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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2026

Glycerophospholipid remodeling under osmotic stress in grass carp gills.

Salinity fluctuations represent a pervasive environmental challenge for freshwater fishes, yet the cellular and metabolic programs governing early osmoregulatory responses remain understudied. Here, we investigated the time-dependent gill responses of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) subjected to an acute, sublethal salinity increase 9 parts per thousand (ppt). Histological and biochemical analyses revealed progressive gill lesions accompanied by elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lipid peroxidation, indicating rapid tissue injury under osmotic stress. Integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling uncovered pronounced temporal reprogramming, consistently highlighting glycerophospholipid metabolism as a central axis of response. In particular, phosphatidylcholine (PC) species exhibited dynamic remodeling, coupled with transcriptional enrichment of lipid turnover, membrane transport, and innate immune pathways. Network-based integration identified a PC-centered remodeling module characterized by accelerated PC headgroup turnover, disruption of the PLA2-LPCAT2 lyso-PC reacylation cycle, and enhanced ABC transporter-associated lipid and sterol export, reflected by cholesteryl sulfate accumulation and a shifted n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxylipin signature. Functional assays further demonstrated that PC and linoleic acid (LA) supplementation improved cell viability and alleviated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signaling in grass carp cells under salinity challenge. Collectively, these findings reveal phospholipid-centered membrane remodeling as an early, integrative mechanism linking osmotic stress to gill injury and immune activation in freshwater fish, providing insights into potential strategies of environmental stress adaptation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Treading water. The long-term impact of the 1998 flood on nutrition in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh was hit by the worst flood in over a century in the summer of 1998. Although many households were able to smooth consumption expenditure, not everyone was able to maintain adequate calorie consumption. As a consequence, the nutritional status of children in households that were more severely exposed to the flood deteriorated. We use a three round panel data set to investigate which households were better protected from longer term nutritional crises, and whether the health of flood-exposed children recovered to the level of those who were not exposed. The evidence suggests that children exposed to the flood were adversely affected by the shock to their health and did not recover within the survey period. The results also suggest that ex ante government programs were more effective than ex post interventions to protect the heath of children from the impact of the flood.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Nutrient intakes and food patterns of toddlers' lunches and snacks: influence of location.

OBJECTIVE: To describe nutrient intake and food patterns of lunches and snacks eaten at various locations by US toddlers. DESIGN: A national, cross-sectional telephone survey in which mothers and primary caretakers reported toddlers' food and beverage intake for a 24-hour period. SUBJECTS: Toddlers (n=632), aged 15 to 24 months, a subset in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study. ANALYSES: Means+/-standard errors of the mean, percentages, t tests of mean differences, mean energy and nutrient intake, and nutrient density of toddlers' lunches and snacks. RESULTS: Overall, on any given day, 42.6% of toddlers consumed all meals and snacks at home, 8.1% consumed any meal or snack at day care (and others at home), and 49.3% consumed any meal or snack away from home (all other locations excluding day care). Mean energy intake at lunch ranged from 281 kcal at home to 308 kcal away from home to 332 kcal at day care. There were no significant differences in mean macronutrient intake or fiber intake across locations, but lunches eaten at day care were significantly higher in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, potassium, and riboflavin compared with those eaten at home or away (P<.05). Mean trans fat intake was significantly (P<.01) lower for lunches consumed at home compared with away from home. For lunches consumed at away locations, the most frequently consumed item, by 35% of toddlers, was french fries. Carbonated beverages were consumed at away lunches by 16% of toddlers, compared with 3% at home and none at day care. Morning snacks provided 124 to 156 kcal and afternoon snacks provided from 139 to 170 kcal, depending on the location. Foods typically eaten at morning snacks for all locations were water, cow's milk, crackers, and 100% juice. Beverages frequently consumed at afternoon snacks were water, whole cow's milk, fruit-flavored drinks, and 100% apple juice. The most frequently consumed foods for an afternoon snack at home or day care were crackers or non-baby food cookies. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritious choices such as milk, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains need to be encouraged in a variety of forms to give toddlers an opportunity to build broader food preferences for life. The consumption of milk at home and other locations, such as restaurants and friends' homes, needs to be encouraged in place of fruit-flavored drinks or other sweetened beverages. For lunches at home, parents may be especially receptive to suggestions about appropriate and easy-to-serve foods, homemade or commercial, for a toddler's lunches and snacks. Day-care providers should be encouraged to use menu planning aids, such as those available from the US Department of Agriculture, even if they are not regulated by a government program.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed2005

Biosolids compost amendment for reducing soil lead hazards: a pilot study of Orgro amendment and grass seeding in urban yards.

