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Results for “Genetic Introgression”

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PubMed2004

Association of misexpression with sterility in hybrids of Drosophila simulansand D. mauritiana.

Recent studies have identified genes associated with hybrid sterility and other hybrid dysfunctions, but the consequences of introgressions of these "speciation genes" are often poorly understood. Previously, we identified a panel of genes that are underexpressed in sterile male hybrids of Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana relative to pure species. Here, we build on this reverse-genetics approach to demonstrate that the underexpression of at least five of these genes in hybrids is associated with hybrid sterility and that these five genes are coordinately regulated. We map one upstream regulator of these genes to a region previously shown to harbor one or more factors causing hybrid sterility. Finally, we show that the genes underexpressed in hybrids are often highly conserved, as might be predicted for downstream targets of the genetic changes that cause hybrid sterility. This approach integrates forward genetics with reverse genetics to show a proximate consequence of the introgression of particular hybrid sterility-conferring regions between species: underexpression of genes necessary for normal spermatogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Evidence for broadscale introgressive hybridization between two redfish (genus Sebastes) in the North-west Atlantic: a rare marine example.

The evolutionary importance of introgressive hybridization has long been recognized by plant evolutionists, and there is now a growing recognition for its potential role in animals as well. Detailed empirical investigations of this evolutionary process, however, are still lacking in many animal groups, particularly in the marine environment. Using integrated microsatellite DNA data (eight loci analysed over 803 individuals representing 17 sampling locations) and multivariate statistical procedures (principal component, factorial correspondence and admixture proportion analyses), we: (i) provide a detailed dissection of the dynamics of introgressive hybridization between Sebastes fasciatus and S. mentella, two economically important redfishes from the North-west Atlantic; and (ii) infer the factors potentially involved in the maintenance of the hybrid zone observed in the gulf of St. Lawrence and south of Newfoundland. This study provided one of the rare examples of extensive introgressive hybridization in the ocean, and highlighted the predominant role of this process in shaping the extent of genetic diversity, interspecific differences and population structuring among redfishes from the North-west Atlantic. The extensive (average rate of introgression = 15%) but geographically circumscribed and asymmetrical pattern of introgressive hybridization, the sympatric persistence of two reproductively isolated introgressed groups, the differential patterns of linkage disequilibrium among samples, and the maintenance of genetic integrity of both species outside the defined zone of introgression despite high potential for gene flow, all implicated selection in promoting and maintaining the observed pattern of introgression.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Identification of a drought tolerant introgression line derived from Dongxiang common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.).

Construction of introgression lines using cultivated rice as recipient and wild rice is a novel approach to explore primitive and broad genetic resources in rice breeding. We recently generated a set of 159 introgression lines via a backcrossing program using an elite Indica cultivar rice Guichao 2 (O. sativa L. ssp. indica) as recipient and a common wild rice Dongxiang accession (O. rufipogon Griff.) as donor. In this study, we have evaluated the previously constructed 159 introgression lines for drought-tolerance. A total of 12 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to drought tolerance were mapped. Furthermore, a drought tolerant introgression line, IL23, was identified and characterized. Genotype analysis of IL23 demonstrated that IL23 contained two QTLs associated with drought tolerance, qSDT2-1 and qSDT12-2, which were located on chromosome 2 and 12 within the two introgressed segments derived from the common wild rice, respectively. Physiological characterization, including measurement of water loss, osmotic potential, electrolytical leakage, MDA content, soluble sugars content and the leaf temperature, revealed that IL23 showed the characteristics associated with drought tolerance. Identification and characterization of IL23 would provide a useful basis for isolation of novel genes associated with drought tolerance and for molecular breeding of drought tolerant rice. Furthermore, the results in this study indicated that construction of introgression lines from common wild rice should be an appropriate approach to obtain favorable genetic materials.

China↗

PubMed2003

The genetic impact of demographic decline and reintroduction in the wild boar (Sus scrofa): a microsatellite analysis.

