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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Food-allergic reactions in schools and preschools.

BACKGROUND: Food allergies may affect up to 6% of school-aged children. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a telephone survey to characterize food-allergic reactions in children (defined as those aged 3-19 years in this study) with known food allergies in schools and preschools and to determine mechanisms that are in place to prevent and treat those reactions. DESIGN: The parents of food-allergic children were contacted by telephone and asked about their child's history of food-allergic reactions in school. The schools the children attended were contacted, and the person responsible for the treatment of allergic reactions completed a telephone survey. RESULTS: Of 132 children in the study, 58% reported food-allergic reactions in the past 2 years. Eighteen percent experienced 1 or more reactions in school. The offending food was identified in 34 of 41 reactions, milk being the causative food in 11 (32%); peanut in 10 (29%); egg in 6 (18%); tree nuts in 2 (6%); and soy, wheat, celery, mango, or garlic in 1 (3%) each. In 24 reactions (59%), symptoms were limited to the skin; wheezing occurred in 13 (32%), vomiting and/or diarrhea in 4 (10%), and hypotension in 1 (2%). Also, 15 (36%) of the 41 reactions involved 2 or more organ systems, and 6 (15%) were treated with epinephrine. Fourteen percent of the children did not have a physician's orders for treatment, and 16% did not have any medications available. Of the 80 participating schools, 31 (39%) reported at least 1 food-allergic reaction within the past 2 years and 54 (67%) made at least 1 accommodation for children with a food allergy, such as peanut-free tables, a peanut ban from the classroom, or alternative meals. CONCLUSIONS: It is common for food-allergic children to experience allergic reactions in schools and preschools, with 18% of children having had at least 1 school reaction within the past 2 years. Thirty-six percent of the reactions involved 2 or more organ systems, and 32% involved wheezing. Every effort should be made to prevent, recognize, and appropriately treat food-allergic reactions in schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Use of traps to capture black and gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) on the Islands of the upper Paraná River, Southern Brazil.

Howlers (genus Alouatta) are widely captured with the use of anesthetic projectiles; however, no capture protocol involving the use of traps has been described to date. In the present study we describe the first efficient capture program for black and gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) using traps, which was implemented on the islands of the upper Paraná River in southern Brazil. We constructed two trap models with either manual or automatic activation (trap A with two entrances and guillotine-type doors; trap B with one entrance and a guillotine-type door). The traps were suspended in the canopy by means of vertical climbing techniques, and were baited regularly and abundantly with bananas and mangoes. We captured 70 howlers (86% using manual activation and 14% using automatic activation) on four different islands. We restrained 41 of these animals and measured their body mass, which averaged 5.30 kg+/-1.79. Given our results, we suggest that the system described in the present study represents an alternative capture program for howlers in areas that have low food diversity and no other mammal species that will compete for the bait, as has been observed in riparian environments, islands, and forest fragments.

Alouatta↗
PubMed2005

Effect of mangiferin on radiation-induced micronucleus formation in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Irradiation causes a variety of lesions in important biomolecules of the cell through generation of free radicals leading to genomic instability. DNA strand breaks, acentric fragments, or defective kinetochores are manifested as micronuclei after the first cell division. Chemicals that can trap free radicals may reduce the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. Mangiferin (MGN), a glucosylxanthone derived from Mangifera indica (mango), was investigated for its ability to reduce the frequency of radiation-induced micronucleated binucleate cells (MNBNCs) in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs). HPBL cultures were pretreated with 0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 microg/ml of MGN for 30 min before exposure to 3 Gy of (60)Co gamma-radiation. The maximum decline in radiation-induced micronuclei was observed at a concentration of 50 microg/ml MGN; thereafter, a nonsignificant elevation in MNBNC frequency was observed at 100 microg/ml MGN. Since the lowest MNBNC frequency was observed for 50 microg/ml MGN, dose-response studies were undertaken using this concentration. Irradiation of HPBLs with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 Gy of gamma-radiation caused a dose-dependent elevation in the MNBNC frequency, while treatment of HPBLs with 50 microg/ml MGN 30 min before radiation resulted in significant declines in these frequencies. MGN alone did not alter the proliferation index. Irradiation caused a dose-dependent decline in the proliferation index, while treatment of HPBLs with 50 micro/ml MGN significantly elevated the proliferation index in irradiated cells. MGN treatment reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in HPBLs in a concentration-dependent fashion. In cell-free studies, MGN inhibited the induction of (.)OH (hydroxyl), O(2) (.-) (superoxide), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS(.+) (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The results of this study indicate that MGN possesses radioprotective properties by suppressing the effects of free radicals.

