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PubMed1988

Enhancement of host resistance against Listeria infection by Lactobacillus casei: activation of liver macrophages and peritoneal macrophages by Lactobacillus casei.

The functions of liver macrophages and peritoneal macrophages obtained after injection of Lactobacillus casei were examined. Listericidal activity in vivo was enhanced in liver macrophages 13 days after L. casei injection but was somewhat suppressed in the macrophages 2 days after the injection. The listericidal activity in vitro was enhanced in peritoneal macrophages obtained 13 days after L. casei injection but was suppressed in cells obtained 2 days later. The PMA-triggered respiratory burst in the liver macrophages elicited by L. casei was higher than that of resident macrophages. Alkaline phosphodiesterase activity in the liver macrophages was decreased by L. casei injection, as was also the case with peritoneal macrophages. These observations indicate that L. casei augmented cellular functions of both liver and peritoneal macrophages.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Forms of human milk folacin and variation patterns.

The pattern of folacin in 180 human milk samples collected from 16 women was studied before and after pteroylglutamic hydroxylase (conjugase) treatment. The differential response of Lactobacillus casei versus Streptococcus faecalis distinguishes N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate from other forms. Growth of Pediococcus cerevisiae differentiates the reduced monoglutamates, other than the N-5-methylated derivative, from oxidized folacins. Mean folacin activity with L. casei was 85.3 ng/ml. Prior to conjugase treatment of samples, mean activity was 46.9 ng/ml with this organism. The responses of S. faecalis and P. cerevisiae were 48% and 7.6%, respectively, of the total L. casei active folacins. The total L. casei active folacins increased from 76.5 ng/ml at 6 weeks of lactation to 97.1 ng/ml at 12 weeks of lactation. Increases were also observed with time of day: from morning (65.7 ng/ml), to afternoon (80.0 ng/ml), and to evening (114.7 ng/ml). Hindmilk had greater total L. casei activity (100.0 ng/ml) than foremilk (73.8 ng/ml). Although folacins active for S. faecalis and P. cerevisiae were not affected by duration of lactation, increases in folacin activity with time of day and from fore- to hindmilk were observed using both of these organisms. Values for the folacin content of human milk are therefore dependent on sampling procedures. Pteroylpolyglutamates of greater than or equal to 3 glutamic acid residues and N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate are the predominant forms of human milk folacin based on differential growth responses of L. casei, S. faecalis, and P. cerevisiae to these forms.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2003

pH-sensitive holographic sensors.

Holographic sensors for monitoring H+ (pH) have been fabricated from ionizable monomers incorporated into thin, polymeric, hydrogel films which were transformed into volume holograms using a diffusion method coupled with holographic recording, using a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Unlike other optical pH sensors, it is possible to tailor the operational replay wavelength of the holographic sensor by careful control of the exposure conditions. The holographic diffraction wavelength (color) of the holograms was used to characterize their shrinkage and swelling behavior as a function of pH in various media. The effects of hydrogel composition, ionic strength, temperature, and factors influencing reversibility and response time are evaluated. Optimized holographic pH sensors show milli-pH resolution. The pH-sensing range of the holograms can be controlled through variation of the nature of the ionizable co-monomer used in polymer film construction; a series of holographic sensors displaying visually perceptible, fully reversible color changes over different pH ranges are demonstrated. A poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) holographic sensor was shown to be able to quantify the change in H+ concentrations in real time in a sample of milk undergoing homolactic fermentation in the presence of Lactobacillus casei.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1997

Comparative sequence analyses of the genes coding for 16S rRNA of Lactobacillus casei-related taxa.

The primary structures of the 16S rRNA genes of the type strains of Lactobacillus casei and related taxa were determined by PCR DNA-sequencing methods. The sequences of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus zeae, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus were different. The Knuc values ranged from 0.0040 to 0.0126. On the basis of the Knuc values and the levels of DNA-DNA relatedness among the strains of these species, the L. casei-related taxa should be classified in the following three species: L. zeae, which includes the type strains of L. zeae and L. casei; a species that includes the strains of L. paracasei and L. casei ATCC 334; and L. rhamnosus.

DNA Primers↗
PubMed2000

Comparative analysis of the genes encoding 23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer regions of Lactobacillus casei-related strains.