In situ inactivation of soil Pb is an alternative to soil removal and replacement that has been demonstrated in recent years at industrial sites with hazardous soil Pb concentrations. Most children exposed to elevated soil Pb, however, reside in urban areas, and no government programs exist to remediate such soils unless an industrial source caused the contamination. Modern regulated biosolids composts have low Pb concentrations and low bioaccessible Pb fractions and can improve grass growth on urban soils. High Fe and P biosolids composts can reduce the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of soil Pb and can aid in establishing vegetation that would reduce soil transfer into homes. For these reasons, we conducted a field test of their use to reduce Pb bioaccessibility in urban soils in Baltimore, MD USA. We chose biosolids compost for its expected reduction in the bioaccessible Pb fraction of urban soils, ease of use by urban residents, and ability to beautify urban areas. Nine urban yards with mean soil Pb concentrations >800 mg Pb kg(-1) were selected and sampled at several distances from the house foundation before soil treatment. The soils were rototilled to 20 cm depth to prepare the sites, and resampled. The yards were then amended with 6-8 cm depth of Orgro biosolids compost (110-180 dry t/ha) rich in Fe and P, mixed well by rototilling, and resampled. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) was seeded and became well established. Soils were resampled 1 year later. At each sampling time, total soil Pb was measured using a modified U.S. EPA nitric acid hotplate digestion method (SW 846 Method 3050) and bioaccessible Pb fraction was measured using the Solubility/Bioaccesibility Research Consortium standard operating procedure with modifications, including the use of glycine-buffered HCl at pH 2.2. Samples of untreated soils were collected from each yard and mixed well to serve as controls for the Pb bioaccessibility of field treated soils over time independent of positional variance within yards. At 1-year post-treatment, grass cover was healthy and reductions in bioaccessible Pb concentrations compared to pre-tillage were 64% (from 1655 to 595 mg kg(-1)) and 67% (from 1381 to 453 mg kg(-1)) at the sampling lines closest to the houses. Little or no reduction in bioaccessible Pb concentration was observed at sampling lines more remote from the house that also had the lowest bioaccessible Pb concentrations at pre-tillage (620 and 436 mg kg(-1), respectively). For the control soils, changes over time in total Pb and bioaccessible Pb concentrations and the bioaccessible Pb fraction were insignificant. This study confirms the viability of in situ remediation of soils in urban areas where children are at risk of high Pb exposure from lead in paint, dust and soil.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1998

Age-related changes in the initiation of gait: degradation of central mechanisms for momentum generation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cross-sectionally age-related changes in the expression and biomechanical efficiency of the gait-initiation motor program. DESIGN: Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Twenty healthy young research subjects and 20 healthy elderly subjects who volunteered from the community participated in this study at a university research laboratory. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants performed gait-initiation trials at three speeds from a starting position on a force platform while ground reaction force data, 3-D motion analysis data, and electromyographic data were collected. Measures included: latency of tibialis anterior (TA) activation and soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GA) inhibition, magnitude of center of pressure (COP) displacement, magnitude of momentum generated, and final walking velocity. RESULTS: The expression of the central motor program governing gait initiation, as evidenced by the invariant timing between TA activation and SOL/GA inhibition, was seen in both the young and elderly populations, but the frequency was diminished in the latter group. The momentum-generating capacity of the COP shift mechanism was present but significantly diminished in the elderly population. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the central nervous system uses stable, efficient mechanisms for dealing with the inherent instability of upright bipedalism and that the integrity of these mechanisms degrades with aging.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Class II histone deacetylases act as signal-responsive repressors of cardiac hypertrophy.

