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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The effect of prolonged fasting on total lipid synthesis and enzyme activities in the liver of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla).

The extent of fatty acid synthesis from [1-14C]acetate in liver slices was reduced 6-fold when eels were fasted for 1-7 weeks and 20-fold when fasted for 39 weeks; thereafter hepatic lipogenesis seemed to remain constant for up to 95 weeks of fasting. After a 1-3 week fast some hepatic enzyme activities were reduced (acetyl-CoA carboxylase decreased 2-fold and fatty acid synthetase declined 5-fold), while others remained unchanged (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase as well as malic enzyme and ATP-citrate lyase). The optimum temperature for measuring both total lipid synthesis and lipogenic enzyme activity in eel liver was found to be 30 degrees C.

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase↗
PubMed1985

Lipogenic hepatic enzyme activity of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) fed various diets.

Body weight, obesity and liver weights of male raccoon dogs fed diets of various energy content were higher than those of females. With increasing body weight and obesity the liver weight and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) decreased significantly in both sexes. The liver weight correlated very positively with the G-6-PD activity. The alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) correlated with the liver weight only in females.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Seasonal changes in hepatic activity of G-6-phosphate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in farmed polecats and raccoon dogs.

Liver weight of both male and female polecats was significantly higher in winter than in summer. There were no seasonal or sex differences in the liver weight of raccoon dogs. Body weight of male polecats was highest in winter. No marked seasonal changes in body weight of female polecats, or raccoon dogs of both sexes were found. Total hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of polecats and raccoon dogs was higher in winter than in summer. Specific activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was highest in summer, but total hepatic activity did not show any seasonal changes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

The effect of acclimation temperature on enzyme activity in Drosophila melanogaster.

1. The response to thermal acclimation of five key rate-limiting enzymes of intermediary metabolism and of six degradative enzymes was measured in tissue extracts of adult Drosophila melanogaster which had been acclimated for 4 days to 15, 25 or 30 degrees C. 2. Three enzymes of intermediary metabolism (HK, alpha-GPDH and CO) showed positive thermal compensation, which is the type of response characteristic of the enzymes involved in energy metabolism in vertebrate ectotherms. 3. The data obtained for CS and G6PDH showed no evidence for increased activity of TCA cycle nor of the pentose phosphate pathway upon cold acclimation in D. melanogaster. 4. Two degradative enzymes, ADH and non-specific esterase, showed inverse thermal compensation which is the type of response characteristic of degradative enzymes in vertebrate ectotherms. 5. In contrast to the situation in vertebrate ectotherms, catalase and the three lysosomal enzymes assayed (APH, acid DNase and acid RNase) displayed positive rather than inverse compensation. 6. The results presented here extend the data on the range of D. melanogaster enzymes which show compensation upon thermal acclimation and on the type of acclimation response which occurs.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2004

Ancestral lipid biosynthesis and early membrane evolution.

Archaea possess unique membrane phospholipids that generally comprise isoprenoid ethers built on sn-glycerol-1-phosphate (G1P). By contrast, bacterial and eukaryal membrane phospholipids are fatty acid esters linked to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). The two key dehydrogenase enzymes that produce G1P and G3P, G1PDH and G3PDH, respectively, are not homologous. Various models propose that these enzymes originated during the speciation of the two prokaryotic domains, and the nature (and even the very existence) of lipid membranes in the last universal common ancestor (cenancestor) is subject to debate. G1PDH and G3PDH belong to two separate superfamilies that are universally distributed, suggesting that members of both superfamilies existed in the cenancestor. Furthermore, archaea possess homologues to known bacterial genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and synthesize fatty acid phospholipids. The cenancestor seems likely to have been endowed with membrane lipids whose synthesis was enzymatic but probably non-stereospecific.

Archaea↗
PubMed1980

A contribution to the postnatal enzymatic state of maturity of gyrus hippocampi in the embryofetal alcohol syndrome of the rat.

