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PubMed1991

Stress and infectious disease in humans.

This article reviews research on the role of stress in infectious disease as measured either by illness behaviors (symptoms and use of health services) or by verified pathology. Substantial evidence was found for an association between stress and increased illness behavior, and less convincing but provocative evidence was found for a similar association between stress and infectious pathology. Introverts, isolates, and persons lacking social skills may also be at increased risk for both illness behaviors and pathology. Psychobiological models of how stress could influence the onset and progression of infectious disease and a psychological model of how stress could influence illness behaviors are proposed.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Conceptualizations of relapse: a summary of psychological and psychobiological models.

While substance use disorders have long been recognized as chronic relapsing conditions, it has mainly been in the last two decades that clinical researchers have been systematically attending to the nature and processes of relapse. These efforts have led to the development of a variety of psychological and psychobiological models of relapse. These models are summarized in the present article, with particular attention placed on each model's basic principles and on the precipitants of relapse predicted by the respective models. The delineation of these models may help facilitate subsequent cross-referencing and cross-fertilization of thinking in this important area.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cognitive approach to anticipation in depression].

There is an extensive philosophical and humanistic literature concerning anticipation. Behavioural and cognitive theories have approached the concept of anticipation and have led to therapeutic solutions. The Lewinsohn model enables prediction and restoration of the activities of mastery and pleasure. The social psychology model (Bandura) forms the basis of training in assertiveness, using role-playing in order to be able to produce the relational situations which the patient will encounter. Learned helplessness for action (Seligman), teaches the reattribution of failures or successes, which leads the depressed patient to once again become involved in the action concerned. Exposure to feared situations (Marks) modifies catastrophic anticipations. The social reinforcement model (Liberman) enables prediction by functional analysis of factors involved in the persistence of problems and their modification. The mechanisms of anticipation have been reviewed since Bartlett and Ellis and up to the work of Beck. Structured patterns during existence determine thought processes in face of the circumstances which provoke them. Thus, in the opinion of the authors, our past affects our future in terms of the manner in which these patterns deal with information and determine our thoughts (cognitive events) and our vision of the future. The experimental basis of the cognitive model and the validation of these therapeutic approaches are described. The depressed patient makes negative predictions. Negative cognitions vary in conjunction with mood. Modification of these cognitions changes mood. Numerous studies are presented. They establish the effectiveness of this model, comparable to the action of antidepressant drugs and appearing to have a prolonged effect. The evaluation and cognitive treatment of anticipation are described: cognitive rating scales and analysis are proposed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cognition↗
PubMed1993

Modeling social and psychological determinants of exercise behaviors via structural equation systems.

Recent advances in structural modeling techniques allow for the testing of complex models representing social and behavioral processes. However, most reported applications in sport and physical activity have been limited to simple models involving variables measured at a single point in time. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to demonstrate the use of both cross-sectional and longitudinal latent variable modeling techniques by examining the relationships among efficacy cognitions, social support, and the exercise behaviors of sedentary adults. Results revealed a good fit for the re-specified model, suggesting the existence of a lagged feedback mechanism in which exercise behaviors influenced residual change in social support. In turn, efficacy cognitions appeared to serve a mediational function in the synchronous relationship between social support and exercise behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of the utility of structural equation modeling techniques for understanding the complex social and cognitive processes involved in exercise behavior.

Cognition↗
PubMed1989

Models of human memory.

The capacity to store and retrieve information is a property common to biological organisms and certain artefacts. Psychological models of human memory fall into two rival classes: a) "bionic" models which draw inspiration from the structural and functional properties of the central nervous system (computo bionic models); b) "symbolic information processing" models in which the inspiration for description and explanation of natural processes is drawn from the structural and functional properties of Von Neumann computers (computo-symbolic models).

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Trends in the social psychological study of justice.

