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PubMed1980

Endoscopic evaluation of the effect of sucralfate therapy and other clinical parameters on the recurrence rate of gastric ulcers.

A randomized controlled clinical study was conducted to determine (a) whether basic aluminum sucrose sulfate (sucralfate) is effective in preventing or reducing gastric ulcer recurrence, and (b) the clinical parameters contributing to ulcer recurrence after endoscopically proved healing has been effected. A total of 167 patients were assigned on a random basis to either of two treatment groups, control (aluminum hydroxide and magnesium oxide) or sucralfate, and given these medications for 6 months. At the end of this period all medication was withdrawn from both groups and the patients were followed for an additional 12 months. Each patient was examined endoscopically at bimonthly intervals throughout the 18-month observation period. Treatment (sucralfate), ulcer history, size of previous ulcer(s), prestudy healing time, and prestudy healing stage attained (red or white scarring) were associated with a significant reduction in recurrence rate. Ulcer recurrence was markedly reduced in sucralfate patients as compared to control when the pretreatment ulcers had healed slowly (P less than 0.001).

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Nanocrystalline MgO for asymmetric Henry and Michael reactions.

Nanomaterials with their three-dimensional structure and defined size and shape are considered to be suitable candidates for proper alignment with prochiral substrates for unidirectional introduction of reacting species to induce an asymmetric center. We herein report the design and development of a truly recyclable heterogeneous catalyst, nanocrystalline magnesium oxide, for the asymmetric Henry reaction (AH) to afford chiral nitro alcohols with excellent yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities (ee's) for the first time. Bronsted hydroxyls are the sole contributors for the ee, while they add on to the activity in AH. It is demonstrated that the hydrogen bond interactions between the -OH groups of (S)-(-)-binol and the -OH groups of MgO are essential for the induction of enantioselectivity. Further, to prove the above hypothesis, we have successfully carried out another reaction, asymmetric Michael reaction (AM) with nanocrystalline MgO. The reusable and suitably aligned nanocrystalline MgO-catalyzed AH and AM reactions afforded chiral products with comparable ee's to that of the homogeneous system.

Catalysis↗

PubMed1992

[A comparative study of the in-vitro solubility and availability of magnesium from various sources for cattle].

Magnesium (Mg) is often added to the feed of cattle to meet the dietary requirements of this element. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is usually used. However, if the supplemented MgO does not dissolve in the rumen, it will not be effective. The solubility of eight preparations of MgO was measured with three different in vitro methods. Particle size and origin varied among the eight preparations. Solubility in vitro ranged from hardly soluble (MgO-C) to highly soluble (MgO-A). In an experiment with four cows with rumen fistulas (4 x 4), the solubility of the MgO preparations in vitro was found to parallel their solubility in the rumen and their urinary excretion. It was concluded that not only the amount of MgO added to the ration is important but also the solubility of the MgO.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Experimental ammonia-free phosphate-bonded investments using Mg(H2PO4)2 solution.

In our previous study, we investigated ammonia-free phosphate-bonded investments using Mg (H2PO4)2 powder. The purpose of the present study was to attempt usage of 50 wt% Mg (H2PO4)2 solution instead of powder. Magnesium oxide (MgO) was prepared as a binder and cristobalite was selected as a refractory. After arranging six kinds of experimental investments (A-F) with different cristobalite/MgO ratios, the fundamental properties of the dental investments were examined. The properties of the molds were influenced by the amount of MgO. Decreases in MgO showed lower mold strengths, longer setting time and larger setting expansion. According to XRD analysis, the peaks of MgH(PO4)3 x 3H2O newly formed, cristobalite and MgO were detected in the A set, but MgO peaks in F set were reduced. On the other hand, the surface of F was entirely covered by phosphorus. From these results, it was found that the usage of Mg(H2PO4)2 solution was possible for ammonia-free investments.

Ammonia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Flow visualization in an artificial heart using diffuse and planar laser lighting.