The heart responds to stress signals by hypertrophic growth, which is accompanied by activation of the MEF2 transcription factor and reprogramming of cardiac gene expression. We show here that class II histone deacetylases (HDACs), which repress MEF2 activity, are substrates for a stress-responsive kinase specific for conserved serines that regulate MEF2-HDAC interactions. Signal-resistant HDAC mutants lacking these phosphorylation sites are refractory to hypertrophic signaling and inhibit cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Conversely, mutant mice lacking the class II HDAC, HDAC9, are sensitized to hypertrophic signals and exhibit stress-dependent cardiomegaly. Thus, class II HDACs act as signal-responsive suppressors of the transcriptional program governing cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New frontiers in design synthesis.

The Intelligent Synthesis Environment (ISE), which is one of the major strategic technologies under development at NASA centers and the University of Virginia, is described. One of the major objectives of ISE is to significantly enhance the rapid creation of innovative affordable products and missions. ISE uses a synergistic combination of leading-edge technologies, including high performance computing, high capacity communications and networking, human-centered computing, knowledge-based engineering, computational intelligence, virtual product development, and product information management. The environment will link scientists, design teams, manufacturers, suppliers, and consultants who participate in the mission synthesis as well as in the creation and operation of the aerospace system. It will radically advance the process by which complex science missions are synthesized, and high-tech engineering Systems are designed, manufactured and operated. The five major components critical to ISE are human-centered computing, infrastructure for distributed collaboration, rapid synthesis and simulation tools, life cycle integration and validation, and cultural change in both the engineering and science creative process. The five components and their subelements are described. Related U.S. government programs are outlined and the future impact of ISE on engineering research and education is discussed.

Astronauts↗
PubMed2001

From diversity to unity. The classification of mental disorders in 21st-century China.

Psychiatric disease constructs represent social constructs and genuine states of distress that have biopsychosocial sources. As such, they have social uses peculiar to the social groups in which they are created and legitimized. This is as true in the United States as in the rest of the world. The DSM schema, for instance, is so organized that every possible mental condition is listed as a disease to legitimate remuneration to practitioners from private medical insurance and government programs. This particular social use may be irrelevant to other societies where health care is financed differently. The CCMD-3 system represents an attempt at global unification and preservation of features that are salient for local application. Compared with its previous editions, noticeable changes have been made to render it in tune with international usage. This remarkable speed of adaptation speaks to the global flows of information technology and China's openness under rapid economic reform. It also demonstrates that the middle-aged cohort of more pragmatic Chinese psychiatric leaders who headed the CCMD-3 task force are now less vulnerable to the domination of the most senior generation of Chinese psychiatrists. Having been trained in the Russian system of psychiatry and gone through the various periods of national shame that traumatized China, they used to be very cautious about adopting foreign technology in general. This is why much less harmonization with the ICD-10 occurred with the CCMD-2-R, when the responsible task force was, for better or worse, dominated by these senior psychiatrists. Nonetheless, as Stengel and Sartorius remarked, an international classification must not aim to oust or replace regional classifications that serve valuable functions in the local contexts. No single classificatory system, Kirmayer submits, will suffice for all purposes--the correct diagnostic scheme is the one that accomplishes its explicit pragmatic aim by addressing the relevant level of description. The particular additions (e.g., travelling psychosis, culture-related mental disorders), deletions (e.g., depressive neurosis, pathologic gambling, avoidant and borderline personality disorders), retentions (e.g., unipolar mania, neurosis, hysteria, homosexuality), and epistemologic variations (e.g., somatoform disorder, neurasthenia) of diagnostic categories reflect exactly this simultaneous need to globalize and to take account of the changing reality of illness in contemporary China. Stengel advised that "no psychiatric classification can help being partly etiological and partly symptomatological, because these are the criteria by which psychiatrists distinguish mental disorders from each other." To an extent, the CCMD-3 is a critique of certain nosologic assumptions of Western psychiatry, such as the feasibility of a neo-Kraepelinian taxonomy grounded exclusively in symptomatology across all diagnostic categories, and the validity of syndromic architectures based on a firm adherence to the mind-body dichotomy. From this angle of vision, local systems of classification such as the CCMD-3 may offer an opportunity for needed reflections by North American psychiatrists who have simply taken the DSM-IV schema for granted. Sartorius reckoned that a classification is a way of seeing the world at a point in time. A deep study of the CCMD-3 is thus an avenue for achieving an understanding of the contemporary Chinese mind and the social realities in China. The remarkable diversity of China at present, namely, a Communist Party dominated state socialist political structure but the most rapidly growing capitalist economy in the world, guarantees that Chinese people's social and moral experience of illness will continue to change. The study of such culture-specific categories as travelling psychosis, neurasthenia, qigong-induced mental disorder, and dysfunctional homosexuality sheds light on the larger sociomoral processes and destabilizing changes in subjectivity that are occurring in this most populous country in the world.