The influence of maternal chronic alcoholism on fetal brain development was investigated in rats. A decrease in the activity of succinate, glycerin-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases and of tetrazolium reductases was found. The amount of total RNA was reduced in the neonates with alcohol damage. Moreover, a retardation of myelinisation at the time of birth was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Enzyme activities of six different dehydrogenases in Ehrlich ascites cells measured by flow cytometry.

Flow cytometric measurements of the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase in single Ehrlich ascites tumour cells are described using a tetrazolium salt/fluorescent formazan reaction. Applying cyano-ditolyl-tetrazolium chloride (CTC) as redox dye indicating enzyme reaction, and DAPI as a fluorochrome for nuclear DNA staining, the bivariate flow cytometric assay of enzyme activity and cell cycle analysis was established. Furthermore, adopting the calibration procedure reported formerly, consisting of biochemical determination and flow cytometry of the same sample performed parallelly, the enzyme activities were expressed in biochemical units. The dehydrogenase activities found in Ehrlich ascites cells were 97.5 fmol H2 per average positive cell during 5 min for lactate dehydrogenase, 69.0, 10.6, 25.3, 29.7, and 19.0 fmol H2 per average positive cell during 20 min for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, respectively. This quantitative procedure can offer an alternative analytic tool for enzyme cytology.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The Rete ovarii and follicle formation in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).

The Rete ovarii in young marmosets shows a strong reactivity for a certain number of enzymes (LDH; NADH2-TR; NADPH2-TR; G-6-PDH; 6-PGDH; alpha-GPDH; beta-OHBDH and nonspecific esterase). The granulosa cells of the cortical innermost placed follicles have the same enzymatic reactivity. The germinal epithelium results negative to the mentioned group of enzymes at this phase of the development. The Rete ovarii must play an important rôle in the granulosa cells differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Histochemical studies on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and on the distribution of some enzymes concerned with carbodydrate metabolism in the rat cerebellum.

Detailed histochemical studies have been conducted on the distribution of various enzymes, including thiamine pyrophosphatase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; menadion oxidoreductase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in various components of the cerebellum of healthy adult male rats of the Wistar strain. The thiamine pyrophosphatase reaction showed the morphological patterns of the GOLGI apparatus characteristic for each kind of cells. The GOLGI apparatus is a simple network in stellate cells, but it can be classified into the same 5 categories in basket cells and GOLGI type II cells. The GOLGI apparatus in the latter 2 cell types appears to undergo cyclic changes. A few GOLGI type II cells have a supranuclear form (Type II) and some cells show disintegration and "budding-off" of the GOLGI apparatus. The GOLGI apparatus in PURKINJE cells can be classified into 4 categories including a perinuclear strand form (Type III), but most of them show randomly distributed granules and vesicles. Lightly stained networks are observable in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. They do not show polarity in astrocytes whereas they have extensions in a few oligodendrocytes. BERGMANN glia may undergo cyclic changes indicating more advance differentiation than astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Cerebellar glomerula show lightly stained networks with many fine granules. Granule cells, stellate cells, and basket cells are all poorly equipped equally with the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF (EM) pathway and with the hexosemonophosphate (HMP) shunt. GOLGI type II cells are richly equipped almost equally with both the EM pathway and the HMP shunt. All these neurons probably derive energy mainly from glucose in the circulating blood. PURKINJE cells may belong to the category of "usual neurons", because they are moderately equipped both with the EM pathway and the HMP shunt. However, they may derive their energy from the BERGMANN glia which have intense hexokinase activity but weak succinate dehydrogenase activity. The BERGMANN glia are more richly equipped with the HMP shunt than with the EM pathway and are rich in lactate dehydrogenase suggesting an "exceptional metabolic pattern". These glia may have active synthesizing ability. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are equipped with all the enzymes tested, and they show a tendency to surround the glomeruli. It is suggested that the glomerula may be surrounded by the glial sheaths with strong hexokinase activity, and that they may contain alpha-glucan phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in addition to the succinate dehydrogenase already reported. A few PURKINJE cells showed perinuclear concentrations of the reaction product only of succinate dehydrogenase at the sites of contacts between nucleoli and nuclear membranes. It is suggested that the nucleolus may receive adenosine at the sites of contacts between nucleoli and nuclear membranes...