Cell Proliferation↗
PubMed2005

Quantitation of triacylglycerols in plant oils using HPLC with APCI-MS, evaporative light-scattering, and UV detection.

The main constituents of plant oils are complex mixtures of TGs differing in acyl chain lengths, number and positions of double bonds, and regioisomerism. A non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC method with acetonitrile-2-propanol gradient and 30 + 15 cm NovaPak C18 columns makes possible an unambiguous identification of the highest number of TGs ever reported for these oils, based on positive-ion APCI mass spectra. A new approach to TG quantitation is based on the use of response factors with three typical detection techniques for that purpose (APCI-MS, evaporative light-scattering detection, and UV at 205 nm). Response factors of 23 single-acid TGs (saturated TGs from C7 to C22, 7 unsaturated TGs), 4 mixed-acid TGs, diolein and monoolein are calculated from their calibration curves and related to OOO. Due to differences between saturated and unsaturated acyl chains, the use of response factors significantly improves the quantitation of TGs. 133 TGs containing 22 fatty acids with 8-25 carbon atoms and 0-3 double bonds are identified and quantified in 9 plant oils (walnut, hazelnut, cashew nut, almond, poppy seed, yellow melon, mango, fig, date) using HPLC/APCI-MS with a response factor approach. Average parameters and relative fatty acid concentrations are calculated with both HPLC/APCI-MS and GC/ FID.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2000

Effectiveness of teacher modeling to encourage food acceptance in preschool children.

Although Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1997) suggests that teacher modeling would be one of the most effective methods to encourage food acceptance by preschool children, opinions of experienced teachers have not yet been sampled, teacher modeling has rarely been examined experimentally, and it has produced inconsistent results. The present study considers opinions of teachers and conditions under which teacher modeling is effective. Study 1 was a questionnaire in which preschool teachers (N=58) were found to rate modeling as the most effective of five teacher actions to encourage children's food acceptance. Study 2 and Study 3 were quasi-experiments that found silent teacher modeling ineffective to encourage either familiar food acceptance (N=34; 18 boys, 16 girls) or new food acceptance (N=23; 13 boys, 10 girls). Children's new food acceptance was greatest in the first meal and then rapidly dropped, suggesting a "novelty response" rather than the expected neophobia. No gender differences were found in response to silent teacher modeling. Study 4 was a repeated-measures quasi-experiment that found enthusiastic teacher modeling ("Mmm! I love mangos!") could maintain new food acceptance across five meals, again with no gender differences in response to teacher modeling (N=26; 12 boys, 14 girls). Study 5 found that with the addition of a competing peer model, however, even enthusiastic teacher modeling was no longer effective to encourage new food acceptance and gender differences appeared, with girls more responsive to the peer model (N=14; 6 boys, 8 girls). Thus, to encourage children's new food acceptance, present results suggest that teachers provide enthusiastic modeling rather than silent modeling, apply such enthusiastic modeling during the first five meals before children's "novelty response" to new foods drops, and avoid placing competing peer models at the same table with picky eaters, especially girls.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of gamma irradiation on the flavor composition of food commodities.

Fifteen food products including potato, sweet potato, shallot, onion, garlic, ginger, papaya, mango, rice, tobacco, small red bean, mungbean, soybean, wheat, flour and spices have been approved for irradiation by the National Health Administration in Taiwan. Market tests (Wu et al., 1996) provided strong proof that Taiwanese consumers would accept irradiated foods. However, researchers in the food industry are concerned about the possibility of chemical changes, especially in volatile composition, during irradiation processing. This study considers several food commodities, including garlic, ginger, shiitake, onion, potato, day-lily, tilapia, silver carp and shrimp. Food samples were irradiated with optimum doses and then studied for possible occurrence of chemical changes and effects on compositional characteristics of foods.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

IgE binding to a new cross-reactive structure: a 35 kDa protein in birch pollen, exotic fruit and other plant foods.

Food allergies in birch pollen allergic patients have been shown to be due to cross-reactivities of specific IgE antibodies which are directed against birch pollen allergens with related proteins in fruit, nuts and vegetables. We identified a new cross-reactive structure of 35 kDa in birch pollen and some plant food extracts by Enzyme Allergosorbent Test (EAST) and immunoblot inhibition studies. The 35 kDa birch pollen protein is a minor allergen to which approximately 10-15% of birch pollen allergic individuals have specific IgE. Our data demonstrate that there is cross-reactivity of this protein with proteins of comparable size from lychee, mango, banana, orange, apple, pear and carrot. While the 35 kDa protein is immunologically independent of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, we also observed IgE binding to a 34 kDa structure which appears to be a Bet v 1 dimer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and practices among rural mothers in Haryana about childhood diarrhea.