The reintroduction of wild boar from central Europe after World War II has contributed substantially to the range expansion of this species in Italy, where indiscriminate hunting in earlier times resulted in extreme demographic reduction. However, the genetic impact of such processes is not well-understood. In this study, 105 individuals from Italian and Hungarian wild boar populations were characterized for nine autosomal microsatellite loci. The Hungarian samples, and two central Italian samples from protected areas (parks) where reintroduction is not documented, were assumed to be representative of the genetic composition of the source and the target populations in the reintroduction process, respectively. Animals hunted in the wild in the Florence area of Tuscany (Italy) were then studied to identify the effects of reintroduction. The results we obtained can be summarized as follows: (i) none of the populations analysed shows genetic evidence of demographic decline; (ii) the three parental populations from Italy and Hungary are genetically distinct; however, the low level of divergence appears in conflict with the naming of the Italian and the European subspecies (Sus scrofa majori and Sus scrofa scrofa, respectively); in addition, the Italian groups appear to be as divergent from each other as they are from the Hungarian population; (iii) most of the individuals hunted near Florence are genetically intermediate between the parental groups, suggesting that hybridization has occurred in this area, the average introgression of Hungarian genotypes is 13%, but approximately 45% of the genetic pool of these individuals can not be directly attributed to any of the parental populations we analysed; (iv) analysis of microsatellite loci, though in a limited number, is an important tool for estimating the genetic effect of reintroduction in the wild boar, and therefore for the development of conservation and management strategies for this species.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial gene flow and introgression in the salamander, Plethodon shermani.

Plethodon shermani comprises a series of geographically disjunct populations occupying high-elevation mountain isolates. These populations hybridize at their borders with salamanders of the Plethodon glutinosus species complex, and past range expansions inferred from Pleistocene climatic cycles may have increased the possible genetic interactions between P. shermani and species of the P. glutinosus complex. Because mitochondrial DNA haplotypes often show introgression across species borders, we survey mtDNA variation for evidence of past and ongoing genetic interactions between P. shermani, its close relative Plethodon cheoah, and species of the P. glutinosus complex. Ongoing hybridization with the P. glutinosus-complex species Plethodon teyahalee is accompanied by extensive mitochondrial introgression in some Unicoi populations of P. shermani, but it has little genetic impact on P. shermani populations outside hybrid zones at three other isolates (Tusquitee, Wayah Bald, Standing Indian). Some Unicoi populations of P. shermani exhibit mtDNA evidence of past hybridization with diverse lineages from P. aureolus and P. glutinosus. The Tusquitee isolate of P. shermani is also characterized by mtDNA haplotypes most closely related to Plethodon aureolus and P. glutinosus, presumably introduced by past genetic contact with these species or with introgressed populations of Unicoi P. shermani. The mtDNA variation in sampled populations of the Wayah Bald and Standing Indian isolates of P. shermani appears largely unaffected by ongoing hybridization. Principal components analyses of allozymic data indicate that P. shermani isolates collectively form a genetically homogeneous unit clearly demarcated from species with which they have had current or past genetic interactions. Rapid mtDNA introgression associated with transient contacts between P. shermani and other species permits a fine-level resolution of evolutionary lineages not evident from allozymic data.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Quantitative trait analysis of seed yield and other complex traits in hybrid spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): 1. Identification of genomic regions from winter germplasm.

The introgression of winter germplasm into spring canola (Brassica napus L.) represents a novel approach to improve seed yield of hybrid spring canola. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed yield and other traits were genetically mapped to determine the effects of genomic regions introgressed from winter germplasm into spring canola. Plant materials used comprised of two populations of doubled haploid (DH) lines having winter germplasm introgression from two related French winter cultivars and their testcrosses with a spring line used in commercial hybrids. These populations were evaluated for 2 years at two locations (Wisconsin, USA and Saskatchewan, Canada). Genetic linkage maps based on RFLP loci were constructed for each DH population. Six QTL were detected in the testcross populations for which the winter alleles increased seed yield. One of these QTL explained 11 and 19% of the phenotypic variation in the two Canadian environments. The winter allele for another QTL that increased seed yield was linked in coupling to a QTL allele for high glucosinolate content, suggesting that the transition of rapeseed into canola could have resulted in the loss of favorable seed yield alleles. Most QTL for which the introgressed allele decreased seed yield of hybrids mapped to genomic regions having homoeologous non-reciprocal transpositions. This suggests that allelic configurations created by these rearrangements might make an important contribution to genetic variation for complex traits in oilseed B. napus and could account for a portion of the heterotic effects in hybrids.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

Development of a set of near isogenic and backcross recombinant inbred lines containing most of the Lycopersicon hirsutum genome in a L. esculentum genetic background: a tool for gene mapping and gene discovery.

