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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

Deltoid versus buttock as preferred site of injection for hepatitis B vaccine.

Several factors concerning effectiveness of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination have been discovered: site of injection, indications for revaccination, testing for immunity, persistence of HBV antibody following vaccination, and age of recipient. The site may be important in provoking an appropriate antibody response. The deltoid is recommended rather than the gluteal. It is suggested that recipients of gluteal vaccinations receive revaccination in the deltoid. Revaccination is also recommended five years after the original series due to possible loss of antibody response. This is especially important to those with continued exposure to HBV such as medical personnel. However, caution is suggested as undetectable antibody appears to be an unreliable predictor of susceptibility to infection. It is also recommended that testing for immunity after vaccination be conducted only in those in whom a suboptimal response is expected, i.e., gluteal injection recipients and immunocompromised patients. Age of the recipient appears to be a major confounder influencing the duration of vaccine-induced immunity. The physician's consideration of these factors when administering the HBV vaccine should increase the overall effectiveness of immunization.

Arm↗

PubMed1989

Bursting induces persistent all-or-none EPSPs by an NMDA-dependent process in piriform cortex.

Burst responses to stimulation of excitatory fiber tracts in olfactory cortex slices after removal of extracellular Mg2+ or decreases in extracellular Cl-, resulted in long-lasting changes in response properties of neurons following a return to normal bathing medium. After bursting activity, the response of pyramidal cells to stimulation of afferent or associational fiber systems consisted of the normal graded depolarizing postsynaptic potential and a new, high-amplitude depolarizing potential that followed the graded potential at a variable latency. The new late potential had a waveform that resembled the initial graded response, but it occurred in an all-or-none fashion with a discrete threshold and persisted for many hours. Threshold for the late potential was similar for different cells in the same slice and was not affected by intracellular current injection, indicating that a synchronized interaction among a large number of cells is involved in its generation. Properties of the late potential indicate that it is an EPSP. NMDA receptor antagonists (APV and ketamine) had little effect on the late potential but prevented its development if present during bursting activity. The possible relevance of these findings to the study of the neuronal substrate for long-term memory and epilepsy is discussed.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗

PubMed1989

[Protective effect of specific human immunoglobulins on haematogenous osteomyelitis by Staphylococcus aureus in mice].

Effects of specific human immunoglobulins extracted from pooled human sera on the protection of the production of haematogenous osteomyelitis by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus in mice were studied. No multiplication of the organisms in mouse bone marrow was observed by intravenous injection of strain SMU01 of Staphylococcus aureus when 2.20mg protein of specific immunoglobulins was administered prior to the injection of the strain. Roentgenographic examinations in mice revealed no destructive findings around the proximal and distal metaphysis of the femur at one to two weeks after the injection, indicating absence of macroscopic abscess formation in these area. These results suggest a possible therapeutic effect of specific human immunoglobulins on human staphylococcal osteomyelitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Kinetics of IgA plasma cells in the intestine of NIH mice infected with Trichinella spiralis.

In uninfected mice, the percentage of IgA-containing cells labelled one day after a single injection of tritiated thymidine [( 3H] d Thd) was constant in the upper, middle and lower small intestine. In uninfected mice receiving an additional injection on the two preceding days there was about a threefold increase after the three injections indicating accumulation of labelled cells during the three day period. Five days after infection with Trichinella spiralis, the percentage of IgA cells labelled after a single injection of (3H)d Thd was increased at each site indicating increased division and, or, localisation of IgA cell precursors in the intestine. The numbers of cells labelled after three injections were reduced at this time, with no evidence of accumulation of further cells labelled from the two additional injections on previous days. By nine, 13 and 18 days after infection the numbers of IgA cells labelled after both single and triple injections were each increased, indicating increased division and, or, localisation of IgA precursors in the intestine with accumulation of labelled cells over the three day period resembling that in uninfected mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

In vivo clearance of natural and modified surfactant.

The loss of radiolabelled phosphatidylcholine associated with surfactants and lipid extracts of surfactants from different species sources was measured following tracheal injection into the lungs of adult and 3 day old rabbits. Clearance was more rapid from the lungs of adult than 3 day old rabbits. The percent labelled phosphatidylcholine cleared per 24 h did not change independently of dose injected indicating that clearance and catabolic pathways were not saturable in either group of rabbits. Different species sources or lipid extraction of natural surfactants did not alter clearance rates very much in the 3 day old rabbits. Small differences in clearance rates were identified by comparing rabbit surfactant with calf surfactant or Surfactant-TA in the adult rabbits. These results indicate that the lungs of developing and adult rabbits can clear large doses of surfactants from multiple sources at rates comparable to the species common natural surfactant.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[The effects of biotin on the metabolism of ammonia and amino acids in urease-induced hyperammonemic rats].

