...[is] to pinpoint certain measures adopted by Japan with respect to the aging issue that might be of interest to China." Consideration is given to marital status, family structure, number of children, health status, education, and employment. The role of family support of the elderly receives particular attention.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Deaths: final data for 2000.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents final 2000 data on U.S. deaths and death rates according to demographic and medical characteristics such as age, sex, Hispanic origin, race, marital status, educational attainment, injury at work, State of residence, and cause of death. Trends and patterns in general mortality, life expectancy, and infant and maternal mortality are also described. A previous report presented preliminary mortality data for 2000. METHODS: In 2000 a total of 2,403,351 deaths were reported in the United States. This report presents descriptive tabulations of information reported on the death certificates. Funeral directors, attending physicians, medical examiners, and coroners complete death certificates. Original records are filed in the State registration offices. Statistical information is compiled into a national database through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Causes of death are processed in accordance with the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). RESULTS: The age-adjusted death rate for the United States in 2000 was 872.0 deaths per 100,000 standard population, a decrease of 1.1 percent from the 1999 rate and a record-low historical figure. Life expectancy at birth rose by 0.2 year to a record high of 76.9 years. Considering all deaths, age-specific death rates rose only for those 45-54 years and declined for a number of age groups including those 1-4 years, 55-64 years, 65-74 years, 75-84 years, and 85 years and over. Fourteen of the 15 leading causes of death are the same for 1999 and 2000. Heart disease and cancer continued to be the leading and second leading causes of death, accounting for over one-half of all deaths when combined. Aortic aneurysm, which was the 15th leading cause of death in 1999, dropped from the list in 2000 and, in its place, Pneumonitis due to solids and liquids is the 15th leading cause of death. The infant mortality rate reached a record low value of 6.9 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, declining 2.8 percent from the infant mortality rate in 1999 (7.1 deaths per 1,000 live births). CONCLUSIONS: Generally, mortality continued long-term trends. The slight increase in the age-adjusted death rate that was experienced in 1999 reversed itself in accordance to a longer standing decreasing pattern. Life expectancy increased 0.2 years, and the infant mortality rate decreased statistically to a record low 6.9 deaths per 1,000 live births, thus maintaining the steady decline that has characterized it for the past four decades.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

[State of disease and social situation of adult hemophiliacs].

54 adult patients suffering from hemophilia responded to a questionnaire regarding their state of illness and social situation. As far as state of the illness was concerned items pertained to type of hemophilia, factor activity, degree of physical handicap, number of bleedings and hospitalizations as well as etiology of bleedings. Social data contained items on marital status, education, occupation and leisure activities. The handicap of the illness as well as the possibility of positive social integration is underlined by the findings of the study.

Persons with Disabilities↗