A novel population consisted of a set of 99 near isogenic lines (NILs) and backcross recombinant inbred lines (BCRILs) derived from a cross between the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum cv. E6206 and L. hirsutum accession LA1777 is presented. Most of the lines contain a single defined introgression from L. hirsutum in the L. esculentum genetic background and together, the lines provide a coverage of more than the 85% of the L. hirsutum genome. These lines represent a new tool to uncover the genetic resources hidden in L. hirsutum as well as to study the genes responsible of its unique biology. Furthermore, the study of the allelic frequency and heterozygosity among BCRILs showed that specific genomic regions were likely subjected to unintentional selection pressures during the stock development. Genes involved in the reproductive behavior and (or) pollen viability are hypothesized to be responsible for these alterations.

Breeding↗

PubMed2005

Genetic diversity and population structure of teosinte.

The teosintes, the closest wild relatives of maize, are important resources for the study of maize genetics and evolution and for plant breeding. We genotyped 237 individual teosinte plants for 93 microsatellites. Phylogenetic relationships among species and subspecific taxa were largely consistent with prior analyses for other types of molecular markers. Plants of all species formed monophyletic clades, although relationships among species were not fully resolved. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Mexican annual teosintes divide into two clusters that largely correspond to the previously defined subspecies, Z. mays ssp. parviglumis and ssp. mexicana, although there are a few samples that represent either evolutionary intermediates or hybrids between these two subspecies. The Mexican annual teosintes show genetic substructuring along geographic lines. Hybridization or introgression between some teosintes and maize occurs at a low level and appears most common with Z. mays ssp. mexicana. Phylogeographic and phylogenetic analyses of the Mexican annual teosintes indicated that ssp. parviglumis diversified in the eastern part of its distribution and spread from east to west and that ssp. mexicana diversified in the Central Plateau of Mexico and spread along multiple paths to the north and east. We defined core sets of collections of Z. mays ssp. mexicana and ssp. parviglumis that attempt to capture the maximum number of microsatellite alleles for given sample sizes.

Alleles↗

PubMed1992

Detection of polymorphic loci in Arachis germplasm using random amplified polymorphic DNAs.

The development of easily scoreable genetic markers in Arachis will facilitate the introgression of desirable traits from wild species into adapted germplasm. We have used random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) to identify polymorphic molecular markers in a range of wild and cultivated Arachis species. From a total of sixty 10-mer oligonucleotide primers, 49 polymorphic loci were identified between cultivated A. hypogaea type (TMV-2) and a synthetic amphidiploid (B x C)2 created from a A. batizocoi and A. chacoense cross. The inheritance of polymorphic markers, both in the amphidiploid and in the F1 progeny in a TMV-2 x (B x C)2 cross, has also been demonstrated. The potential exploitation of RAPD markers in groundnut improvement programs is discussed.

Arachis↗

PubMed2003

Evidence for gene flow via seed dispersal from crop to wild relatives in Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae): consequences for the release of genetically modified crop species with weedy lineages.