In this study, investigations into the 23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) of the Lactobacillus casei group were performed. A 1.6 kb fragment, from Lactobacillus paracasei strain ATCC 27092, containing part of the 5S rRNA gene (60 bp), the 5S-23S spacer region (198 bp) and part of the 23S rRNA gene (1295 bp) was cloned and sequenced (GenBank no. AF098107). This fragment was used as a probe to determine the rRNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of nine strains belonging to the Lactobacillus casei group, along with four other non-Lactobacillus casei lactobacilli species. A pair of PCR primers, 23-Fl and 5-Ru, was designed and used for PCR amplification of the 23S-5S rRNA ISRs of these strains. The ISR length and sequence polymorphisms provided additional information for the taxonomic study of the Lactobacillus casei group. The spacer-length polymorphism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus was distinct from those of the other strains and this observation is consistent with the classification of Lactobacillus rhamnosus proposed by Mori et al. For all Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei strains, two major bands (approx. 250 and 170 bp in size) were obtained except in the case of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans strain NCIMB 9709T, which yielded only one amplified product (250 bp). The sequencing data of the PCR products of seven well-characterized Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei strains revealed the presence of a 76/80 bp insertion/deletion with some random, single-base substitutions between the longer and shorter spacers for each respective strain. A few base variations were also detected within different strains in this group although the overall sequence similarity was very high (95.9-99.5%). The rRNA RFLP and the spacer sequence of Lactobacillus casei type strain ATCC 393T exhibited unique identities in this cluster. On the other hand, Lactobacillus casei strain ATCC 334 showed a high level of similarity with the other Lactobacillus casei strains tested. These observations lend some support to the request for the reassignment of strain ATCC 334 as the neotype of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei in place of strain ATCC 393T.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Antimicrobial activity of intraurethrally administered probiotic Lactobacillus casei in a murine model of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection.

The antimicrobial activity of the intraurethrally administered probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota against Escherichia coli in a murine urinary tract infection (UTI) model was examined. UTI was induced by intraurethral administration of Escherichia coli strain HU-1 (a clinical isolate from a UTI patient, positive for type 1 and P fimbriae), at a dose of 1 x 10(6) to 2 x 10(6) CFU in 20 microl of saline, into a C3H/HeN mouse bladder which had been traumatized with 0.1 N HCl followed immediately by neutralization with 0.1 N NaOH 24 h before the challenge infection. Chronic infection with the pathogen at 10(6) CFU in the urinary tract (bladder and kidneys) was maintained for more than 3 weeks after the challenge, and the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and myeloperoxidase activity in the urine were markedly elevated during the infection period. A single administration of L. casei Shirota at a dose of 10(8) CFU 24 h before the challenge infection dramatically inhibited E. coli growth and inflammatory responses in the urinary tract. Multiple daily treatments with L. casei Shirota during the postinfection period also showed antimicrobial activity in this UTI model. A heat-killed preparation of L. casei Shirota exerted significant antimicrobial effects not only with a single pretreatment (100 microg/mouse) but also with multiple daily treatments during the postinfection period. The other Lactobacillus strains tested, i.e., L. fermentum ATCC 14931(T), L. jensenii ATCC 25258(T), L. plantarum ATCC 14917(T), and L. reuteri JCM 1112(T), had no significant antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the probiotic L. casei strain Shirota is a potent therapeutic agent for UTI.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed1973

Occurrence of glucosamine residues with free amino groups in cell wall peptidoglycan from bacilli as a factor responsible for resistance to lysozyme.

Analysis by dinitrophenylation techniques revealed the occurrence of significant amounts of glucosamine residues with free amino groups in the peptidoglycan component of cell walls isolated from Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus megaterium. A close correlation was demonstrated between the content of N-unacetylated glucosamine residues in the peptidoglycan component and the resistance of the cell walls to lysozyme. These lysozyme-resistant cell walls and peptidoglycan were converted into a lysozyme-sensitive form by means of N-acetylation with acetic anhydride. Thus, the occurrence of the N-unacetylated glucosamine residues in the peptidoglycan component accounts for the resistance of these cell walls to lysozyme. The N-unacetylated glucosamine residues were not found in a significant amount in the cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus casei, or Lactobacillus arabinosus.

Alanine↗
PubMed1963

Studies on the physiology of Rickettsiae. IV. Folic acids of Coxiella burnetii.