The purpose of the study was to characterize flow properties within a clinical pusher plate type artificial heart. Dual camera video tape and synchronized still photographs were used to study flow patterns. Diffused light and a planar laser source provided illumination. The laser light was turned into a plane of light with a thickness varying from 0.1 to 10 mm, and magnesium oxide and Amberlite particles were used as tracers. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by the examination and digitization of flow patterns. Inflow, outflow, pneumatic drive and after-load pressure, diaphragm motion, cardiac output, and heart rate were measured and recorded. An electrical circuit was developed to synchronize pump diaphragm motion with captured images of flow trajectories. Trajectories were then digitized, and velocities, turbulence, and shear stresses were calculated. As the result of these experiments, disturbed, recirculating, and stagnation zones were identified and global and local turbulence values were determined. Simultaneous turbulence, stasis, recirculation, and laminar flow patterns were observed during most phases of the pumping cycle. Velocities obtained varied from 2 cm/sec to 145 cm/sec; total local shear stresses of 12 to 897 dynes/cm2 were seen.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed1994

pH-independent controlled-release microspheres using polyglycerol esters of fatty acids.

The release of a drug having low solubility in a certain pH range from controlled-release microspheres using tetraglycerol pentastearate and tetraglycerol monostearate in combination as the matrix base showed pH dependence. Trepibutone, an acidic drug having lower solubility in an acidic medium, was released pH-independently from the microspheres which incorporated magnesium oxide, a solid base. It might have resulted from the pH inside the matrix being kept in an optimum range for drug release due to the incorporation of a solid base. On the other hand, the addition of water soluble acidic or basic excipients was ineffective to achieve pH-independent release. For papaverine, a basic drug, pH-independent drug-release characteristics could be achieved by adding Eudragit L100-55, an enteric polymer. It is thought that the enteric polymer increased the pores for drug release by dissolving in a higher pH range, where the solubility of papaverine is low, and thereby made the release pH-independent. Further, selecting a polyglycerol ester of a fatty acid with an appropriate hydrophile-lipophile balance as the matrix could yield a drug with the desired release rate at any pH.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed2002

[A case-control study of prevention of irinotecan-induced diarrhea: the reducing side effects of irinotecan by oral alkalization combined with control of defecation].

Irinotecan and its active metabolite, SN-38, were reported to have the absorption characteristics of weakly basic drugs. Moreover, stasis of these compounds is thought to induce damage to the intestinal mucous membrane. The purpose of this report was to examine whether oral alkalization (OA) combined with control of defecation (CD) might prevent irinotecan-induced side effects. From day one of irinotecan infusion to day four, OA & CD were practiced using orally administered sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, basic water, and ursodeoxycholic acid. Thirty-two lung cancer patients were treated with irinotecan in combination with cisplatin in the absence of OA & CD (Group A). Thirty-seven patients matched for background characteristics were treated with the same regimen in the presence of OA & CD (Group B). Group B had a reduced incidence of delayed diarrhea (Grade 2 < or = Group A 32.3% vs. Group B 9.4%), nausea, vomiting, and myelotoxicity, especially granulocytopenia compared with Group A. In addition, dose intensification was well-tolerated in Group B. Tumor response rates for non-small cell lung cancer were 59.3% (16/27 patients) in Group B against 38.5% (10/26 patients) in Group A. OA & CD appears to reduce the irinotecan-induced side effects, especially delayed diarrhea. Risk factors statistically associated with delayed diarrhea include advanced age and the use of irinotecan without OA & CD.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2001

Physicochemical characterization and evaluation of buccal adhesive tablets containing omeprazole.