Gene flow and introgression from cultivated to wild plant populations have important evolutionary and ecological consequences and require detailed investigations for risk assessments of transgene escape into natural ecosystems. Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) are of particular concern because: (i) they are cross-compatible with their wild relatives (the sea beet, B. vulgaris ssp. maritima); (ii) crop-to-wild gene flow is likely to occur via weedy lineages resulting from hybridization events and locally infesting fields. Using a chloroplastic marker and a set of nuclear microsatellite loci, the occurrence of crop-to-wild gene flow was investigated in the French sugar beet production area within a 'contact-zone' in between coastal wild populations and sugar beet fields. The results did not reveal large pollen dispersal from weed to wild beets. However, several pieces of evidence clearly show an escape of weedy lineages from fields via seed flow. Since most studies involving the assessment of transgene escape from crops to wild outcrossing relatives generally focused only on pollen dispersal, this last result was unexpected: it points out the key role of a long-lived seed bank and highlights support for transgene escape via man-mediated long-distance dispersal events.

Beta vulgaris↗

PubMed1998

Analysis of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system by quantitative-trait locus introgression.

One of the significant factors that affect brain dopamine function is the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. For the analysis of the genetically determined role of dopamine function and TH in behavior and in the regulatory mechanisms of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system we devised a novel genetic strategy (Vadasz; Mouse Genome 88:16-18; 1990). We hypothesized that phenotypic introgression and recombinant fixation could ensure the transfer of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) from one strain onto the genetic background of another strain, and new, genetically very similar quasi-congenic strains could be created that would carry individual QTLs, or QTLs in various combinations. Here we summarize the construction of the first set of QTL Introgression strains, and present evidence that QTLs that are responsible for the continuous variation of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase activity (TH/MES), have been transferred onto the C57BL/6By (B6) strain background from BALB/cJ (C) and CXBI (I) donor strains with high and low TH/MES, respectively. The QTL transfer was carried out in two directions by repeated backcross-intercross cycles with concomitant selection for the extreme high and low expressions of TH/MES in replicates, resulting in four QTL Introgression lines. Analysis of regional brain TH activities in the course of the QTL introgression indicated that (a) TH activity in B6.I lines showed quite limited heritability, (b) TH/MES was not highly correlated with striatal TH, and (c) the control of hypothalamic and olfactory tubercle TH activities was largely independent from that of TH/MES. Examination of the open-field (OF) behavior data demonstrated that TH activity did not correlate significantly with OF behavior. After 5 backcross-intercross cycles, TH/MES in each replicate line was still significantly different from that of the B6 background strain. A genomewide scanning of microsatellite markers in the QTL introgression lines demonstrated that about 96% of the markers were of background (B6) type. These results indicate the successful transfer of TH/MES QTLs. After the QTL transfer phase of the experiment altogether more than 100 new RQI strains were initiated in the QTL Introgression lines by strict brother x sister mating. After fixing the introgressed QTLs, ten of the inbred RQI strains were tested for TH/MES. The results showed that in one of the new RQI strains TH/MES was restored to a level that is characteristic to the C donor strain, while TH/MES values in some other strains were between those of the background and donor strains, confirming our hypothesis that phenotypic introgression and recombinant fixation can ensure a virtually complete transfer of QTLs. We conclude from this study that complex, continuously distributed neural traits can successfully be subjected to QTL introgression, and the results raise the possibility that the RQI method can be efficiently applied for gene mapping of complex neural and behavioral traits even if their phenotypic expression is sensitive to confounding developmental and environmental variations, genetic interactions, and genotype-environment interactions.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Development of a set of Triticum aestivum-Aegilops tauschii introgression lines.

New wheat introgression lines were obtained which contain different segments of individual chromosomes of Aegilops tauschii in the Triticum aestivum cv. 'Chinese Spring' background. The introgression lines were developed to examine various subsets of alleles from the wild grass in the genetic background of common wheat. As starting point substitution lines of 'Chinese Spring' in which single chromosomes of the D genome had been replaced by homologous chromosomes of a synthetic wheat were used. Synthetic wheat had been obtained earlier from a cross between the tetraploid emmer (genomes AABB) and wild grass Aegilops tauschii (genome DD). The seven wheat chromosome substitution lines carrying different chromosomes of Ae. tauschii were crossed twice to T. aestivum cv. 'Chinese Spring' and 259 BC1-progeny plants were analysed. Phenotypic evaluation was carried out for different traits such as plant height, spikelet number, peduncle length, flowering time, spike length, tiller number, grain weight per ear, fertility and thousand kernel weight. Genotypic analysis was performed using a set of 65 microsatellite markers previously mapped on the chromosomes of the D genome of wheat. During this analysis recombinant lines carrying different segments of Ae. tauschii chromosomes were detected. Plants containing small introgressions of the alien genetic material were selfed to get homozygous lines and plants carrying large pieces of the donor chromosome were backcrossed again to get smaller introgressions. Further microsatellite analysis of selected BC1F2-progeny plants resulted in detection of a first set of 36 homozygous lines carrying different pieces of Ae. tauschii genome.

