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Results for “Life Style”

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PubMed1981

Drug use and life-style among college undergraduates. Nine years later.

A questionnaire study of drug use and life-style among college seniors, previously performed in 1969, was repeated at the same college in 1978 with identical methods. Moderate increases in marijuana use were found; cocaine use had increased dramatically; most other drug use changed only slightly. Differences between users and nonusers, already modest in 1969, had narrowed further by 1978: users and nonusers were indistinguishable on grades, athletics, other college activities, career plans, and subjective alienation. Only heterosexual activity and visits to a psychiatrist still distinguish users from nonusers.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Life-style factors and female infertility.

We summarize the epidemiologic literature on the effect of life-style factors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption, physical exercise, body mass index, and drug use on female infertility. We identified relevant papers through MEDLINE, Index Medicus, and a manual review of reference lists. Risk factors that affect the risk of primary tubal infertility and that were corroborated in two or more studies include use of intrauterine devices (especially the Dalkon Shield) and cigarette smoking. We identified extremes in body size as a risk factor for primary ovulatory infertility. Cocaine, marijuana and alcohol use, exercise, caffeine consumption, and ever-use of thyroid medications were possible risk factors for various subtypes of primary infertility. Few risk factors have been assessed or identified for secondary infertility or other less common subtypes, such as cervical or endometriosis-related infertility.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1993

Age differences in cognitive performance in later life: relationships to self-reported health and activity life style.

The predictive relationships among individual differences in self-reported physical health and activity life style and performance on an array of information processing and intellectual ability measures were examined. A sample of 484 men and women aged 55 to 86 years completed a battery of cognitive tasks measuring verbal processing time, working memory, vocabulary, verbal fluency, world knowledge, word recall, and text recall. Hierarchical regression was used to predict performance on these tasks from measures of self-reported physical health, alcohol and tobacco use, and level of participation in everyday activities. The results indicated: (a) individual differences in self-reported health and activity predicted performance on multiple cognitive measures; (b) self-reported health was more predictive of processing resource variables than knowledge-based abilities; (c) interaction effects indicated that participation in cognitively demanding activities was more highly related to performance on some measures for older adults than for middle-aged adults; and (d) age-related differences in performance on multiple measures were attenuated by partialing individual differences in self-reported health and activity.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2001

Quantitative classification of life-style types in predaceous phytoseiid mites.

Classification of species into different functional groups based on biological criteria has been a difficult problem in ecology. The difficulty mainly arises because natural classification patterns are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The more group characteristics overlap, the more difficult it is to identify the membership of a species in the overlapping portions of any two groups. In this paper, we present an application of discriminant analysis by creating classification models from life history and morphological data for two specialist and two generalist life-styles type of predaceous phytoseiid mites. Two stages can be distinguished in our method: life-style group membership assignment and trait variable evaluation. We use a Bayesian framework to create a classifier system to locate or assign species within a mixture of trait distributions. The method assumes that a mixture of trait distributions can represent the multiple dimensions of biological data. The mixture is most evident near the boundaries between groups. Because of the complexity of analytical solution, an iterative method is used to estimate the unknown means, variances, and mixing proportion between groups. We also developed a criterion based on information theory to evaluate model performance with different combinations of input variables and different hypotheses. We present a working example of our proposed methods. We apply these methods to the problem of selecting key species for inoculative release and for classical introductions of biological pest control agents.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Physical activity, other life-style patterns, cardiovascular disease and longevity.

Longitudinal study of 16,936 Harvard alumni, followed for life-style experiences as related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and longevity, identified 572 first coronary heart disease (CHD) attacks, 1962-1972, and 1,413 all-cause deaths, 1962-1978. Men expending 8.4+ MJ (2,000+ kcal) per week in walking, stair-climbing, and sports play were at 39% lower risk of developing CHD than less active classmates. Attributable risk estimates suggested: there might have been 16% fewer CVD deaths in the alumni population if every man had exercised 8.4+ MJ per week; 25% fewer from total cigarette abstinence; 9% fewer from abolition of hypertension; 6% fewer with less obesity; and 11% fewer CVD deaths in the absence of parental CHD. Discounting the influence of blood pressure status, cigarette habit, net weight gain since college, and parental history of early death, the more active alumni (39% of the population) are estimated to have lived on average one and one-quarter years longer than less active men.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Case-control studies of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis in relation to life style and other risk factors].