The objective of this study was to develop an effective omeprazole buccal adhesive tablet with excellent bioadhesive force and good drug stability in human saliva. The omeprazole buccal adhesive tablets were prepared with various bioadhesive polymers, alkali materials, and croscarmellose sodium. Their physicochemical properties, such as bioadhesive force and drug stability in human saliva, were investigated. The release and bioavailability of omeprazole delivered by the buccal adhesive tablets were studied. As bioadhesive additives for the omeprazole tablet, a mixture of sodium alginate and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) was selected. The omeprazole tablets prepared with bioadhesive polymers alone had bioadhesive forces suitable for a buccal adhesive tablet, but the stability of omeprazole in human saliva was not satisfactory. Among alkali materials, only magnesium oxide could be an alkali stabilizerfor omeprazole buccal adhesive tablets due to its strong waterproofing effect. Croscarmellose sodium enhanced the release of omeprazole from the tablets; however, it decreased the bioadhesive forces and stability of omeprazole tablets in human saliva. The tablet composed of omeprazole/sodium alginate/HPMC/magnesium oxide/croscarmellose sodium (20/24/6/50/10 mg) could be attached on the human cheek without disintegration, and it enhanced the stability of omeprazole in human saliva for at least 4 h and gave fast release of omeprazole. The plasma concentration of omeprazole in hamsters increased to a maximum of 370 ng/ml at 45 min after buccal administration and continuously maintained a high level of 146-366 ng/ml until 6 h. The buccal bioavailability of omeprazole in hamsters was 13.7% +/- 3.2%. These results demonstrate that the omeprazole buccal adhesive tablet would be useful for delivery of an omeprazole that degrades very rapidly in acidic aqueous medium and undergoes hepatic first-pass metabolism after oral administration.

Adhesives↗

PubMed2006

Synthesis and characterization of one-dimensional MgO nanostructures.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanowire arrays, nanoribbons, two- and three-dimensional network like nanostructures were prepared by the simple thermal evaporation of Mg powder with and without using catalyst at a relatively low temperature. The non-catalytic approaches favor the formation of network like nanoforms whereas the catalytic approaches favors the formation of one-dimensional nanowire arrays and quasi one-dimensional nanoribbons depending on the temperature and vapor concentrations of the growth site. The diameter and length of the MgO network like columns varied within 40-50 nm and approximately 200 nm respectively. The MgO nanowires produced by the catalytic approach had diameter within 20-30 nm and length approximately 2 microm. Whereas the widths of the nanoribbons varied within 50-100 nm and their length were of the order of a few hundred micrometers. The nanoforms were single crystalline and cubic in phase. The products were characterized by the X-ray diffraction study, energy dispersive analysis of X-ray study, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence measurements to explore the structural, compositional, morphological, and physical properties of the MgO nanoforms.

Crystallization↗

PubMed2004

Weekly administration of irinotecan (CPT-11) plus cisplatin for refractory or relapsed small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Weekly administrations of CPT-11 plus cisplatin together with an anti-diarrheal program, the Oral Alkalization and Control of Defecation [Int J Cancer 1999;83:491; Int J Cancer 2001;92:269; Cancer Res 2002;62:179], were evaluated in this phase II study for patients with refractory or relapsed small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Patients were treated by weekly administrations of 60 mg/m(2) CPT-11 plus 30 mg/m(2) cisplatin on Days 1, 8 and 15 over 4 weeks. Coinciding with the infusions and for 4 days thereafter, the anti-diarrheal program was practiced using orally administered sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide and basic water. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients who had prior treatments of etoposide and platinum containing regimens (16 refractory patients and nine relapsed patients) were entered. The mean dose-intensities of CPT-11 and cisplatin were 154.8 and 77.4 mg/m(2) per course, respectively. Therefore, 86% of the planned dose was delivered. There were 20 partial responses and an overall response rate of 80% (95% confidence interval, 62-96%) was obtained. The median time to progression and the median survival after starting this regimen were 3.6 and 7.9 months, respectively. The major toxicity was myelosuppression. Grades 3 and 4 neutropenia occurred in 24 and 12% of patients, respectively. One patient with febrile neutropenia was experienced, and Grade 3 diarrhea was observed in 8%. But there was no treatment death. CONCLUSION: Weekly administrations of CPT-11 plus cisplatin together with Oral Alkalization and Control of Defecation provide a practical and well tolerated regimen that was active for refractory or relapsed small cell lung cancer.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Effect of magnesium on the intestinal absorption of calcium in man.