Justice is one of the most basic and potentially important social psychological areas of inquiry. The assumption that others will be fair is what makes social cooperation possible. This article provides a brief review of trends, both historical and current, in the social psychological study of justice, and provides an introduction for a special issue of Personality and Social Psychology Review devoted to social psychological theorizing and research on the role that justice plays in human affairs. This overview highlights some exciting new directions in justice theorizing and research, including new uses of identity's ties to justice reasoning, increased attention to negative justice and moral emotion, as well as a greater emphasis on integrative and contingent, rather than competing, social psychological models of justice.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Depression in Parkinson's disease: a psychosocial viewpoint.

We started this chapter by examining a simple psychological model that depression was a straightforward reaction to the severity of the physical impairment of Parkinson's disease, and that the relationship between the two factors was essentially linear. Because of the progressive nature of the disease, it followed that any such relationship would also be reflected in factors such as stage of illness and duration. As seen, however, the data have consistently failed to support such a simple reactive model. Examining the equivalent literature on other physical disorders revealed a remarkably similar picture suggesting that the model is largely inadequate in general, as well as in relation to Parkinson's disease. This inadequacy, however, should not be taken as evidence that psychological factors are unimportant. Rather, it suggests only that we need a more comprehensive model linking chronic disabling illness and depression. One revision suggested by the evidence was to consider nonlinear relationships, for example, between depression and stage of illness. Adopting a broader perspective, one may suppose that the risk of depression may change over the course of disease progression. For example, at the very beginning, diagnosis and the process of coming to terms with the fact of having a progressive and disabling illness may be sufficient to cause depression. Later in the course of the illness, progressive deterioration and increasing dependency may once again provoke depression. At any stage, a rapid deterioration (from whatever level) or the development or worsening of treatment complications may cause fresh concerns and require a fresh period of adjustment. Although the depression may be similar in each of these cases, the mediating psychological factor is different. In between these times, the individual may adapt to the illness and its consequences and show less vulnerability to depression. A further modification of the model is to consider the influence of multiple factors. While any one factor may individually predict depression only weakly, in combination, they may explain the observed pattern of depression more accurately. Although little evidence is available, there is the suggestion that a combination of physical and psychological factors may provide a clearer picture of depression severity. The final, major modification suggested is to view the broad consequences of the physical disease, rather than the severity of the symptoms themselves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Modelling and modifying young heterosexuals' HIV-preventive behaviour; a review of theories, findings and educational implications.

Studies applying social cognitive frameworks such as the health belief model and the theory of reasoned action to HIV-prevention are reviewed. These models suggest that appropriate beliefs, attitudes, social norms, intentions and perceived self-efficacy are sufficient psychological conditions for safer sexual behaviour. Limitations inherent in these accounts are identified and additional factors which need to be incorporated in psychological models and health education programmes are highlighted. These include, the motivational complexity of sexual behaviour, the emotional and arousal states in which it is enacted, the difficulties of planning what is regarded as spontaneous interaction and contextual factors which can undermine HIV-preventive intentions. Health education interventions aimed at individual, group and community levels are examined in light of this theoretical review and action-focused, empowering interventions grounded in youth culture are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Homogeneous groups as treatment modality for anorectics.

The accumulated amount of research studies on anorexia has not until now produced a clear understanding of its etiology, symptoms and treatment. In this paper we deal with one aspect of the symptomatology: the delusion on the part of the anorectic patient of being normal or overweight. This issue, which seems the most obnoxious, is dealt with and discussed through a psychological model of group therapy with the participation of 7 anorectic women. Implications and limitations of further psychological treatment are clarified and revised.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Applications and computational strategies for the two-point mixture index of fit.

Although numerous descriptive measures have been proposed for assessing model fit when analysing frequency tables, the two-point mixture index of fit proposed by Rudas, Clogg, and Lindsay possesses features that make this index especially appealing in many applied research settings. In particular, the index has an intuitive interpretation that does not depend upon the specific nature of the model being assessed and is not sensitive to sample size. Also, the index can be applied when models are fitted to virtually any frequency table. This paper summarizes the underlying theory and addresses issues of estimation for goodness-of-fit tests for one-way or multi-way frequency tables as well as for certain latent variable models. In addition, a new approach for estimating a lower confidence bound for the index is presented.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Selecting among three-mode principal component models of different types and complexities: a numerical convex hull based method.

