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PubMed1975

[Infant development and adipositas (author's transl)].

The present paper tries to answer the question, how far the degree of adipositas during adult age can be affected by influences from early childhood. Our special interest concerned the relation between the number of fat cells and adipositas. To answer this question we had to clarify some methodical problems. The difficulty was to find out in a statistical way the part of fat tissue in total body weight. Therefore we introduced the idea of variability of tissues supposing that the different tissues can be influenced in a different way by environmental factors. Bone tissue turned out to be the most steady in contrary to fat tissue as the most unstable one. We stated the hypothesis that the differences between two groupes of equal sized individuals are based upon differences of fat tissue. Our material have been the age classes born in 1938 till 1951. Their environmental conditions during infancy and the age of 19 have been investigated. The result was that the conditions of life of 19-year-old men can be regarded as similar, whereas those of infants showed significant differences. The age classes 1945-1948 proved to be nourished more badly than the years before (1938-1944) and after (1949-1951). With these results corresponds stature, whereas no similar effects could be revealed in body weight. The conclusion of our paper is that regarding to adipositas no connection between infancy and adult age could be proved.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Normally developed infant with a suppression burst pattern on electroencephalography in the neonatal period.

The background activity on neonatal electroencephalography (EEG) is a good prognostic indicator. An EEG suppression burst pattern usually indicates severe brain dysfunction and has been considered to be associated with a serious neurodevelopmental outcome. We report here a 2-year-old girl who developed generalized convulsions without any perinatal brain insult at 3 days of age. At that time, her EEG constantly showed a suppression burst pattern, and her prognosis was considered to be poor. However, her seizures were well controlled with the oral administration of carbamazepine, and the suppression burst pattern on EEG disappeared at 27 days of age. Unexpectedly, she developed normally for the following 2 years. Although children with normal development, despite the appearance of suppression burst, are extremely rare, and the reason why this patient showed a favorable outcome remains unknown, the clinical course of this patient proved that an EEG suppression burst pattern is not always associated with a poor prognosis.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1986

Why do so many small infants develop an inguinal hernia?

Prevalence and incidence of inguinal hernia in a representative sample of low birthweight survivors were determined by tracing children at 3 years of age. Prevalence was examined in relation to perinatal factors recorded in hospital case notes, using a logistic regression model to allow for confounding variables. Of the 1074 two year survivors, 995 (93%) were assessed. Seventeen per cent of 497 boys and 2% of 498 girls had a hernia by 3 years of age, a total cumulative prevalence of 9.2%: it was significantly increased by lower birth weight, male sex, neonatal intravenous feeding, and lack of respiratory disease. Neonatal illnesses were otherwise not associated with herniation, and most infants were well when they presented. Peak incidence was at the expected full term of gestation. Bilateral hernias were increasingly more common than unilateral hernias at lower gestational ages. It is proposed that causes of increased abdominal pressure in healthy neonates are important causes of herniation during a critical period of inguinal development.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Discharge of mothers and babies from hospital after birth of a healthy full-term infant: developing criteria through a community-wide consensus process.

OBJECTIVE: To ensure safe care of mothers and babies after birth, irrespective of length of hospital stay, and to ensure effective links between hospital and community postnatal services. METHODS: Program aimed toward consumers and professionals working with them in Ottawa-Carleton (750,000 persons.) All pregnant women in the community included. Program developed by professionals, institutions and community agencies. Information on current practices elsewhere and early discharge literature studied. New provincial survey on practice changes performed in Ontario. Emergency room utilization data analyzed. Discharge and post-discharge criteria, and a common prenatal education curriculum, developed. RESULTS: Multidisciplinary, multi-sectoral committees, institutions and agencies have developed programs for appropriate discharge practice and improved postnatal follow-up. Professionals have supported flexible discharge guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Provided discharge criteria and follow-up are available, flexible discharge timing and safety appear compatible. The Ottawa-Carleton process to develop criteria and programs has allowed a collaborative, consensus-based approach to 'early' newborn discharge.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1988

[Infectious placentitis, its effect on the fetus and infant development].

A random sample of 1000 placentae has been screened for infectious affections. Placentitis induced most commonly by Mycoplasma, herpetic and respiratory viruses was found in 213 of the examined placentae. Bacterial and mycotic involvement presented in 14 of cases. Immunofluorescence technique employed for the agents investigation revealed relevant agents and antigens as well as infection-specific structural rearrangement. There are also nonspecific organ alterations resulting in its insufficiency and having a high predictive value for the future developments. Placenta appeared capable of nonspecific protection against infection based on interferon production. Prognosis for genital-atrium infection proved most unfavorable.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1990

Pregnancy and delivery characteristics of women whose infants develop child cancer. A study based on registry information.

Data on all cancers among children born 1973-1984 were extracted from the Swedish Cancer Registry and linked to data in the Medical Birth Registry (1,268 cancer cases). For each case, two controls were selected, matched for maternal age, parity, county, and month of birth. A marginally increased risk of childhood malignancy was seen in the offspring of teenage mothers and at parity 1 and 4+. There was an excess among cases of the diagnosis physiological icterus. No statistically significant associations were found between childhood malignancy and infant sex, twinning, birthweight, non-chromosomal malformations, maternal smoking, or complications during pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Tumors in the newborn infant: development and surgical treatment].