OBJECTIVE: In view of the widespread use of magnesium (Mg) as a nutritional supplement, we investigated whether Mg would affect the absorption of calcium (Ca) as the intestinal absorption sites for Mg and Ca differ. METHODS: The intestinal absorption of Ca, using 47CaCl2 as the tracer, and metabolic balances of Ca, phosphorus (P) and Mg were determined in five adult males under strictly controlled dietary conditions in control studies and during Mg supplementation. Mg was given as magnesium oxide (MgO) in 10 studies during two Ca intakes: five studies during a low Ca intake of 241 mg/day and five studies during a normal Ca intake of 812 mg/day. Dietary Mg intake ranged from 241 to 264 mg/day in control studies. During Mg supplementation, the total Mg intake ranged from 789 to 826 mg/day. RESULTS: There was no change of the intestinal Ca absorption during Mg supplementation during the two Ca intakes. The only change was the higher 1-hour 47Ca plasma level in the 47Ca absorption studies during the high Mg intake. Urinary Ca increased during Mg supplementation only during the low Ca intake, the Ca balance became more negative but this difference was not significant. There was also no change in Ca excretion or Ca balance during the high Mg intake at the normal Ca intake of 800 mg/day. P balance studies showed a slight decrease in urinary P and an increase in fecal P, but the P balances did not change. Mg balances were negative in control studies during the two Ca intakes. Supplemental Mg increased both urinary and fecal Mg excretion and the Mg balance became positive, but these differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: The increased Mg intake of 826 mg did not affect intestinal Ca absorption determined with tracer doses of 47Ca during Ca intakes of 241 and 812 mg/day.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A phase I/II trial of irinotecan-cisplatin combined with an anti-late-diarrhoeal programme to evaluate the safety and antitumour response of this combination therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

We conducted a phase I/II study in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to increase the therapeutic index of the cisplatin-irinotecan combination by institution of an anti-late-diarrhoeal program (ADP). A total of 77 chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled. The cisplatin dose was fixed at 60 mg m(-2) (Day 1). Irinotecan was escalated in 5 mg m(-2) increments, starting from 60 mg m(-2) (Days 1 and 8). ADP consisted of oral sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, basic water, and ursodeoxycholic acid, and was administered orally for 4 days with each dose of irinotecan. In the phase I portion, irinotecan pharmacokinetics was also examined. After the recommended dose of irinotecan with ADP was determined, a phase II study was conducted to evaluate the response. Maximum tolerated dose was reached at an irinotecan dose of 80 mg m(-2) (Grade 4 diarrhoea and neutropenia). Pharmacokinetic studies show that the maximum concentration and the area under the curve of both irinotecan and SN38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) tend to increase in the dose-dependent manner of irinotecan. The phase II portion of the study included 48 patients, who were treated with 75 mg m(-2) of irinotecan. Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia in 65%, leucopenia in 33%, and late diarrhoea in 6% of the patients. During this treatment, PS did not change in 65% of patients. At the end of the chemotherapy, PS did not decline in 90% of patients. In the phase II portion, a response occurred in 63% (95% confidential interval (CI), 47-76%) of patients. Median time to progression was 19 weeks (95% CI, 15-22 weeks), and median survival was 52 weeks (95% CI, 39-64 weeks). This regimen of irinotecan and cisplatin with ADP resulted in promising efficacy with acceptable toxicity for patients with advanced NSCLC. This regimen is a candidate for the experimental arm towards future phase III studies.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2000

Characterization of plasma magnesium concentration and oxidative stress following graded traumatic brain injury in humans.

