Statements on emerging surgical technologies and the evaluation of credentials. American College of Surgeons.
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Is technology value-free or is it value-laden? How does technology affect human autonomy? These questions, viewed within the context of medicine, are the focus of attention in this article. The central argument is that we need neither to subscribe to the value-neutrality dictum nor to the all-encompassing value-ladenness thesis to explain the pertinent position of technology in medicine. Technology is constitutive of and strongly implicated in difficult questions of value. This, however, does not mean that technology is identical to (or neutral to) these value-laden questions. Technology poses issues of value, but only some of these relate to technology qua technology. Hence, it makes a difference whether we discuss general questions of value posed by technology or whether we discuss the value-ladenness of technology. Admitting technological value-ladenness does not imply that we are subject to a technological imperative that reduces our autonomy, on the contrary, it explains how technology increases our responsibility. This is particularly prominent in medicine.
The authors describe the development of a position in animal care that combines husbandry, veterinary care, breeding colony management, and in vivo research support. The integration of these tasks gives participating animal care staff more diverse responsibilities and leads to more effective communication and collaboration between researchers and husbandry personnel.
Keeping employees motivated is a challenge faced by managers in the field of laboratory animal science and in the business world at large. Using Maslow's 'Hierarchy of Needs' theory as a guide, the authors describe how managers can create a recognition program to keep employees feeling happy and rewarded. They discuss programs used at Bristol-Myers Squibb and share lessons learned from various programs.
An effective Animal Care and Use Program is critical to an institution's ability to ensure that animal research is conducted humanely and follows all applicable regulations and guidelines; however, no straightforward definition of the fundamentals of such a Program now exists. The author provides a global view of the key programmatic components, which can be used to improve existing programs or implement new programs.
The increasing debate dealing with topics of medicine and with medicine itself necessitates a scientific and systematic approach to the reality of medicine as a whole. This can be accomplished by the philosophy of medicine. For the purpose of reorientation of this discipline a division into notices of medicine, aesthetics of medicine and ethics of medicine is proposed.
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