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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Comparison of 2 chlorhexidine mouthwashes on plaque regrowth in vivo and dietary staining in vitro.

Until recently, the few available chlorhexidine mouthrinse products have been 0.2% formulations. However, concentrations of 0.12% chlorhexidine appear as effective as 0.2%, if the volume of the rinse is increased to 15 ml. Since the mere incorporation of chlorhexidine in a formulation does not guarantee availability of the antiseptic, it would seem reasonable to evaluate or compare all products. This is particularly the case when other ingredients, such as fluoride are added. The 1st study compared the effect of a 0.12% chlorhexidine rinse with a 0.12% chlorhexidine/0.022% sodium fluoride rinse for effects on plaque regrowth. The study was a 7-day, blind, randomised, 2-cell cross-over design with a baseline control run in period, in which 18 subjects participated. Both chlorhexidine products significantly reduced plaque compared to control but the chlorhexidine fluoride rinse was less effective than the chlorhexidine only rinse. The 2nd study assessed the propensity of the chlorhexidine rinses to induce dietary staining in vitro. For the chlorhexidine fluoride rinse, this was less than the other 0.12% rinse and a commonly used 0.2% product. The data in vivo and in vitro suggest reduced chlorhexidine availability from the chlorhexidine fluoride product which appears to cause some loss of efficacy.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed2005

A non-staining chlorhexidine mouthwash? Probably not: a study in vitro.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Tooth staining is a common side effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinses and caused by the interaction of the di-cationic antiseptic with dietary chromogens. A product is now available, which claims an anti-discolouration system (ADS) with one clinical study in support. This study in vitro aims to determine whether two ADS rinses do or do not bind dietary chromogens. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Optically clear acrylic specimens were cycled through human saliva (2 min), one of the three chlorhexidine rinses (two ADS and a positive control) (2 min) or water and then soaked in tea (60 min). After each cycle the optical density (OD) of specimens were read on a UV/visible spectrophotometer. The exit point was the cycle at which OD was >2.0. RESULTS: All three rinses exceeded OD 2 at 11 cycles and there was no significant difference in staining for the ADS rinses compared with the positive control rinse. CONCLUSION: Based on extensive literature for the correlation of this test in vitro with chlorhexidine anti-plaque activity and propensity to stain in vivo these ADS rinses will have the same anti-plaque efficacy and potential to cause stain as established chlorhexidine rinse products.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed2006

Clinical application of povidone-iodine oral antiseptic 1% (Betadine mouthwash) and povidone-iodine skin antiseptic 10% (Betadine solution) for the management of odontogenic and deep fascial space infection.

Treatment of infections largely encompasses the field of dental medicine. Prevention and management of infection in the oral and maxillofacial region involve every facet of dental care that may be necessary due to caries, periodontal disease, pulpal pathology, trauma, reconstructive and surgical implants. One of the first surgical procedures in the treatment of localized infection commenced with the opening of bulbous abscesses with sharp stones and pointed sticks. The principles for the management of infection basically remain the same although the surgical technique has remarkably improved. It takes a qualitative and quantitative amount of bacterial insult to produce a certain degree of infection that may eventually lead to facial swelling, asymmetry, discomfort and loss of function. In the oral cavity and its surrounding structures, the predominant organisms such as the staphylococci and streptococci release enzymes responsible for the breakdown of fibrin (connective tissue ground substances) and lyse cellular debris, which facilitates a rapid spread of infection. At the University of the Philippines, Philippine General Hospital Medical Center, where I have served for 18 years, 90% of dental consultations from the outpatient department and emergency room complex concern infection, and 85% of facial swelling is dental in origin. A typical odontogenic infection is a dentoalveolar abscess that spreads deeply into the soft tissue rather than exiting superficially through the oral and cutaneous route, consequently involving the fascial spaces. Following the path of least resistance through connective tissue and along fascial planes, infection may diffuse quite distantly from its dental source, causing damage to the surrounding structures. Appreciation not only of the anatomy of the face and neck is necessary to predict sufficiently the pathway of spread of these infections, but also knowledge of how to drain these spaces adequately.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Fluoride in saliva and plaque following use of fluoride-containing mouthwashes.

The sensitivity of methodology for measuring the concentration of fluorine species in saliva and in plaque has been tested. Human subjects mouth-rinsed daily with aqueous solutions of NaF and Na2FPO3. Samples of unstimulated whole saliva and of plaque were collected twice weekly at least 18 hr after treatment application. Oral fluoride concentrations rose from placebo values for approximately two weeks before attaining equilibrium and returned to baseline when daily mouthrinsing was stopped. Mean elevated oral fluoride concentrations increased significantly with increasing applied NaF concentration in the range 0-1000 ppm F (0-0.053 mol/L). There appeared to be a linear relationship between saliva and plaque fluoride. The ability of fluoride treatments to sustain elevated oral fluoride levels between daily applications may be of major importance in caries control.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Delivery of antiplaque agents from dentifrices, gels, and mouthwashes.

Antiplaque agents delivered from toothpastes, gels, or mouthrinses can augment mechanical oral hygiene procedures to control the formation of supragingival plaque and the development of early periodontal disease. Clinically effective antiplaque agents are characterized by a combination of intrinsic antibacterial activity and good oral retention properties. The overall oral retention of an antiplaque agent is determined by the strength and rate of association of the agent with its receptor sites and the accessibility of these sites. The substantivity of an antiplaque agent and its clearance from the oral cavity are determined by the rate of dissociation of the agent from the receptor sites and the salivary composition and flow rate. Positively charged and non-charged organic molecules, metal ions, enzymes, and surface-active agents have all been considered as antiplaque agents. To exert clinical antiplaque activity, an antimicrobial agent must be formulated in a chemically compatible delivery vehicle to give optimal release and uptake to the sites of action in a biologically active form during its time of application. In principle, antiplaque activity may be enhanced by combining antimicrobial agents with broadly similar, but complementary, modes of action. Alternatively, the activity of a single agent may be increased by use of a retention aid to enhance oral substantivity. Substantial evidence exists to demonstrate the validity of the first approach. However, there are few data, as yet, to support the effectiveness of the second. The oral mucosa is the bulk retention site for all clinically proven antiplaque agents. Plaque, the pellicle-coated tooth surface, and saliva are probably all sites of biological action. A detailed understanding of the interactions between agents and the various receptor sites, and of the importance of these receptor sites to biological activity, is generally lacking.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