Plasma magnesium, calcium, and oxidative status were investigated in 31 male casualties with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during a 7-day posttraumatic period. The study group consisted of eight patients with mild closed head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score [GCS] of 13-15), 10 patients with extensive penetrating head injury (GCS 4-6), and 13 patients with blast injuries but without direct head trauma. The latter group was included since previous experimental and clinical data have confirmed the development of indirect brain trauma in patients with blast injuries. Patients with multiple injuries were not included. Significant declines in plasma divalent cations were found in GCS 4-6 patients immediately after TBI and persisting for the entire 7-day study period. Similar changes in magnesium, but not calcium, were present in the GCS 13-15 and the blast injury groups, but only up until day 3 after injury. Alterations in lipid peroxidation products and superoxide anions were also observed following TBI. Increased lipid peroxidation was noted in all three groups over the entire posttraumatic period while increases in superoxide anion generation occurred transiently immediately following TBI. Thereafter, in the GCS 13-15 and blast injury groups, superoxide anions subsequently normalized, whereas in extensive head injury (GCS 4-6), superoxide anion generation significantly declined. A negative correlation between magnesium balance and oxidative stress was observed in all patients immediately after injury persisting in GCS 4-6 patients to the end of the observation period. Our findings suggest an interrelationship between magnesium changes and blood oxidants/antioxidants after TBI, which could be of both diagnostic and prognostic value in patients with neurotrauma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Magnesium deficit after renal transplantation with secondary posttransplantation hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia.

Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia after renal transplantation in an 18-year-old patient is described. Serum magnesium decreased in consequence of increased renal transplant function with high urinary magnesium excretion. At the time of serum magnesium depletion, pretransplantation hypocalcemia persisted and severe hypophosphatemia developed. Magnesium oxide treatment was followed by the increment not only in serum magnesium but also in serum calcium and phosphate to normal level. Causal relationship between magnesium deficit and impaired renal transplant tubular reabsorption of magnesium and between magnesium deficit and serum calcium and phosphate depletion in the patient is suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Magnesium and calcium changes in serum and atrial muscle caused by open heart surgery and the effect of preoperative oral magnesium administration].

The study was undertaken to compare magnesium and calcium serum concentration levels and magnesium and calcium atrial muscle content of between the non-magnesium group (20 patients) and the magnesium group (11 patients) in the perioperative period of open heart surgery. In addition, the incidence of arrhythmias was compared between the two groups. Late ventricular potentials and postoperative ventricular arrhythmias were evaluated in both groups. The patients of the magnesium group were administered a daily oral intake of 3.0 g of magnesium oxide for ten days before operation. In both groups, serum concentration of magnesium decreased abruptly due to hemodilution after the operation and began increasing gradually from 24 hours after the operation. However, in the non-magnesium group the concentration decreased below the normal range in the 24 hour period after the operation and elevated to above the preoperative value from the third to fifth postoperative days. In the magnesium group serum concentration of magnesium was higher during the 24 hours after the operation and lower from the third to fifth postoperative days than the non-magnesium group. Thus, the fluctuation was smaller in the magnesium group than the non-magnesium group. Serum concentration of calcium also decreased abruptly after the operation and gradually increased in the postoperative days in both groups. However, the level was always higher in the magnesium group than the non-magnesium group. The concentration ratio of serum calcium to magnesium was relatively unchanged postoperatively in the magnesium group, whereas it decreased significantly from the second to seventh postoperative days in the non-magnesium group. Magnesium and calcium contents in the atrial muscle were measured before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Before bypass, magnesium and calcium contents were higher in the magnesium group than the non-magnesium group. However, in the non-magnesium group the calcium content increased significantly after bypass compared to pre-bypass levels, whereas it was unchanged in the magnesium group. Ventricular arrhythmias severer than grade 3 were found in 4 cases in the non-magnesium group. On the other hand, no ventricular arrhythmias severer than grade 3 were found in the magnesium group. As to the incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias, no difference was demonstrated between both groups. The appearance of late ventricular potentials on signal averaged electrocardiograms was found variable and often transient, and no association was found between the appearance of late ventricular potentials and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. Smaller fluctuations of magnesium and calcium concentrations in serum as well as in the atrial muscle were observed in the postoperative days in the magnesium group. Magnesium and calcium ratio also showed smaller fluctuations in the postoperative days in the magnesium group. In conclusion, these factors, along with suppression of calcium influx in the cardiac muscle, appeared to serve to reduce the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in the magnesium group.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1993

Magnesium and ageing. I. Experimental data: importance of oxidative damage.