Knowledge and practices of 108 rural mothers about childhood diarrhea, were determined by using pretested semi-structured interview schedules. The common causes of diarrhea reported were eruption of teeth (67.59%), eating of mud (51.85%), worm infestation (47.22%), change of climate (35.18%), poor personal hygiene (34.25%) and changes in diet (25.92%). Majority (83.33%) of mothers practiced food restriction during diarrhea. Seventy seven percent consulted their mother-in-laws in the first instance for treatment of diarrhea. The home remedies tried by mothers were, isabgol husk with curd (30.55%), ghee with tea (28.70%) water boiled with mint leaves (25.92%), local ghutti (22.22%) and unripe mango juice (16.66%). Majority of mothers (83.33%) believed that oral rehydration therapy alone, cannot treat diarrhea.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

[Contact allergy caused by poison ivy (Toxicodendron spp].

Within 3 days two female patients presented with an eruption featuring erythema, edema, vesicles and bullae. We suspected poison ivy allergy which was subsequently proven by history and positive patch tests. In Germany the risk of specific hypersensitivity to Toxicodendron species is low, since the distribution of such plants is confined to botanical gardens. Other species belonging to the family of Anacardiaceae contain urushiols as well (e.g., mango, cashew) and may cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Tomato juice, chocolate drink, and other fluids suppress volitional drinking of alcohol in the female Syrian golden hamster.

Although the hamster generally prefers alcohol at a level similar to that of the rat or mouse selectively bred to consume alcohol, the drinking hamster demonstrates neither physical dependence on alcohol nor elevated blood levels of alcohol, which are two typical criteria characterizing an animal model of alcoholism. The present investigation was designed to determine whether a third criterion of an animal model (i.e., consumption of high levels of alcohol in the presence of a palatable fluid, fulfilled by the P rat) would be met by the female Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). A standard 3-bottle preference test was undertaken in 6 female hamsters over an 11 day period, in which water was presented in one tube and, in a second tube, a v/v solution of alcohol which was increased in concentration from 3% to 50% on each day as follows: 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Then each hamster was offered its individually determined, maximally preferred concentration of alcohol for 4-8 days, which was 20%, 25%, or 30% alcohol. The mean absolute intake of alcohol during this period was 17.9 +/- 1.1 g/kg per day, whereas the mean proportion of alcohol to total fluid was 0.68 +/- 0.05. Then over a 4-day interval, a solution of tomato juice, peach juice, mango juice, dextrose and a chocolate beverage (Ensure Plus), all made isocaloric to the alcohol solutions with dextrose, was placed in the third tube simultaneously with water and the individually preferred concentration of alcohol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1984

Seasonal variations in plasma retinol and carotenoid levels in rural Gambian women.

Plasma carotenoid levels exhibited a major seasonal variation in pregnant and lactating women in Keneba, a rural Gambian village. This is probably due mainly to the seasonally related contribution of mangoes, which are a major dietary component during May and June, but are essentially unavailable for the remainder of the year. Plasma retinol levels, on the other hand, exhibited much less seasonal variation, although a trend towards higher levels in May and June was just discernible. Plasma retinol levels were significantly lower than those observed in a group of pregnant and lactating women living in the UK.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1987

Mutagenicity tests of cashewnut shell liquid, rice-bran oil and other vegetable oils using the Salmonella typhimurium/microsome system.

In view of the shortage of edible oils in India, nutritional and toxicological evaluations have been carried out on some unconventional oils to determine whether they might be safe for human consumption. As part of these evaluations, eight unconventional oils were tested by the Ames mutagenicity assay, using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation with S-9 mix prepared from the livers of rats pretreated with sodium phenobarbitone or Aroclor 1254. Of the oils tested, metsa oil (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and cashewnut shell liquid were mutagenic with and without metabolic activation with S-9 of either source. No mutagenic activity (with or without S-9 of either source) was observed with any of the other oils tested (rice-bran oil, Cleome viscosa oil, mango-kernel oil, mahua oil, kapok oil and neem oil).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Role of new allergens and of allergens consumption in the increased incidence of food sensitizations in France.

