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PubMed1987

Leptospirosis in horses in Ontario.

Sera from Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses in southwest Ontario were tested for antibody to seven Leptospira interrogans serovars (autumnalis, bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona), using the microscopic agglutination test. There was significantly higher seroprevalence of bratislava than of other serovars, in which prevalence was low. Seroprevalence of bratislava increased significantly with age; only 5% of two to three year old horses had titers greater than or equal to 1:80 compared to 52% of horses older than seven years. Eight of 16 foals from two farms seroconverted at low titers to bratislava between four and eight months of age. Leptospires were not detected by immunofluorescence and isolation techniques in 50 kidneys collected from horses at slaughter. Fetal tissues from 52 aborted horse fetuses were also examined by these methods and serovar kennewicki was identified by immunofluorescence and by isolation in one fetus. Serovar bratislava appears to be widespread in horses in Ontario but unimportant in abortion. The clinical significance of this infection in horses in Ontario is unclear.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serologic investigation on the prevalence of Leptospira spp infection in occupationally exposed subjects].

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection with a high in tropical regions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present survey was to verify the occurrence of diffusion of leptospirosis infections in Eastern Sicily, in some groups (6 veterinarians, 34 farmers and 28 abattoir workers), who were considered at high occupational risk. METHODS: Serologic investigation were performed using the immunological method (Martin Petit test); the Leptospira serovars considered were: ictero-haemorrhagiae (Bianchi 1); canicola (Alarik); pomona (Mezzano 1); grippo-typhosa (Moskva V); bratislava (Riccio 2); sejroe (Topino 1); hardjo (Hardjoprajitno); saxkoebing (Mus 24). RESULTS: Contagion was observed in 16 subjects out of 68 (23.5%), and the anti-leptospira antibodies detected were canicola, hardjo, sejroe grippo-typhosa e ictero-haemorrhagiae. CONCLUSIONS: The authors stress the importance carrying out periodic health surveillance in subjects working in wet and contaminated environments or who are continuously in contact with animals receptive to infections. The present study also confirms the need to adopt preventive measures such as vaccines, and control programs for activities at high risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Diseases and parasites of cattle in Vanuatu.

A study of cattle diseases was carried out in Vanuatu from 1971 to 1981. Tuberculosis was discovered in 4 herds and eradication was completed by 1981. The number of farms with brucellosis reactors increased from 2 in 1976 to 7 in 1978 despite eradication measures. Antibodies to serovars Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, australis, sejroe and canicola were demonstrated by the microscopic agglutination test. Antibodies were demonstrated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and bovine virus diarrhoea/mucosal disease complexes. Of the 18 parasites identified, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemonchus, sp, Oesophagostomum phlebotomum and Neoascaris vitulorum were the most prevalent. As brucelossis is the only serious disease present, Vanuatu is in a favourable situation with regard to cattle diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Serologic survey for leptospirosis in Arizona beef cattle in 1981.

Sera from 1,215 beef cattle in Arizona were evaluated by leptospiral microscopic agglutination test in 1981. Over 25% had agglutinins to greater than or equal to 1 of 5 serovars of Leptospira interrogans used as antigens (canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona) at a titer of greater than or equal to 1:100, and 8.2% had titers of greater than or equal to 1:400 to greater than or equal to 1 serovars. The most common serovar to which reactions were detected was hardjo; agglutinins were detected at titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 in 14.3% and of greater than or equal to 1:400 in 5.5%. Cross reactions were rare at serum dilutions greater than or equal to 1:100 (2%) and extremely rare at greater than or equal to 1:400 (0.7%). Because vaccination with leptospiral bacterins is seldom practiced in Arizona beef cattle, a titer of greater than or equal to 1:100 may be useful in estimating incidence and prevalence of the disease and as an aid to diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Outbreak of leptospirosis with pulmonary involvement in north Andaman.

An outbreak of acute febrile illness with haemorrhagic manifestations and pulmonary involvement occurred in Diglipur of North Andaman during October-November 1993. Investigations were carried out to see whether leptospires were responsible for this outbreak. Serum samples were collected from suspected cases and tested for presence of antibodies to leptospires by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using a battery of 19 antigens representing 16 serogroups. 66.7 per cent of the specimens showed significant titres of antibodies against leptospires, 18 of 23 paired sera (78.3%) showed sero-conversion or four-fold rise in antibody titres. The commonest serovar involved was Leptospira grippotyphosa followed by L. canicola and L. JEZ bratislava. In 7 patients L. grippotyphosa was the sole serovar against which antibodies were detected. Clinical and epidemiological observations of this outbreak were similar with that of earlier seasonal outbreaks of acute febrile illness with haemorrhagic manifestations occurring in the same area, indicating that the past outbreaks may also have been due to leptospires. This is the first report of pulmonary leptospirosis from India.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1979

Survey of leptospiral agglutinins in the sera of swine of southeastern Alabama.