Magnesium status may be compromised with ageing for two reasons: insufficient intake (magnesium deficiency) or alterations in magnesium metabolism (magnesium depletion). There is a large volume of literature suggesting that magnesium deficit contributes to the ageing process and to the vulnerability to age-related diseases. One of the biological changes associated with ageing is an increase in free radical formation with subsequent damage to cellular processes. Prime targets of the more reactive free radicals are unsaturated lipids in cell membranes, amino acids in proteins, and nucleotides in DNA. The accumulation of unrepaired oxidative damage products may be a major factor in cellular ageing. Magnesium-deficient animals show an increased susceptibility to an in vivo oxidative stress and their tissues are more susceptible to in vitro peroxidation. Moreover, the protective properties of various antioxidant drugs and nutrients suggest that free radicals are involved in the injury process of magnesium deficiency. The consequences on stress susceptibility, defective membrane functions and perturbation of intracellular calcium metabolism, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and ischaemia/reoxygenation injury, diabetes, fibrosis, immune dysfunction and other diseases associated with ageing are presented and discussed.

Aging↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) as an anti-neoplastic and lipid-lowering agent.

IP6, a major dietary source of inositol phosphates, is a physiological antioxidant with potential to form complexes with cations linked to cell proliferation and hypercholesterolemia. Accordingly, we have examined the action of IP6 on dietary modulation of neoplasia and hyperlipidemia in a Fischer rat model (1, 2). Two studies were conducted on the effects of naturally-derived IP6, administered as purified phytate, a salt form of phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphoric acid). One study examined the effect on the growth of tumors promoted in syngeneic rats transplanted with a viral oncogene-transformed cell line. Increases in tumor incidence and growth rate of fibrosarcomas seen following administration of a special diet (containing 5% saturated fatty acids and 1.2% magnesium oxide) were completely mitigated by supplementation of the same diet with purified potassium-magnesium phytate (8.9% phytic acid by weight). The other study examined the IP6 effect on serum lipid and mineral levels in animals fed a cholesterol-enriched or standard diet. Elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and zinc/copper ratio associated with administration of the cholesterol-enriched diet were significantly lowered by supplementation of this diet with monopotassium phytate. Addition of monopotassium phytate to the standard diet also reduced serum lipid levels but did not significantly affect the zinc/copper ratio. These studies support a role for IP6 as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer and hyperlipidemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Maximum safe dietary magnesium and effects of high dietary magnesium on zinc metabolism in Holstein calves.

Fifteen male Holstein calves were fed diets containing .25 (control), .7, or 1.15% magnesium (from supplemental magnesium oxide) for 28 days. Feed consumption and growth rate were not affected adversely by .7% magnesium but were depressed with 1.15% magnesium. Fecal dry matter percentage was reduced slightly with .7% magnesium and substantially decreased with 1.15% magnesium. However, feces from calves fed .7% magnesium were more fluid in consistency. Urinary and fecal magnesium content increased in calves fed .7 and 1.15% magnesium, with changes closely related to dietary magnesium. Magnesium in plasma increased slightly with .7% magnesium and materially with 1.15%. Magnesium in liver, kidney, and heart was not affected by diets. Apparently calves can tolerate safely .7% magnesium, but 1.15% is detrimental. On day 21 of treatment, all calves received zinc-65 orally and were killed 7 days later. Calves fed .7 and 1.15% magnesium excreted less zinc-65 and retained more, especially in liver and large intestine. Liver and kidney of calves receiving higher percents magnesium had elevated stable zinc. Calcium and copper in tissue were not elevated. The effect of high dietary magnesium on zinc metabolism appears to be systemic in tissues.

Animal Feed↗