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Postmortem activity of respiratory enzymes in human brain.

Post-mortem changes in the activity of various cerebral dehydrogenases have been investigated in 41 human brains. Histoenzymatic examinations were conducted 1, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after clinically established death. The results have shown that the individual dehydrogenase become inactivated by the post-mortem processes at different rates. Succinate and lactate dehydrogenase activities were lost at first rate, followed by glucose-6-phosphate and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and then by isocitrate and NADH and NADPH dependent reductases, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase remained active for the longest period after death. The structural sequence of the post mortem loss of respiratory enzymes in the human brain was opposite to that at which these enzymes appeared during ontogenic development. The topography of the post mortem inactivation of cerebral dehydrogenases instead was adverse to the order of constitution of the individual parts of the CNS in the course of phylogenetic development.

Brain↗
PubMed1982

Topographic and quantitative characteristics of glutamate dehydrogenase of the hippocampus formation during the postnatal development of the rat brain. Comparative studies on succinate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase with special reference to putatively glutamatergic structures.

As topochemically demonstrated, glutamate dehydrogenase is present within the dendritic layers of the rat hippocampus formation. Its activity increased in parallel to the postnatal maturation of synaptic structures. The results point to a contribution of glutamate dehydrogenase in the synthesis of transmitter glutamate. concomitantly, the activity of succinate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase increased in the hippocampal dendritic areas during the postnatal development which is discussed expressing of metabolic activity. The results of the formazan elution technique reflect the topochemical findings in a quantitative manner.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Isozyme distribution of ten enzymes and their loci in South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi).

Scarce bibliographical data exists on the enzymes in Lepidosiren paradoxa and analysis of several enzymes was considered worthy of investigation. Distribution of ADH, ALP, FBALD, GAPDH, G3PDH, G6PDH, GPI, LDH, MDH, and PGM was identified in ten tissues (retina, heart, muscle, liver, kidney, lung, gut, gills, brain, and ovary) of the South American lungfish and compared with patterns previously described in other vertebrates. Compared with earlier results differences in the number of loci expressed were observed for ADH, G3PDH, GPI, and MDH. The number of loci expressed and/or in tissue specificity of several enzymes (ADH, FBALD, GAPDH, G3PDH, G6PDH and PGM) were found to be similar to those of other vertebrates. Differences were detected in ALP due to the absence of an intestinal-specific form typical of fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds; further differences were observed in GPI and MDH due to their tissue expression. The differences in LDH involve the LDH-A4 isozyme which was most common in tissues. Overall, comparison with other vertebrates reveals that in L. paradoxa the tissue-restricted expressions of some enzymes are similar, while others have retained an ancestral pattern and exhibit a more widespread tissue expression of genes.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1999

Diaphorase activity in sebaceous glands and related structures of the male red deer.

The localisation of diaphorase was visualised by light microscopy using the dye nitro blue tetrazolium and NADPH as substrates. Under appropriate conditions, diaphorase reduces this dye to a dark blue insoluble formazan. The enzyme was located at very low activity in many tissue and glandular structures of the deer, but at very much higher activity in sebaceous glands in the dermal velvet of the antler and skin, and in additional sebaceous gland-related structures in the ear canal, prepuce and tail (scent) gland. Within sebaceous glands, activity was greatest in the outermost layers of the acini, but decreased as the cells progressed and differentiated centripetally. There was little or no difference between the staining observed when NADH was used as a substrate, compared to NADPH. There was generalised staining (usually light) for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. However, this staining was not specifically localised to sebaceous glands and related structures, showing that the observed activity in these structures was due to a diaphorase that was distinct from any of the dehydrogenase activities tested. The possible role of diaphorase in sebaceous development and secretion is discussed.

Adrenal Glands↗