From 1970-1982, 70 newborns with different kinds of tumors were studied at "La Paz" Children's Hospital in Madrid. Our review was directed to study sex, site, kind and malignity. This type of neonatal work is uncommon in pediatric literature. We make special emphasis in the follow-up of malignant. tumors. 63% of these tumors were benign ant the remaining were malignant. The overall mortality was 28%.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1978

[Heart-lung machine for babies and infants. Development, experimental and clinical testing].

In order to offer the benefit of open heart surgery to the very early age of even new born babies small shaped extracorporeal circulation facilities has been devised and constructed encouraging now the surgeon to an early anatomical correction of congenital heart disease. This heart-lung-machine is equipped with a sophisticated saftey control guaranteeing either a constant flow or a pressure controlled perfusion. Prior to clinical use it has been tested in extensive experimental series including mock circulation and experiments on dogs. First clinical applications in open heart surgery have been successful.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Use of ultrasonography to estimate fetal weight in premature infants. Development of a new mathematical formula].

In 73 pregnant patients at a gestational age under 36 weeks, who gave birth within 72 hours from the last US examination, mathematical equations were elaborated. The equations were aimed at predicting fetal weight by measuring the main US biometric parameters; the results were compared to the actual birth weight. A statistical analysis was performed using the "backward elimination" method. The linear equation that has provided with the best estimation of fetal weight is the following: fetal weight = 12.9875 BPD +29.5642 AD +28.8023 FL -3496.1265. According to this equation, about 95.22% of the variability of the unknown quantity (i.e. birth weight) can be ascribed to its correlation to the variables: biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal diameter (AD) and femur length (FL). Estimated fetal weight by US, as calculated on the basis of biparietal diameter, abdominal diameter and femur length measurements, showed, in our study, a standard error of 143 g (9.02%) (R = 0.95).

Body Weight↗
PubMed2001

Premature cessation of breastfeeding in infants: development and evaluation of a predictive model in two Argentinian cohorts: the CLACYD study, 1993-1999. Córdoba Lactation, Feeding, Growth and Development study.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict premature cessation of breastfeeding of newborns, in order to detect at-risk groups that would benefit from special assistance programmes. The model was constructed using 700 children with a birthweight of 2000 g or more, in 2 representative cohorts in 1993 and 1995 (CLACYD I sample) in Córdoba, Argentina. Data were analysed from 632 of the cases. Mothers were selected during hospital admittance for childbirth and interviewed in their homes at 1 mo and 6 mo. To evaluate the model, an additional sample with similar characteristics was drawn during 1998 (CLACYD II sample). A questionnaire was administered to 347 mothers during the first 24-48 h after birth and a follow-up was completed at 6 mo, with weaning information on 291 cases. Premature cessation of breastfeeding was considered when it occurred prior to 6 mo. A logistic regression model was fitted to predict premature end of breastfeeding, and was applied to the CLACYD II sample. The calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow C statistic) and the discrimination [area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve] of the model were evaluated. The predictive factors of premature end of breastfeeding were: mother breastfed for less than 6 mo [odds ratio (OR) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.70], breastfeeding of previous child for less than 6 mo (OR = 4.01, 95% CI 2.58-6.20), the condition of the firstborn child (OR = 2.75, 95% CI 1.79-4.21), the first mother-child contact occurring after 90 min of life (OR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.22-2.91) and having an unplanned pregnancy (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.05-2.15). The calibration of the model was acceptable in the CLACYD I sample (p = 0.54), as well as in the CLACYD II sample (p = 0.18). The areas under the ROC curve were 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. CONCLUSION: A model has been suggested that provides some insight onto background factors for the premature end of breastfeeding. Although some limitations prevent its general use at a population level, it may be a useful tool in the identification of women with a high probability of early weaning.

Argentina↗
PubMed2006

Methamphetamine and other substance use during pregnancy: preliminary estimates from the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) study.

OBJECTIVES: Methamphetamine use is a continuing problem in several regions of the United States and yet few studies have focused on prenatal methamphetamine exposure. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use-including methamphetamine-during pregnancy. METHODS: The sample consisted of the first 1632 eligible mothers who consented to participate in a large-scale multisite study focused on prenatal methamphetamine exposure. This unselected screening sample included both users and nonusers of alcohol, tobacco, methamphetamine, and other drugs. Substance use was determined by maternal self-report and/or GC/MS confirmation of a positive meconium screen. RESULTS: Overall, 5.2% of women used methamphetamine at some point during their pregnancy. One quarter of the sample smoked tobacco, 22.8% drank alcohol, 6.0% used marijuana, and 1.3% used barbiturates prenatally. Less than 1% of the sample used heroin, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens. Multivariate modeling results showed that tobacco smokers and illicit drug users were more likely to be single and less educated, have attended less than 11 prenatal visits, and utilize public financial assistance. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale investigation to report the prevalence of methamphetamine use during pregnancy in areas of the United States where methamphetamine is a notable concern. Follow-up research is ongoing to investigate the outcomes associated with prenatal methamphetamine exposure. Given that this research extends and confirms previous findings showing that high-risk groups of pregnant women can be identified on the basis of basic demographic characteristics, targeted interventions are greatly needed to reduce serious adverse outcomes associated with prenatal alcohol and tobacco use.

Adult↗