China↗
PubMed1997

Local and institutional interpretations of IUDs in southwestern Nigeria.

Ideas about fertility and the appropriate manner of its control are reflected in interpretations of Western contraceptives. This paper examines views of one contraceptive-the intrauterine device (IUD), variously regarded by government health workers and family planning personnel and by Ekiti Yoruba women residing in one village in southwestern Nigeria. Their ideas about the IUD reflect particular views of the body, infertility, and human agency, with their attendant moral connotations. These views are evidenced in debates among family planning practitioners about how the IUD works and in the ambivalent regard of some village women for whom its use connotes infertility. This local disinterest in the IUD also reflects a general distrust of government programs and intentions which recent funding cutbacks in medical services have reinforced.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Neonatal estradiol exposure alters uterine morphology and endometrial transcriptional activity in prepubertal gilts.

Porcine endometrial development between birth (postnatal day = PND 0) and PND 56 involves differentiation of glandular epithelium (GE) from luminal epithelium (LE) and estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) expression. Juvenile ER architecture evolves after birth, as stroma and nascent GE first express ER. Mature ER architecture is evident after PND 30, when stroma, GE and LE are ER-positive. When administered during discrete periods between PND 0 and 56, effects of estradiol-17beta valerate (EV) on the neonatal porcine uterus relate to endometrial ER architecture. Transient EV exposure from birth reduces embryo survival in pregnant adult gilts. Effects of EV, administered as juvenile endometrial ER architecture develops (P1, PND 0-13), or after mature ER architecture is established (P2, PND 42-55), were evaluated in uteri from gilts treated with corn oil or EV in P1 or P2 and hysterectomized on PND 100 without additional steroids (NSt), on PND 102 after EV on PND100-101 (EV2), or on PND 117 after EV2 followed by progesterone on PND 102-116 (EP). Neonatal EV reduced uterine weight (P < 0.02), size (P < 0.01), luminal protein content (P < 0.07), and percent incorporation of 3H-leucine into nondialyzable endometrial products in vitro (P < 0.01). Group (NSt, EV2, EP) -specific treatment effects detected for endometrial ER, progesterone receptor, uteroferrin, and/or retinol binding protein mRNA levels were frequently related to period (P1,P2). Results support the idea that estrogen-sensitive postnatal organizational events, including those defined, in part, by endometrial ER architecture, are likely components of genetic and epigenetic programs governing uterine morphogenesis and ontogeny of endometrial function in the pig.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2025

SETD1B-mediated broad H3K4me3 controls proper temporal patterns of gene expression critical for spermatid development.

Epigenetic programming governs cell fate determination during development through intricately controlling sequential gene activation and repression. Although H3K4me3 is widely recognized as a hallmark of gene activation, its role in modulating transcription output and timing within a continuously developing system remains poorly understood. In this study, we provide a detailed characterization of the epigenomic landscapes in developing male germ cells. We identified thousands of spermatid-specific broad H3K4me3 domains regulated by the SETD1B-RFX2 axis, representing a previously underappreciated form of H3K4me3. These domains, overlapping with H3K27ac-marked enhancers and promoters, play critical roles in orchestrating robust transcription and accurate temporal control of gene expression. Mechanistically, these broad H3K4me3 compete effectively with regular H3K4me3 for transcriptional machinery, thereby ensuring robust levels and precise timing of master gene expression in mouse spermiogenesis. Disruption of this mechanism compromises the accuracy of transcription dosage and timing, ultimately impairing spermiogenesis. Additionally, we unveil remarkable changes in the distribution of heterochromatin marks, including H3K27me3 and H3K9me2, during the mitosis-to-meiosis transition and completion of meiotic recombination, which closely correlates with gene silencing. This work underscores the highly orchestrated epigenetic regulation in spermatogenesis, highlighting the previously unrecognized role of Setd1b in the formation of broad H3K4me3 domains and transcriptional control, and provides an invaluable resource for future studies toward the elucidation of spermatogenesis.