Case-control studies were initiated to investigate possible risk factors (life style, etc.) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis (LC). One hundred and fifty-four patients with HCC and 97 patients with LC who had no evidence of HCC were compared with frequency-matched 298 control subjects. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and histories of blood transfusion and familial liver diseases were highly and significantly associated with both HCC and LC. Heavy drinkers in their younger years showed about 2 to 3 times risk increase for HCC or LC as compared with non-drinkers. Smoking was suspected as a risk factor, but a dose-response relationship was not clear, and further investigations are needed. To study the factors in the development of HCC from LC, 120 HCC patients with LC were compared with LC patients. No significant factors were observed. Ex-drinkers among LC patients experienced a slightly decreased risk for HCC in contrast to some belief that ex-drinkers with LC have higher risk for HCC.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Relationship between dietary life style in youth and osteoporosis].

The relationship between the dietary life style and osteoporosis was examined by comparing 71 osteoporotic women [age--65.5 +/- 8.9 (mean +/- SD)] with 76 women age-matched as controls. All subjects lived in and around Tsukuba City. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The frequencies of drinking milk and eating meat, fish, or potatoes, etc. both in their youth (about 18-25 years old) and at the present were investigated. The results were as follows: 1) The frequency of having unbalanced diets in their youth was significantly higher in osteoporotic patients than in controls. 2) During their youth, osteoporotic patients had significantly lower frequency of drinking milk, and significantly higher frequency of eating meat, dried fish or eggs, compared with controls. 3) High milk-consumers during their youth (milk-drinking: > or = 3 times per week) were significantly less frequent in osteoporotic patients than that in controls. 4) In the controls, the frequencies of drinking milk and eating meat during their youth were significantly positively correlated with lumbar BMD. The frequency of eating potatoes was significantly negatively correlated with the BMD in controls. 5) No strong relationships between present dietary life and osteoporosis or BMD were found. These findings suggest that drinking milk in their youth may influence BMD and associate with osteoporosis in women.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An educational programme for persistent life-style changes in patients with chronic renal disease.

The aim of this study was to produce positive life-style changes in patients with chronic renal disease through a residential education programme about the medical aspects of chronic renal failure and the various treatment options in order to increase their physical capacity, emotional stability and general well-being. The programme was available to all categories of patients with chronic renal disease irrespective of treatment modality. Comparison of data pre and post course demonstrated improvements in physical activity, mental well-being and nutritional awareness.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Dyspepsia in rural residents of Estonia. Life-style factors, psychoemotional disorders, and familial history of gastrointestinal diseases.

BACKGROUND: The association between dyspepsia and life-style factors, psychoemotional disorders, and familial history of gastrointestinal diseases was evaluated in a case-control study of dyspepsia. METHODS: A group of 500 consecutive dyspeptic patients, attending a rural health care center, and a sex- and age-matched control group (n = 500) were interviewed using a specially compiled questionnaire. RESULTS: The dyspeptic subjects showed a significantly higher prevalence of psychoemotional disorders (p < 0.001), irregular dietary regimen (p < 0.05), and familial history of gastrointestinal diseases. The number of ex-smokers was also larger in dyspeptic subjects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the subject group with the heterogeneous syndrome of dyspepsia has several characteristics in common.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Various S-GOT/S-GPT ratios in nonviral liver disorders and related physical conditions and life-style.

The relationship between the GOT/GPT ratio in nonviral liver disorders and underlying physical condition and life-style were evaluated. The subjects were 12,808 male railway company workers who underwent an annual health checkup. Nonviral liver disorders were defined as elevated transaminases (GOT > 76 IU/liter or GPT > 86 IU/liter, while negative for hepatitis B and C markers (282 cases). Controls were 9,783 males with normal findings for GOT, GPT, and y-GTP. By logistic regression analysis, GOT-dominant liver disorders were significantly related to alcohol consumption, hypertriglyceridemia, and diabetes mellitus. They were still significant on multivariate analysis. GPT-dominant liver disorders were significantly related to obesity, less exercise, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Obesity and hypercholesterolemia were significant on multivariate analysis. In conclusion, the relationship between hypertriglyceridemia or diabetes mellitus and GOT-dominant disorders, which was not explained empirically, could indicate another pathogenesis for nonviral liver disorders, such as underlying insulin resistance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Symptoms at perimenopausal period: its association with attitudes toward sexuality, life-style, family function, and FSH levels.