Alleles↗

PubMed2004

Testing the utility of internally transcribed spacer sequences in coral phylogenetics.

Reef-building corals often possess high levels of intraindividual and intraspecific ribosomal DNA (rDNA) variation that is largely polyphyletic between closely related species. Polyphyletic rDNA phylogenies coupled with high intraindividual rDNA variation have been taken as evidence of introgressive hybridization in corals. Interpreting the data is problematic because the rDNA cluster evolves in a complex fashion and polyphyletic lineages can be generated by a variety of processes--such as incomplete lineage sorting and slow concerted evolution--in addition to hybridization. Using the genetically characterized Caribbean Acropora hybridization system, we evaluate how well rDNA data perform in revealing patterns of recent introgressive hybridization in contrast to genetic data from four single-copy loci. While the rDNA data are broadly consistent with the unidirectional introgression seen in other loci, we show that the phylogenetic signature of recent introgressive hybridization is obscured in the Caribbean Acropora by ancient shared rDNA lineages that predate the divergence of the species.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1991

Pollen-mediated introgression and hybrid speciation in Louisiana irises.

Populations of the "Louisiana iris" species Iris fulva, I. hexagona, and I. nelsonii were examined genetically to test for interspecific gene flow between I. fulva and I. hexagona, for pollen- versus seed-mediated introgression between these species, and for the presumed hybrid origin of I. nelsonii. Genetic markers were identified by using both a polymerase chain reaction-like method that allows the identification of random, nuclear markers and standard polymerase chain reaction experiments involving specific chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) oligonucleotides. Restriction endonuclease digestions of the cpDNA amplification products resolved diagnostic restriction site differences for I. fulva and I. hexagona. The distribution of the species-specific nuclear markers supports a hypothesis of bidirectional introgression between I. fulva and I. hexagona. Thus, individuals analyzed from a contemporary hybrid population demonstrate multilocus genotypes that are indicative of advanced-generation hybrid individuals. Furthermore, several markers from the alternate species were present in low frequency in one allopatric population each of I. fulva and I. hexagona. Data from the nuclear analysis also support the hypothesized hybrid origin of I. nelsonii from the interaction of I. fulva and I. hexagona. Finally, cpDNA data support the hypothesis that the localized and the dispersed introgression are largely due to pollen transfer. In addition to the biological implications, this study demonstrates the power of the polymerase chain reaction methodology for the rapid identification of random and specific genetic markers for testing evolutionary genetic hypotheses.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Development of candidate introgression lines using an exotic barley accession ( Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) as donor.

In the present paper, we report on the selection of two sets of candidate introgression lines (pre-ILs) in spring barley. Two BC2DH populations, S42 and T42, were generated by introgressing an accession of Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (ISR42-8, from Israel) into two different spring barley cultivars, Scarlett (S) and Thuringia (T). From these BC2DH populations two sets with 49 (S42) and 43 (T42) pre-ILs were selected, and their genomic architecture as revealed by SSR marker analysis was characterised. The selected pre-ILs cover at least 98.1% (S42) and 93.0% (T42) of the exotic genome in overlapping introgressions and contain on average 2 (S42) and 1.5 (T42) additional non-target introgressions. In order to illustrate a potential application and validation of these pre-ILs, the phenotypic effect of the exotic introgression at the locus of the major photoperiod response gene Ppd-H1 was analysed. Pre-ILs carrying the introgression at the Ppd-H1 locus flowered significantly earlier than the elite parents, and the introgression maintained its effect across the two genetic backgrounds and across four tested environments. The selected pre-ILs represent a first promising step towards the assessment and utilization of genetic variation present in exotic barley. They may promote the breeding progress, serve for the verification of QTL effects and provide a valuable resource for the unravelling of gene function, e.g. by expression profiling or map-based cloning.