The effects of oral and intraperitoneal administration of biotin in urease-induced hyperammonemic rats, as well as the influence of biotin deficiency, have been studied. Biotin deficiency was produced by feeding standard diet MF (Oriental Yeast Co.) supplemented with dry egg-white (egg-white group). Egg-white + biotin group had free access to 0.0014% of biotin solution at all time. Following an intraperitoneal injection of urease, 25 U/kg (B.W.), plasma ammonia levels in egg-white + biotin group were lower than in egg-white group, especially there was significance (p less than 0.05) at 8 hours after the urease injection. Similarly, plasma ammonia levels in biotin-injected rats, in which 1 mg of biotin had been injected intraperitoneally prior to the experiment, were significantly low compared with saline-injected controls at 4 and 6 hours after urease administration. Results of plasma amino acid analysis, 9 hours after the urease injection indicated that Fischer's molar ratio (Leu + Ileu + Val/Tyr + Phe) was significantly higher in the biotin-injected rats than the saline-injected control. It suggests that biotin might decrease blood ammonia by facilitating the detoxification mechanism as follow: L-glutamate + NH3----L-glutamine.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1986

Studies of catecholestrogen metabolism during normal pregnancy: changes of plasma catecholestrogen levels after DHA-S or E1-S injection.

So as to evaluate metabolism of catecholestrogens during pregnancy, changes in plasma unconjugated estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), 2-methoxyestradiol (2-mE2) and 2-methoxyestrone (2-mE1) concentrations were measured after a bolus injection of 40mg of estrone-sulfate (E1-S) or 100mg of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHA-S) to normal pregnant women near term. The injection of E1-S resulted in a marked rise in plasma 2-mE1 levels followed by a rapid marked increase in the plasma E1 concentration. The injection of DHA-S produced a small increase in the plasma 2-mE2 levels in spite of a marked increase in the plasma E2 concentration. No significant correlation between E2 and 2-mE2 was found, however, significant correlations between E1 and 2-mE1, between E1 and 2-mE2 and between 2-mE2 in in both groups were demonstrated. The marked increase in 2-mE1 compared to a small increase in 2-mE2 after DHA-S injection indicates that E2 may participate in the formation of catecholestrogen via its conversion to E1 during pregnancy. These results suggest that the main route for the formation of catecholestrogen is via E2----E1----(2OHE1)----2-mE1 in normal pregnancy near term.

Biotransformation↗

PubMed1986

[Experimental viral labyrinthitis--an immunohistochemical investigation of the cochlear lesion].

Pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis is still poorly understood despite the dimension of clinical problem. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis by the immunohistochemical investigations of infected cochleas. HVJ (Sendai virus) and mumps virus have been used to create an animal model of viral labyrinthitis. The cochleas of adult guinea pigs with intralabyrinthine inoculation of virus through the round window membrane and with intravascular injection of virus were investigated by histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques (immunofluorescent and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex method). Control animal received only the culture medium. Histopathologically, fibrosis of scala tympani, vacuolization of stria vascularis, cell infiltration in perilymph were observed in the animals with intralabyrinthine inoculation, whereas no significant changes were observed in those with intravascular injection. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (6/11), Reissner's membrane (5/11), Organ of Corti (2/11) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (3/11), Reissner's membrane (1/11), Organ of Corti (1/11) in inoculated side of cochlea. In animal with intravascular injection, viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (4/6), Organ of Corti (1/6) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (5/18), Organ of Corti (2/18). Cochleas of control animal showed no evidence of viral antigen. Viral antigen of both viruses were found in stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, and Organ of Corti. Of these, Stria vascularis showed stronger affinity to these viruses. The results of intravascular injection indicate that endolymphatic labyrinthitis may ensure as a result of viremia.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Steroid injections for tenosynovitis in the hand.

The history, anatomy, and pathology of trigger finger, carpal tunnel syndrome, and de Quervain's disease are discussed. A review of 171 such cases treated with steroid injections indicates that injection for trigger finger and de Quervain's disease can be quite successful. The results in cases of carpal tunnel syndrome are less predictable.

Betamethasone↗

PubMed1986

The calcar bone graft.