Several three-mode principal component models can be considered for the modelling of three-way, three-mode data, including the Candecomp/Parafac, Tucker3, Tucker2, and Tucker1 models. The following question then may be raised: given a specific data set, which of these models should be selected, and at what complexity (i.e. with how many components)? We address this question by proposing a numerical model selection heuristic based on a convex hull. Simulation results show that this heuristic performs almost perfectly, except for Tucker3 data arrays with at least one small mode and a relatively large amount of error.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Generalized reliability estimation using repeated measurements.

Reliability can be studied in a generalized way using repeated measurements. Linear mixed models are used to derive generalized test-retest reliability measures. The method allows for repeated measures with a different mean structure due to correction for covariate effects. Furthermore, different variance-covariance structures between measurements can be implemented. When the variance structure reduces to a random intercept (compound symmetry), classical methods are recovered. With more complex variance structures (e.g. including random slopes of time and/or serial correlation), time-dependent reliability functions are obtained. The effect of time lag between measurements on reliability estimates can be evaluated. The methodology is applied to a psychiatric scale for schizophrenia.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Limited-information goodness-of-fit testing of item response theory models for sparse 2 tables.

Bartholomew and Leung proposed a limited-information goodness-of-fit test statistic (Y) for models fitted to sparse 2(P ) contingency tables. The null distribution of Y was approximated using a chi-squared distribution by matching moments. The moments were derived under the assumption that the model parameters were known in advance and it was conjectured that the approximation would also be appropriate when the parameters were to be estimated. Using maximum likelihood estimation of the two-parameter logistic item response theory model, we show that the effect of parameter estimation on the distribution of Y is too large to be ignored. Consequently, we derive the asymptotic moments of Y for maximum likelihood estimation. We show using a simulation study that when the null distribution of Y is approximated using moments that take into account the effect of estimation, Y becomes a very useful statistic to assess the overall goodness of fit of models fitted to sparse 2(P) tables.

Binomial Distribution↗
PubMed2006

The use of configural frequency analysis for explorative data analysis.

Configural frequency analysis (CFA) is a widely used method of explorative data analysis. It tries to detect patterns in the data that occur significantly more or significantly less often than expected by chance. Patterns which occur more often than expected by chance are called CFA types, while those which occur less often than expected by chance are called CFA antitypes. The patterns detected are used to generate knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the data. We investigate the ability of CFA to detect adequate types and antitypes in a number of simulation studies. The basic idea of these studies is to predefine sets of types and antitypes and a mechanism which uses them to create a simulated data set. This simulated data set is then analysed with CFA and the detected types and antitypes are compared to the predefined ones. The predefined types and antitypes together with the method to generate the data are called a data generation model. The results of the simulation studies show that CFA can be used in quite different research contexts to detect structural dependencies in observed data. In addition, we can learn from these simulation studies how much data is necessary to enable CFA to reconstruct the predefined types and antitypes with sufficient accuracy. For one of the data generation models investigated, implicitly underlying knowledge space theory, it was shown that zero-order CFA can be used to reconstruct the predefined types (which can be interpreted in this context as knowledge states) with sufficient accuracy. Theoretical considerations show that first-order CFA cannot be used for this data generation model. Thus, it is wrong to consider first-order CFA, as is done in many publications, as the standard or even only method of CFA.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Maximal reliability and power in covariance structure models.

In covariance structure modelling, the non-centrality parameter of the asymptotic chi-squared distribution is typically used as an indicator of asymptotic power for hypothesis tests. When a latent linear regression is of interest, the contribution to power by the maximal reliability coefficient, which is associated with used latent variable indicators, is examined and this relationship is further explicated in the case of congeneric measures. It is also shown that item parcelling may reduce power of tests of latent regression parameters. Recommendations on weights for parcelling to avoid power loss are provided, which are found to be those of optimal linear composites with maximal reliability.

Humans↗