Breeding↗

PubMed2005

Identification of two novel genes for blackleg resistance in Brassica napus.

Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is a major disease of Brassica napus. Two populations of B. napus DH lines, DHP95 and DHP96, with resistance introgressed from B. rapa subsp. sylvestris, were genetically mapped for resistance to blackleg disease with restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. Examination of the DHP95 population indicated that a locus on linkage group N2, named LepR1, was associated with blackleg resistance. In the DHP96 population, a second locus on linkage group N10, designated LepR2, was associated with resistance. We developed BC1 and F2 populations, to study the inheritance of resistance controlled by the genes. Genetic analysis indicated that LepR1 was a dominant nuclear allele, while LepR2 was an incompletely dominant nuclear resistance allele. LepR1 and LepR2 cotyledon resistance was further evaluated by testing 30 isolates from Canada, Australia, Europe, and Mexico. The isolates were from B. napus, B. juncea, and B. oleracea and represented different pathogenicity groups of L. maculans. Results indicated that LepR1 generally conferred a higher level of cotyledon resistance than LepR2. Both genes exhibited race-specific interactions with pathogen isolates; virulence on LepR1 was observed with one isolate, pl87-41, and two isolates, Lifolle 5, and Lifolle 6, were virulent on LepR2. LepR1 prevented hyphal penetration, while LepR2 reduced hyphal growth and inhibited sporulation. Callose deposition was associated with resistance for both loci.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed2000

Congenic strains developed for alcohol- and drug-related phenotypes.

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for many alcohol- and drug-related traits have been mapped using well-accepted mapping techniques. The ultimate goal of gene identification necessitates confirmation of the QTL and reduction of the interval surrounding the QTL; both can be accomplished in congenic strains. These strains carry a chromosomal region introgressed from a donor strain onto the genetic background of a second, recipient strain. Multiple generations of backcrossing reduce the unlinked donor genome to less than 0.1%. Then, phenotypic comparisons between mice congenic for the donor region and controls from the recipient strain allow confirmation of the QTL effect. Animals with recombinations in the donor region can be used to generate interval-specific congenic recombinant lines. Numerous congenic strains are currently being developed in which chromosomal regions carrying QTLs for alcohol- and drug-related traits have been transferred from one strain onto a second strain. The purpose of this review is to summarize the chromosomal regions, donor and recipient strains, and results obtained from these congenics. Most researchers developing such strains are willing to share these resources to facilitate localization of the genetic bases of other phenotypes.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2003

Hybridization of banteng (Bos javanicus) and zebu (Bos indicus) revealed by mitochondrial DNA, satellite DNA, AFLP and microsatellites.

Hybridization between wild and domestic bovine species occurs worldwide either spontaneously or by organized crossing. We have analysed hybridization of banteng (Bos javanicus) and zebu (Bos indicus) in south-east Asian cattle using mitochondrial DNA (PCR-RFLP and sequencing), AFLP, satellite fragment length polymorphisms (SFLP or PCR-RFLP of satellite DNA) and microsatellite genotyping. The Indonesian Madura zebu breed is reputed to be of hybrid zebu-banteng origin, but this has never been documented and Bali cattle are considered to be a domesticated form of banteng. The banteng mitochondrial type was found in all animals sampled on the isle of Bali, Indonesia, but only in 35% of the animals from a Malaysian Bali-cattle population. The Madura animals also carried mitochondrial DNA of either zebu and banteng origin. In both populations, zebu introgression was confirmed by AFLP and SFLP. Microsatellite analysis of the Malaysian Bali population revealed for 12 out of 15 loci screened, Bali-cattle-specific alleles, several of which were also found in wild banteng animals. The tools we have described are suitable for the detection of species in introgression studies, which are essential for the genetic description of local breeds and the preservation of their economic and cultural value.

Animals↗