A canine model was developed to investigate the use of an autogeneic iliac bone graft to treat the calcar deficiency commonly found at the time of revision surgery for femoral component loosening. Five large male mixed-breed dogs had bilateral total hip arthroplasty staged at three-month intervals, and were sacrificed at six months. Prior to cementing the femoral component, an experimental calcar defect was made, and a bicortical iliac bone graft was fashioned to fill the defect. Serial roentgenograms showed the grafts had united with no resorption. Technetium-99 bone scans showed more uptake at three months than at six months in the graft region. Disulfine blue injection indicated all grafts were perfused at both three and six months. Thin section histology, fluorochromes, and microradiographs confirmed graft viability in all dogs. Semiquantitative grading of the fluorochromes indicated new bone deposition in 20%-50% of each graft at three months and 50%-80% at six months. Although the calcar bone graft was uniformly successful in this canine study, the clinical application of this technique should be evaluated by long-term results in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

The inhibitory effect of fentanyl, nicomorphine and 6-nicotinoyl morphine on phrenic nerve activity in relation to their cardiovascular effects in the anaesthetized cat.

The inhibitory effects of the morphine-like drugs fentanyl, nicomorphine (3,6-dinicotinoyl morphine, Vilan) and its active metabolite 6-nicotinoyl morphine (6-NM) on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) were quantified. Therefore, the drugs were simultaneously infused into the left and right vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats. Previously we demonstrated that drugs, administered via these arteries, accumulate within the pontomedullary region, whereas only insignificant amounts reach higher brain areas and peripheral structures. The results were compared with the effects of i.v. administration. It is shown that fentanyl already inhibits PNA after 60 ng via the vertebral arteries. Nicomorphine and its metabolite have much less influence on respiration (factor 564 and 47, respectively). The difference in potency between nicomorphine and 6-NM was less after i.v. injection, indicating that nicomorphine needs metabolization in order to unfold full biological activity. Haemodynamic parameters are not affected after central administration even when PNA is almost completely depressed. After i.v. injection of relatively high doses, blood pressure falls, but probably not by an interaction with opiate receptors in the lower brain stem, since it could not be reversed by intravertebral naloxone.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

The toxicity, distribution and elimination of methylmercury in mice following intracerebral injection.

Intracerebral injection of methylmercury (CH3Hg) into the mouse brain resulted in significant weight loss and the appearance of characteristic neurological disturbances associated with CH3Hg intoxication. Neurological effects appeared dependent upon a minimum injected dose of 16 micrograms of CH3Hg corresponding to a CH3Hg concentration in the brain of 32 micrograms/g. Methylmercury was rapidly eliminated from the brain resulting in 40% and 5% remaining in the brain at 10 min and 7 days, respectively. The half-lives of CH3Hg in the tissues/organs were relatively short, ranging from 1.6 days for the cerebellum to 9.9 days for the liver and intestine. At the 10 min interval following injection, 22% of the injected 203Hg was found in the red blood cells which declined to 3% at the end of 7 days. The kidney concentration of 203Hg rapidly increased to 8% of the injected dose at 4 hr and remained at 5% of the body CH3Hg burden after 8 hr. The rapid elimination of 203Hg from the brain following intracerebral injection indicates that the blood brain barrier does not play a significant role in the retention of CH3Hg.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The renal microvasculature of the monkey: an anatomical investigation.

Twelve monkeys, Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta, were investigated to study their renal microvasculature. After death, all monkeys were perfused with heparinised isotonic saline to flush their vascular systems. The kidneys were then perfused with silicone rubber and examined. The silicone rubber injections allowed description of afferent arterioles and several efferent vascular patterns observed in the subcapsular, midcortical, and inner cortical regions. The medullary vasculature was particularly interesting in that no particular vascular zonation was observable. Silicone rubber injections indicated the existence of vascular bundles that run parallel to one another from outer medulla nearly to the papillary tip. Branching of descending vasa recta into capillaries, or precapillary vessels, occurs frequently and at all levels of the medulla. Ascending vasa recta are formed from the interbundle capillary plexus and from the plexus at the papillary tip. They ascend primarily within vascular bundles to the corticomedullary junction where these vessels may empty into collecting veins or arcuate veins. In addition, many ascending vasa recta penetrate into the cortex where they drain into the proximal third of interlobular veins. The venous drainage of the cortex appears to be regional, in that the area surrounding an interlobular vein generally drains into it directly via venules or small veins. The arterial and venous morphology of the monkey kidney may be important to the monkey's ability to concentrate urine despite the virtual absence of an inner medullary zone. The potential physiological significance of the monkey's microvasculature is discussed extensively and compared with various other mammals.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Increase in blood serotonin levels in the hepatic venous outflow after intraportal tumour cell injection.

An important role of platelet-liberated serotonin (5-HT) for the hepatic lodgement of intraportally injected tumor cells was suggested in previous studies. In the present investigation the inferior caval vein was cannulated for determination of 5-HT levels in the hepatic venous outflow in association with tumour cell lodgement in the liver. A peak of 5-HT could be demonstrated in the inferior caval vein 15 min after intraportal tumour cell injection, indicating exposition of the liver to high local concentrations of 5-HT in excess of the metabolizing capacity of the liver, associated with tumour cell lodgement.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Immunomodulators and the complement system.