We studied the association of symptoms with attitudes toward sexuality, life-style, family functioning, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in perimenopausal women. We collected data on depression, anxiety, nonspecific index of depression, and the empty nest syndrome in 222 women with a mean age of 47.7 (47.2-48.2, 95% CI) years (102 of them were at menopause). Family functioning was evaluated with the McMaster model, and attitudes toward sexuality with questions about women's opinions on sexuality. Scores of depression were higher in women with more than 1 year of menopause. Attitudes to sexuality was significantly associated with all four symptoms. For family function, affective involvement, control of behavior, the roles of the members in the family, and communication were associated with some symptoms. Serum FSH was associated with body mass index, abdomen/hip ratio, and depression. We concluded that: (1) Attitudes toward sexuality was the main regressor for symptoms; (2) the function of the family is also associated with some symptoms; and (3) FSH levels may be lower in obese menopausal women and higher in women with depression or anxiety.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of a health-promoting life-style among well adult clients in a nursing practice.

The self-reported health-promoting life-style (HPL) of 130 well adults in a primary care clinical population was examined in relation to the cognitive/perceptual and sociodemographic factors hypothesized in Pender's Health Promotion Model (1987) to predict this behavior. Subjects were randomly drawn from the clients of a group nurse practitioner practice emphasizing health maintenance. Data were collected by mailed survey (response rate, 59%) with one telephone prompt. The mean age of the subjects was 39.7 years; 72.3% were female; 51.2% were married; 47.7% had college degrees; and 67.4% were white. Blacks were underrepresented in the sample compared to the practice population (chi = 7.56, p = .006). Using multiple regression, the definition of health, importance of health, health locus of control, age, gender, marital status, race, education, income, and rural/urban residence were studied to determine their effects on health-promoting behavior. Results generally supported the Pender Model. Defining health eudiamonistically, that is, as exuberant well-being (rather than adaptive, functional, or absence of disease), predicted HPL. Ranking health above other values such as achievement and harmony had no effect; chance health locus of control had a negative relationship. In the final regression model, predictors of HPL were eudiamonistic conception of health and college education (p = .0001, R2 = 17). Based on this data, considerations of a clients' health conception when framing health-promotion messages is warranted in this population.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Demographic, life style and anthropometric correlates of blood pressure of Nigerian urban civil servants, factory and plantation workers.

Demographic, life style and anthropometric correlates of blood pressure were analysed in 5,200 civil servants, factory and plantation workers living in an urban setting in the South Eastern part of Nigeria. The subjects were 4,382 men (84.2%) and 818 (15.8%) women. The prevalence of hypertension, using the WHO criteria among the workers was 8.1%, and was lower in women than men, 3.5% and 8.9% respectively. Only 19.6% of the hypertensive population knew that they had hypertension, whilst 29.4% of the total population under study gave a positive family history of hypertension. The blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension rose with age, number of children in the family, salary scale and with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The prevalence of hypertension was higher in medium and heavy drinkers than the non-drinkers and light drinkers. The prevalence was also higher in medium and heavy smokers. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant positive relation between the systolic blood pressure and sex, age, marital status, number of children in the family, salary scale, tobacco consumption and weight (P less than 001). On the other hand, occupation (P less than 01) educational qualification (P less than 001), support system (P less than 03) and height (P less than 001) had significant negative relationships with systolic blood pressure. There was also a significant positive relation between the diastolic blood pressure and number of children in the family (P less than 002) and salary scale (P less than 001). It is suggested that hypertension screening and treatment should be incorporated in the primary health care programmes of African communities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Some elements of life style, including cigarette smoking, among adolescents].

The aim of the study was to determine some of elements of life style among 336 pupils attending randomly chosen high school (in 4 provinces) were studied by the questionnaire. 12.5% of adolescents were smoking cigarettes. Physical activity of half of respondents was ranked as average, 1/3 was underweight, 3.9% was over weight--(obesity--0.9%). Most of adolescents ate 3 meals a day, 92% were snacking. The main nutritional faults were small frequency of consumption of milk and milk products, vegetables and fruits, fish and vegetable oils.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Sexuality and the life-style of home dialysis patients.