Male↗
PubMed2026

Metabolites with a message: impacts on epigenetics and implications for epimetabopathies.

Once identified primarily as a bioenergetic organelle, the mitochondrion has now emerged as a pivotal signalling hub that communicates with the nucleus to shape cellular fate. It integrates the cell's metabolic state with transcriptional and epigenetic programs, tweaking gene expression. Mitochondrial metabolites serve as regulators of cellular physiology, functioning as important signalling intermediates and modulating enzymes involved in epigenetic modifications. In parallel, nuclear transcriptional programs govern mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and quality control to preserve metabolic homeostasis under stress. Moreover, circulating metabolites can function as systemic messengers coordinating interorgan crosstalk and immune responses. Perturbations in this dynamic reciprocity can rewire the cellular script and spiral into "epimetabopathies", where metabolic-epigenetic conflicts ignite pathological conditions. This review discusses how mitochondria-nucleus crosstalk coordinates genome surveillance, metabolite-driven epigenetic regulation and systemic metabolic signalling. It further offers an overview of epimetabopathies with potential implications for future diagnostics and therapeutics.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

The patient transit assistance scheme: the clerk's perspective.

The Patient Transit Assistance Scheme (PTAS) is an important government program designed to ensure equity of access for residents in rural and remote Queensland to essential healthcare services. Where specialist services cannot be provided at recognised hospitals, PTAS ensures equity by accepting the responsibility for assisting with the transport and accommodation of patients and at times their escort, to locations where such services are available. This article presents research findings on the concerns of clerks involved in administering PTAS for patients with leukaemia and associated haematological disorders. The findings indicate that there are many problems with this scheme that need attention and can be remedied.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Targeted disruption of caspase genes in mice: what they tell us about the functions of individual caspases in apoptosis.

Cysteine proteases of the caspase family are crucial mediators of apoptosis. All mammalian cells contain a large number of caspases. Although many caspases are activated in a cell committed to apoptosis, recent data from caspase gene knockout mice suggest that individual caspases may be involved in the cell and stimulus-specific pathways of cell death. The gene disruption studies also establish the functional hierarchy between two structurally distinct classes of caspases. The present review discusses these recent findings and elaborates on how these mutant mouse models have helped the understanding of the mechanisms that govern programmed cell death in the immune and other systems.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1999

Free markets and the marriage market: structural adjustment, gender relations, and working conditions among Dominican women workers.

The relationship between economic conditions and marriage patterns in the Dominican Republic is analyzed using data collected in 1994 on women working in a free-trade zone. The author concludes that changes associated with structural adjustment appear to have contributed to a deterioration of the job market and a greater prevalence of female-headed households. It is shown that "structural adjustment increases the need for women to work, because of cuts in government programs, declining real wages, growing inflation, and a deterioration in male employment, which weakens the man's role as principal breadwinner and increases the importance and visibility of women's contribution to the household economy. This change in the gender composition of the labor force has encouraged some women to resist marriage and/or remarriage because the ¿marriage market' of eligible men willing and able to support a family has been reduced, contributing to greater marital instability."

Americas↗
PubMed1975

Industrial survey of lost time injuries.

An attempt to discover factors affecting lost time injuries under varying government programs involved visits to a sampling of industries in six provinces and six states. The resulting observations are used to illustrate some variables, many of which have previously been ignored, but which must be considered in any objective study of man at work.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1987

The 1986 Samuel C. Harvey lecture: partners in cancer education.

I have attempted to highlight the important contributions of a voluntary health organization committed solely to cancer research, education, and patient service. The involvement of many thousands of volunteers has allowed the American Cancer Society to provide the country with a private sector alternative to government programs. Progress in cancer control through changes in lifestyle will not occur simply through the intervention of federal regulations. It will happen through private initiatives in neighborhoods across the country. It is in these communities that volunteers become the spark for the mission of cancer control. The financial contributions of millions of Americans along with their neighbors' enthusiasm and labors enable the American Cancer Society to provide all of us with vital ways to help ourselves, to train health professional leaders, and to unlock the mysteries of cancer through research. The American Cancer Society and the American Association for Cancer Education are truly partners in cancer education.

American Cancer Society↗