Mattheis, Martha S. (University of Kansas, Lawrence), M. Silverman, and D. Paretsky. Studies on the physiology of rickettsiae. IV. Folic acids of Coxiella burnetii. J. Bacteriol. 85:37-41. 1963.-Yolk, yolk sac, and embryo tissues of uninfected eggs, and those infected with Coxiella burnetii, were analyzed for folic acid derivatives by employing diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column chromatography. Infected tissues contained quantitatively less folate, but the elution profiles of both infected and uninfected tissues were identical. Purified C. burnetii contained some types of folate apparently unique to these rickettsiae, and not found in infected tissue. The major folate fraction of C. burnetii was partially characterized by (i) elution position from DEAE columns; (ii) treatment with conjugase; (iii) growth response by Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis R, and Pediococcus cerevisiae; and (iv) response to oxidation, reduction, and formylation.

Coxiella↗
PubMed1983

Biotransformation of homofolate from a growth inhibitor to a growth-promoting derivative.

Homofolic acid (HF) was found to inhibit the growth of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469 in 100 ng/ml or higher concentrations in the presence of folic acid (PGA) on short (24-48 h) incubation. HF blocked the uptake of 3HPGA into L. casei cell suspensions. On prolonged (3-5 days) incubation HF (greater than 10 ng/ml) promoted growth of L. casei both in the presence and absence of PGA. No growth was obtained when both PGA and HF were omitted. Thus, HF was apparently biotransformed from an inhibitory analog into a growth-promoting HF derivative. Indeed, sterile filtrates from HF-grown cultures supported growth of L. casei in a folate-free medium on short incubation, supporting the notion that a folate-like active compound was formed from HF on prolonged incubation with L. casei. In the presence of homopteorate (10-60 micrograms/ml) no transformation of HF into folate-active compounds took place.

Biotransformation↗
PubMed1976

[Bacteriocin typing of lactobacilli of the Streptobacterium subgenus].

Sensitivity of 144 L. casei cultures and 23 L. plantarum cultures to the action of 39 bacteriocins produced by lactobacillae of different species was studied by the method of delayed antagonism. By the bacteriocin sensitivity the L. casei cultures were subdivided into 37 and L. plantarum cultures--into 7 bacteriocin types. The method of bacteriocin typing permitted differentiation of the L. casei and L. plantarum cultures, which had the same biochemical and physiological properties, as a number of bacteriocin types.

Bacteriocins↗
PubMed1985

ISL1: a new transposable element in Lactobacillus casei.

The genome structures of a temperate Lactobacillus phage, phi FSW, and its virulent mutants, phi FSVs, were examined by restriction, heteroduplex and nucleotide-sequence analyses. The results showed that two out of three phi FSVs had the same 1.3 kbp insertion (designated as ISL1) at different positions in the phi FSW sequence. ISL1 was 1,256 bp long and contained at least two long open reading frames of 279 and 822 bases on one strand. Inverted repeats were found at the termini of the ISL1 which was bracketed by 3 bp direct repeats of the phi FSW sequence. From this evidence, we concluded that ISL1 was a transposable element in Lactobacillus casei.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1996

Reclassification of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei ATCC 393 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 15820 as Lactobacillus zeae nom. rev., designation of ATCC 334 as the neotype of L. casei subsp. casei, and rejection of the name Lactobacillus paracasei.

The type strain of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei (ATCC 393) exhibits low levels of DNA homology with other strains of L. casei subsp. casei (8 to 46%) and strains of Lactobacillus paracasei (30 to 50%), but exhibits a level of DNA similarity of 80% with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 15820, the original type strain of "Lactobacterium zeae" Kuznetsov 1959. Strains ATCC 393T (T = type strain) and ATCC 15820T are members of one protein profile cluster that is separate from the other Lactobacillus spp. The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR profile of strain ATCC 393T is also different from the profiles obtained for the other species. L. casei ATCC 334T is genetically closely related to L. casei subsp. casei strains (71 to 97%) and L. paracasei strains (71 to 91%), is a member of the same protein profile cluster as these organisms, and shares several DNA amplicons with L. paracasei strains. On the basis of these results, we propose that L. casei subsp. casei ATCC 393T and L. rhamnosus ATCC 15820 should be reclassified as members of Lactobacillus zeae nom. rev. (type strain, ATCC 15820), that strain ATCC 334 should be designated the neotype strain of L. casei subsp. casei, and that the name L. paracasei should be rejected.

Base Sequence↗