This study was designed to assess the impact of chronic illness on the sexuality and life-style of a group of veterans with end stage renal disease. Thirty-two married home dialysis patients and 14 of their wives were interviewed by a sex therapist. An Index of Sexual Function (ISF) was developed to quantify 5 aspects of male genital function. The Index was correlated with the following: other major areas of sexuality including masculine self-concept, sex drive, sexual activity, sexual relationship, and sexual satisfaction; quality of life factors such as work, marital adjustment, and sociability; several demographic factors; and 15 medical variables. There were significant correlations between genital function and sexual satisfaction, the patient's attitude toward the importance of sex, sex drive, and positive feelings about the self. Better sexual function occurred in the patients with the least neuropathy; there was no correlation with other medical factors. Of the patients studies, 9 (28%) had full sexual function, 7 (22%) had moderate dysfunction, and 16 (50%) had severe dysfunction. Despite the genital dysfunction, marital and social adjustment of our patients compared favorably with studies of couples in the general population. After this study a sex counseling program was developed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Prevention of alcohol problems in primary health care. Patients receptive to questions concerning alcohol and life style].

In this study drinking habits among primary care patients were investigated as well as their views on discussing life style issues (eating habits, alcohol, smoking and exercise) with their physician. 13% of the men and 5% of the women reported high levels of alcohol consumption. 27% of the men and 11% of the women reported drinking five or more standard drinks more than two times per month. About 70% of the patients had never been questioned about any lifestyle item. A large majority judged lifestyle to be important for their health. 80-90% of all patients thought it important that lifestyle issues were discussed with patients, even if most patients did not perceive a need for this themselves. No differences in this regard were found between high and low consumers of alcohol.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Finding Nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish.

Anemonefish are a group of 28 species of coral reef fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, subfamily Amphiprioninae, all characterized by living in symbiosis with sea anemones of several genera. Some anemonefish are specialized to cooperate with a single or few species of sea anemone, being immune to their poisonous tentacles but sensible to those of other species of sea anemones, while other anemonefish are more generalist and able to live together with a number of different species of sea anemone hosts. Despite the common life style, anemonefish species occur in a variety of colors, body shapes and degree of dependence from the host. To understand the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the anemonefish diversification, we studied 23 out of 28 species of anemonefish by analyzing three mitochondrial regions: the cytochrome b gene, the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the first half of the D-loop, a non-coding, regulatory region to reconstruct their molecular phylogeny through Bayesian and maximum parsimony approaches. The evolution of specialization was studied by means of character reconstruction methods. This work includes the highest number of anemonefish so far analyzed and particularly some species that had never been studied before. The results support a monophyletic origin for the subfamily Amphiprioninae, in contrast to the current taxonomy, based on morphological characters, that divides anemonefish into two separate genera. Moreover, we formulate some hypotheses concerning the life style and origin of the ancestral anemonefish.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Changes in life-style in men under sixty years of age before and after acute myocardial infarction: a case-control study.

A case-control study was conducted to examine the presence of psychosocial factors before, during, and after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Dutch men under sixty years of age. The study included 42 AMI patients and 48 individuals in an age-adjusted sampled control group. The psychological factors included high level of psychological stress, of social isolation, type A1 and A2 behavior, and mental depression. They were assessed by means of the Health Insurance Questionnaire of Greater New York. Univariate analysis indicated that the presence of psychological factors was common at the onset of the myocardial infarction (MI). It clearly diminished, however, after the MI had taken place. In a stepwise logistic regression analysis after adjustment for the independent variables hypertension, cholesterol, and smoking, the following three characteristics were independently related to the risk of MI: no talking (item of social isolation, P = 0.008), need to excel (item of type A1 behavior, P = 0.04), and blue feeling (item of mental depression, P = 0.09). The authors conclude that in men under 60 with AMI, the presence of psychosocial characteristics is common and that this group is going to change its life-style soon after the MI, even without any psychosocial rehabilitation therapy. Follow-up studies investigating the influence of psychological factors on survival and reinfarction should be adjusted for these changes in life-style.

Adult↗