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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Use-effectiveness and client satisfaction in six centers teaching the Billings Ovulation Method.

Use-effectiveness of the Billings Ovulation Method (OM) is reported for 1139 clients from six centers who were followed for at least 24 months. Method failure rates were 1% when calculated by either Pearl formula or life table analysis. Combined method and user failure rates were 20% when calculated with the Pearl formula, and 16% at 12 months and 23% at 24 months by life table analysis. Pregnancy rates were higher for couples using OM alone, than for couples using OM in combination with additional fertility awareness methods or together with barrier methods. The difference was significant when estimated by the Pearl formula but not when analyzed by the life table. The emotional implications underlying the apparent contradiction between a desire to avoid pregnancy and the deliberate coital use of fertile days are reflected in the differences between method and user failure rates, the high client satisfaction levels reported with "user failure," and 56% continuation rate at 24 months. The will require in-depth exploration.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What nurses should know about natural family planning.

Two common natural family planning (NFP) methods are the ovulation method based on characteristics of cervical mucus and the symptothermal method based on changes in cervical mucus, basal body temperature, and the cervix. Both methods are effective when used correctly. Nurses should understand the principles of NFP and introduce these methods in discussions of family planning options. Interested clients should be referred to a certified NFP instructor for education and supervision.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1987

Natural family planning.

It is now well accepted that a woman can conceive from an act of intercourse for a maximum of only about 7 days of her menstrual cycle. The reliability of natural family planning depends on identifying this window of fertility without ambiguity. Several symptomatic markers, cervical mucus and basal body temperature, have been used extensively and with considerable success in most women but failures occur. Ovarian and pituitary hormone production show characteristic patterns during the cycle. Urinary estrogen and pregnanediol measurements yield reliable information concerning the beginning, peak, and end of the fertile period, provided that the assays are accurate and performed on timed specimens of urine. We have developed such enzyme immunoassays for urinary estrogen and pregnanediol glucuronides that can be performed at home. In the early versions of the assays, enzyme reaction rates were measured by eye, but more recently, a simple photoelectronic rate meter has been used. The final problem to be solved is not technologic but whether women are sufficiently motivated to expend the same time and effort each day for 10 days a month, with less cost, on fertility awareness as they spend on making a cup of tea.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

An automatic electronic device (Rite Time) to detect the onset of the infertile period by basal body temperature measurements.

Two trials of an electronic thermometer (Rite Time), designed to record and interpret basal body temperature (BBT) patterns in normal ovulating women, are described. A total of 140 menstrual cycles from 34 women, who used the thermal or symptothermal methods of natural family planning, were studied. Rite Time gave a signal for the start of the infertile period in 117 cycles, of which 114 (97%) appeared to have occurred at appropriate times. Further studies using hormonal and ultrasound reference points for ovulation were carried out in 21 cycles. Rite Time generally produced BBT patterns of quality acceptable for interpretation of the periovulatory BBT shift. About one-half of the volunteers said that they would be willing to replace their conventional charting methods with Rite Time.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1988

Vaginal bleeding patterns among women using one natural and eight hormonal methods of contraception.

Menstrual diary records were obtained from a total of 5257 women using nine different methods of contraception, one natural and eight hormonal. This paper presents a comparative analysis of their vaginal bleeding patterns. The analytic procedures follow the recommendations of a recent WHO workshop on bleeding pattern analysis, which involve dividing each subject's diary into successive 90-day reference periods, calculating ten indices for each period, and classifying women according to whether they have "clinically important" bleeding disturbances. In general, the findings of this analysis confirm those of previous studies. Women using the natural method, who were deliberately selected for the regularity of their menstrual cycles, averaged three bleeding/spotting episodes of length 5 days in each 90-day period, with very little variability within or between women. Subjects given a combined oral contraceptive had more regular patterns than any other treated group, with short (4-day) episodes and 23-24 day bleeding-free intervals. Progestogen-only pill users had more frequent, longer episodes and shorter, less predictable intervals than combined pill users. Contrary to widely-held beliefs, the progestogen-only pills produced fewer spotting days than the combined pills, and almost no spotting episodes at all. Nearly half of vaginal ring users experienced some menstrual disturbance in each period; their most common problems were irregular, infrequent or prolonged bleeding. Women using the long-acting injectable, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, had totally unpredictable patterns, with infrequent but prolonged bleeding/spotting episodes. The incidence of amenorrhea rose from just under 10% in their first injection interval to over 40% in their fourth. The methods of analysis recommended by WHO in 1985 still require substantial refinement. Nevertheless, they are more sensitive than those used previously for WHO trials and produce an easily understood, clinically meaningful characterization of bleeding patterns.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1992

Cumulative pregnancy rates in patients with apparently normal fertility and fertility-focused intercourse.

Fifty consecutive clients achieved pregnancy using a standardization modification of the Billings ovulation method (the Creighton Model Natural Family Planning System). Of 50 clients followed, 38 (76%) achieved pregnancy in the first cycle of fertility-focused intercourse, 45 of 50 (90%) achieved pregnancy by the third cycle and 49 of 50 achieved pregnancy by the sixth cycle (98%).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A prospective multicentre trial of the ovulation method of natural family planning. III. Characteristics of the menstrual cycle and of the fertile phase.

Seven hundred twenty-five women of proven fertility recorded the presence of cervical mucus at the vulva in 7514 menstrual cycles. The mean cycle length of the 6472 "normal" cycles was 28.5 days (standard deviation +/- 3.18). The peak day of mucus discharge was the last day of slippery, raw-egg-white-like mucus and occurred on average on day 15 (+/- 2.6). The fertile period was defined as any day on which mucus was reported before the peak day until 3 days after the peak. Its mean length was 9.6 (+/- 2.6) days. The probability of pregnancy was maximal on the peak day and declined on the days before and after the peak.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Withdrawal continues to be popular in Turkey.

In Turkey, in spite of the continuing expansion of family planning services, withdrawal continues to be the most popular method of fertility regulation. In 1993, more than 26% of all currently married women were relying on this method of contraception. Studies supported by the Program point to opposition from men to the use of modern methods by their wives. The use of modern methods in Turkey is, nonetheless, on the rise. Between 1988 and 1993 the prevalence of use of modern methods increased by 3.5% (from 31% to 34.5%), mainly as a result of a rise in the use of the IUD--from 14% in 1988 to 19% in 1993. But during the same period the use of the contraceptive pill declined from 6% to 5%. Condom use remained steady at around 7%, and a slight increase has been observed in female sterilization.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast skin temperature rhythms in relation to ovulation.

Breast skin temperatures have been monitored at 30-min intervals throughout wake-span for the whole or part of the menstrual cycle of women aged 20-37 years using both manual and automatic (chronobra) methods of measurement. Circadian breast skin temperature rhythms have been mathematically characterized and rhythm parameters assessed in relation to the estimated time of ovulation. Data generally indicate that there is a peri-ovulatory rise in breast temperature. Computer simulation and practical experiments, based on changes in the residual sums of squares from target values obtained for days in the cycle prior to ovulation, have indicated that this peri-ovulatory increase in temperature is possibly detectable within 24 h. The use of the chronobra and associated statistics may be of value in signalling the onset of the infertile phase of the menstrual cycle.

Adult↗