The occurrence of leptospirosis in swine of southeastern Alabama was determined. A total of 627 sera were tested, using the microscopic agglutination method, with live antigens of 12 serovars. Of the sera tested, 121 (19.3%) had a titer of 1:100 or greater to the serovars employed. The percentage distribution of sera with titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 among serovars most commonly reported was as follows: Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, 3.8%; icterohaemorrhagiae, 3.3%; canicola, 1.6%; hardjo, 0.7%; and grippotyphosa, 0.16%. Of the less commonly recognized leptospiral serovars, the percentages reacting were as follows: ballum, 4.9%; autumnalis, 3.2%; pyrogenes, 1.1%; and bataviae, 0.4%. None of the sera reacted with antigen of serovars australis, tarassovi, or wolffi.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1984

[Diagnosis and surveillance of leptospirosis in the Venetia Region].

The Microbiological Laboratory of Verona Hospital is the leptospirosis reference Centre since 1980. It uses routinely the lysis/agglutination test with leptospires strains in order to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to define the typing of strains. Although this Centre is not yet officially recognized, it is in fact, at the service of the Veneto region and greater part of the Trentino Alto Adige. It examines 600 samples a year (about 3000 determinations) from these two regions, therefore it can construct a biregional epidemiology although the data is neither referred to superior Committees nor, perhaps, utilized in the requesting territory. The aspects of this service to be improved are the incompleteness of data with samples and their not perfect condition on arrival for testing. The most interesting point is that the epidemiology in the Veneto region has not changed since 1980: the prevailing leptospira is the icterohaemorrhagiae and then the canicola and pomona.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Leptospirosis in northern India: a clinical and serological study.

A total of 400 serum samples collected from patients, clinically suspected of leptospirosis, were evaluated for antibodies by LEPTO dipstick and microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Twenty of these patients (5%) had serological evidence of leptospirosis. Leptospira interrogans serovars Autumnalis and Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola and Javanica were serogroups recorded serologically. Fever and jaundice were the most common clinical presentations. Male preponderance was seen in the leptospirosis cases. Outdoor activities, agricultural activities, contact with animals were significantly associated with seropositivity for Leptospira. This study highlights that leptospirosis is a significant health problem in northern India, though grossly under reported due to the absence of routine laboratory diagnostic facilities for this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of a partially purified leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen.

A leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen (GP-Ag) was partially purified from Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain Kyoto and canicola strain Hond Utrecht IV, by treating the organisms with Triton X-100 followed by a purification procedure including fractionation with DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and ethanol precipitation. Genus-specificity of the antigens from kremastos Kyoto and canicola was shown by the immunodiffusion (ID) test. Complement fixation (CF) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto showed the genus specificity of the GP-Ag. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the antigens from kremastos Kyoto and canicola showed a major band with Coomassie blue stain. The band of GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto was also shown by immunoprecipitation using the monoclonal antibody (GP-7) to GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto. The molecular weight of the genus-specific antigen was estimated to be approximately 62 000. The genus specificity of the antigen was reduced by heating at 100 degrees C or treatment with proteolytic enzymes, but not reduced by treatment with sodium metaperiodate.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1971

Cross-neutralization of leptospiral hemolysins from different serotypes.

Cross-neutralization studies on leptospiral hemolysins from strains of two antigenically different serotypes, pomona and canicola, were conducted in sheep. A third strain of serotype hardjo that does not produce hemolysin and is antigenically distinct was included for control purposes. Concentrated hemolysins, prepared from supernatant fluids of canicola or pomona cultures, produced hemolytic anemia in sheep after intravenous injection. Sheep previously infected with hemolysin-producing strains were refractory to effects of homologous or heterologous hemolysins. On the other hand, infection with hardjo did not confer immunity to the action of hemolysins. Hemolysin-neutralizing antibodies were demonstrable in sheep previously infected with pomona or canicola only after challenge with homologous or heterologous hemolysins. Cross-neutralization between two hemolysins were demonstrable in vitro. Hemolysin-neutralizing antibody titers did not correlate with agglutinin titers. Concentrated supernatant fluid of the hardjo culture provoked toxic reactions predominantly in sheep previously infected with pomona or canicola. The causes of these untoward reactions were not determined.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1987

The incidence of severe leptospirosis in Trinidad.