Food allergy is a group of distinct clinico-pathological entities that have an immunological basis in common, and in which an abnormal or exaggerated immunological response to a specific food leads to disease. Some clinical pictures involving multiple organ system (anaphylaxis) are potentially fatal. The data on the incidence, prevalence, mortality rate and food products involved in food-induced anaphylaxis and the evolution of food sensitization compared with changes in eating habits are not very reliable. In the present study we analysed, over a period of 9 years (1984-1992), a group of 580 patients with pathological reactions to foods, 60 of which presented severe, near-fatal reactions. We sought the etiologic components and food sensitization in comparison with the principal tendencies of food consumption in France. Food products most frequently incriminated in anaphylactic reactions are not of a primary nutritional importance: celery (30%), crustaceans (17%), fish (13%), peanuts (12%), mango (6%), mustard (3%), but they are often hidden allergens in commercial foods. The sensitization to food products in the group of 580 patients reveals, in decreasing order of frequency: wheat (39%), peanuts (37%), crab (34%), celery (30%), soy (30%). Compared with previous data, the frequency of sensitization to different foods has changed; for instance, the sensitizations to wheat, soy, peanuts, celery, mustard, rice, are definitely increasing. The increased consumption and more attentive clinical research may be the reasons for this evolution. For products such as egg and pork, the data are stable and parallel with consumption, whilst for other products like milk and other dairy products, the increased consumption is accompanied by a decrease of the incidence of sensitization. The reactivity to some allergens may be affected by the way of preparing the food.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Lectin agglutination of thermophilic Campylobacter species.

Agglutination tests with lectins indicated differences in the surface composition of strains of the thermophilic (optimum temperature 42 degrees C) Campylobacter species C. coli, C. faecalis, C. hyointestinalis, C. jejuni and C. laridis. All strains examined were agglutinated by the protein-reactive agglutinins of Mangifera indica (mango) and Persea americana (avocado) and a large proportion was also agglutinated by the carbohydrate-reactive lectins of Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) and Triticum vulgaris (wheat germ). Reactions with other lectins varied widely between strains, even of the same species and serotype. Lectin agglutination may be useful as a supplementary procedure for characterizing individual Campylobacter isolates for epidemiological purposes.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2004

Neem leaves as a source of fertilizer-cum-pesticide vermicompost.

Vermicomposting of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) was accomplished in "high-rate" reactors operated at the earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) densities of 62.5 and 75 animals per litre of reactor volume. Contrary to the fears that neem--a powerful nematicide--might not be palatable to the annelids, the earthworms fed voraciously on the neem compost, converting upto 7% of the feed into vermicompost per day. Indeed the worms grew faster and reproduced more rapidly in the neem-fed vermireactors than in the reactors fed with mango leaf litter earlier studied by the authors (Gajalakshmi et al., 2003). Another set of experiments on the growth, flowering, and fruition of brinjal (Solanum melongena) plants with and without fertilization with vermicompost, revealed that the vermicompost had a significantly beneficial impact.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Pesticide bioconcentration modelling for fruit trees.

The model presented allows simulating the pesticide concentration evolution in fruit trees and estimating the pesticide bioconcentration factor in fruits. Pesticides are non-ionic organic compounds that are degraded in soils cropped with woody species, fruit trees and other perennials. The model allows estimating the pesticide uptake by plants through the water transpiration stream and also the time in which maximum pesticide concentration occur in the fruits. The equation proposed presents the relationships between bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the following variables: plant water transpiration volume (Q), pesticide transpiration stream concentration factor (TSCF), pesticide stem-water partition coefficient (K(Wood,W)), stem dry biomass (M) and pesticide dissipation rate in the soil-plant system (k(EGS)). The modeling started and was developed from a previous model "Fruit Tree Model" (FTM), reported by Trapp and collaborators in 2003, to which was added the hypothesis that the pesticide degradation in the soil follows a first order kinetic equation. The FTM model for pesticides (FTM-p) was applied to a hypothetic mango plant cropping (Mangifera indica) treated with paclobutrazol (growth regulator) added to the soil. The model fitness was evaluated through the sensitivity analysis of the pesticide BCF values in fruits with respect to the model entry data variability.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Extraction and chromatography of carotenoids from pumpkin.

Vitamin A deficiency is a health problem in Southeast Asia that can be corrected by feeding orange fruits and vegetables such as mango. Pumpkin is a traditional Korean food that is easy to store and is already believed to have health benefits. We extracted carotenoids from pumpkin by liquid-liquid extraction and by supercritical fluid extraction. We measured carotenoids by reversed-phase chromatography with diode array detection. The major carotenoid in pumpkin (> 80%) is beta-carotene, with lesser amounts of lutein, lycopene, alpha-carotene and cis-beta-carotene. Pumpkin is a rich source of beta-carotene and might be useful for preventing Vitamin A deficiency.

Carotenoids↗