The possible role of immunomodulators in the host-defense mechanism against neoplasm is discussed from the standpoint of the complement system. Serum complement is activated by the majority of immunomodulators in vitro via either the classical or the alternative pathway, and this activation is sometimes observed following systemic administration of immunomodulators. Besides activating the complement, systemic administration of immunomodulators elevates serum complement levels, and in some cases binds complements to tumor cells. Activated serum complement by an immunomodulator induced an accumulation of PMNs in ascites with tumor cell destruction when intraperitoneally injected, indicating that complement-derived chemotactic factors C3a and C5a generated by an immunomodulator had an antitumor effect. This evidence strongly supports the concept that complement system plays an important role in the host-defense mechanism against neoplasm.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1986

Intratumoral injection of thymidine: enhancement of the antitumor activity and incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into tumor RNA in a murine tumor system.

Intratumoral injection of thymidine (dThd) into mice bearing an Ehrlich ascites solid tumor in combination with an ip injection of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) was performed to investigate the following: (a) whether intratumoral injection of dThd would increase both the incorporation of FUra into tumor RNA and the antitumor activity of FUra as effectively as ip injection of dThd, and (b) whether intratumoral injection of dThd would have a selective advantage for increasing the incorporation of FUra into the tumor RNA, relative to normal tissue RNA. Pulse-labeling with [3H]FUra at different times after dThd injection indicated that the most effective incorporation of FUra into the tumor RNA occurred with both intratumoral and ip injection of dThd, when FUra and dThd were given simultaneously. The amount of FUra-containing RNA [(FU)RNA] was dThd dose-dependent and reached a maximum at a dThd dose of 100 mg/kg, in the case of either intratumoral or ip injection. The maximal level with intratumoral injection of dThd was twofold higher than the level with ip injection and at least fivefold higher than the level achieved with FUra alone. In a time course study, the amount of (FU)RNA formed after intratumoral injection of dThd was comparable to the level obtained with ip injection, which was fourfold to sixfold greater than that seen with FUra alone. Furthermore, in the four normal organs (bone marrow, intestine, kidneys, and lungs) the amount of (FU)RNA formed after intratumoral injection of dThd was markedly lower than the level with ip injection. Assay of FUra degradation products revealed low levels of FUra catabolism in the tumor tissue compared to liver. In addition, therapy experiments showed that the antitumor activity of FUra was increased 17-fold by coadministration of dThd by either route.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Variation in activities of non-plasmin fibrinolytic proteinase and plasminogen-activator in the lung and spleen induced by bacterial endotoxin in rats with special reference to the effects of MD-805.

The behavior of direct fibrinolytic (non-plasmin) proteinase activity and plasminogen-activator activity in the lung and spleen was investigated in rats after a single intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin, and the influence of thrombin inhibitors on the effects of the endotoxin was assessed. The non-plasmin fibrinolytic activity was markedly increased following a decrease of plasminogen-activator in the lung. In addition, variations in hematological parameters, i.e. a decrease of platelet count, fibrinogen level and antithrombin III, and an increase of blood urea nitrogen and euglobulin fibrinolytic activity, were induced by the injection, indicating the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In comparative studies on the effects of the endotoxin injection and thrombin infusion, in the lung and spleen an increase of fibrinolytic proteinase activity was induced in a similar manner; the plasminogen-activator activity in the lung was decreased by the endotoxin injection but not decreased by the thrombin infusion. In prevention studies with heparin and MD-805, the latter was found to prevent the decrease of either fibrinogen or platelet count. However, the former failed to prevent the decrease of platelet count although that of the fibrinogen level was prevented. Heparin and MD-805 exerted no preventive effect on the endotoxin-induced variations of proteinase activity and plasminogen-activator activity in the lung.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Automatic recognition of hemisphere-borderlines in cerebral radionuclide angiography (author's transl)].

The diagnostic value of brain perfusion studies with radionuclides is based upon the careful determination of intracerebral vascular supply areas in sequential scintigraphic frames. This paper describes an automatic algorithm to determine cerebral hemisphere-borderlines (Regions of Interest). In 134 randomized brain perfusion studies, regions of interest were set by three techniques: automatically by a computer program at the beginning of the venous phase, automatically by using all images derived from the total bolus passage (40 sec.), and manual marking with a light pen at the beginning of the venous phase. A good correlation of these different techniques was obtained (r = 0.87). Furthermore, we found the bilateral perfusion index independent within a wide range, from the size of the marked regions and the quality of the injected indicator bolus. Time saving and lesser carefulness, concomitant with higher precision and reliability, in addition to the standardisation of the marking technique increase the diagnostic value of cerebral radionuclide angiography.

Brain↗