Between February 1977 and September 1982, sera from febrile patients from all areas of Trinidad were examined for leptospiral agglutinins; 158 of 1714 patients (9%) were confirmed as current cases of leptospirosis (annual average 26 or 2.6 per 100,000 population). Of the remaining 1556 patients only 711 provided paired sera; 167 of these (23%) showed evidence of previous leptospiral infection. Of the 845 single samples, 125 were positive. The true incidence of the disease is probably much higher than reported here. Males comprised 74% of the current cases; their highest rate of infection was in the 30-39 year age group, the incidence in late teenage approaching this rate. For females, incidence increased with age up to late middle-age. The presumptive infecting serogroups most commonly recorded among the 158 current cases were Icterohaemorrhagiae (37%), Canicola (16%) and Autumnalis (11%). 13 of the cases died (case fatality rate, 8.2%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Dynamic changes in the epidemiology of canicola fever in Israel. Natural adaptation of an established serotype to a new reservoir host.

Investigation of human leptospirosis caused by the serotype canicola revealed a significant shift in the chain of infection of this disease. The adaptation of an old and well-established serotype to a new and abundant host, the Norway rat, provides a new means for spreading and transferring canicola fever to man and farm animals. The changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis described should serve as a warning to epidemiologists responsible for suggesting proper prophylactic measures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Leptospirosis in children in Ciego de Avila Province, Cuba].

The morbidity of leptospirosis among children from Ciego de Avila Province was investigated from 1982 to 1995, and 253 cases were diagnosed. Isolated cases prevailed over those occurring in outbreaks. The 10-14 age group was predominant, followed by the 5-9 age group. According to sex, it was more frequently found in males than in females. One death occurred during this period. There was an increase of cases from July to August and October, and November showed a higher incidence of cases. Fever, headache and myalgia were the symptoms and signs more frequently reported, and 92% of cases showed no icterus. Acute fever, leptospirosis and viral meningoencephalitis were the presumptive diagnoses most frequently made. Possible sources of infection involving a larger number of cases were contact with low terrains and bathing in rivers, ponds and lakes. Regarding diagnosis, 162 cases were diagnosed by the microagglutination test and 91 by the hemolytic test. Canicola, australis and pomona were the serogroups more frequently detected by the microagglutination test.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Outbreak of leptospirosis, predominantly meningoencephalitic, among children in the municipality of Morón].

A description is made of a leptospirosis outbreak in children who bathed in the Cimarron Channel in Morón. Ciego de Avila. The outbreak started on September 25 and ended on October 20, 1986. Six cases were reported, of which four had meningoencephalic appearance. Ages ranged from 8 to 13 years. Fever, cephalalgia, arthralgia and myalgia were the most common signs and symptoms in the confirmed cases. All the patients were positive to Canicola serogroup. The results of a survey on 12 dogs in the zone surrounding the Cimarron Channel suggest that they were the reservoir which contaminated the Channel waters.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Affinity constants of anti-leptospira monoclonal antibodies, numbers of antigenic determinants on leptospiras, and their influence on the microscopic agglutination test and ELISA.

The affinity constants of anti-canicola and anti-hebdomadis monoclonal antibodies and the numbers of antigenic determinants per organism of each serovar of leptospira were determined, and their influence on the results of microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and ELISA were examined. In the combinations of a monoclonal antibody and some serovar which showed higher affinity constants at levels of 10(7) to 10(8)/M order, both MAT and ELISA were positive except for one combination, while in the combinations which gave lower affinity constants at levels of 10(6)/M order, MAT was positive but ELISA was negative. The number of antigenic determinants seemed to have no significant influence on the results. The disagreement due to the difference in the threshold affinities of MAT and ELISA should be considered in the use of monoclonal antibodies in the taxonomy of leptospira.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

Humoral immune responses of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines.

The humoral immune response of cattle vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines was monitored with the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and the leptospiricidal activity (LA) test for a 2.5-year period. The serovars present in the vaccines were canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, pomona, and hardjo. The LA test had greater sensitivity than the MA test for detecting antibodies to the hardjo, canicola, and icterohaemorrhagiae components of the pentavalent vaccine and was approximately equal in sensitivity to the MA test for detecting antibodies to the grippotyphosa and pomona components of the leptospiral vaccine. Both IgM and IgG were produced in similar amounts in the immunized cattle, and both classes were reactive in the MA and the LA tests. The IgM class of antibodies was more reactive in the MA test, whereas the IgG class of antibodies was more reactive in the LA test. Using the MA test as the criterion of evaluating, the immunogenic potency of the individual vaccine components was found to be canicola more than icterohaemorrhagiae more than grippotyphosa more than pomona more than hardjo. A direct correlation between protective antibodies, as determined by the hamster passive protection test, and antibodies reactive in the MA and the LA tests was observed.

Agglutination Tests↗