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PubMed1978

Characteristic motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in fasted conscious dogs measured by implanted force transducers.

Gastrointestinal contractile actiivity from the gastric body to the terminal ileum in conscious dogs was continuously recorded for several weeks by means of chronically implanted strain-gage force transducers. It was found that the 24-hr changes in the gastrointestinal contractile activity consisted of the two different major patterns, the digestive and interdigestive patterns. In the interdigestive state, a cyclic, recurring, caudad-moving band of strong contractions starting in the stomach and the duodenum and traversing the entire length of the small intestine was observed. When one band of strong contractions reached the distal ileum, another developed in the stomach and the duodenum again and propagated in a caudad direction. Such recycling episodes interrupted by long-lasting quiescence repeatedly occurred until the next meal. These characteristic contractile activities observed in our dogs are identical with the interdigestive myoelectric complex of the stomach and the small bowel recently reported by Code and Marlett (5). Four sequential phases (I-IV) of the migrating myoelectric complex, defined in terms of action potential activity, seem to correspond to the resting (quiescence), preceding irregular contractions, strong contractions, and subsiding contractions observed in the present study, respectively. Function and control mechanism of the interdigestive contractile activity were discussed.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1984

Chronic electrical activity of cat intestine.

Spontaneous electrical activity was recorded with bipolar electrodes from the gastrointestinal tracts of unanesthetized fasted cats (upper and lower cut-off frequencies: 35 and 3 Hz). In addition to slow waves (SWs) and spike potentials (SPs), the following three patterns of activity were recorded that are not observed in vitro. 1) Intense bursts of SPs (migrating spike complexes, MSCs) migrate caudally at a velocity of approximately 1 mm/s. MSCs resemble migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs) in their velocity and by their traversal of intestinal anastomoses. SWs are usually suppressed during and immediately after the MSC, and, on their return, propagate at a higher velocity than they do prior to the MSC. Unlike its effect on MMCs, motilin does not appear to elicit MSCs, a finding consistent with the fact that MSCs occur infrequently in the duodenum and not at all in the antrum. 2) Bursts of SPs are found in the absence of recorded SWs. The SP bursts are of variable duration and occur virtually simultaneously at several recording sites, or propagate at 1-2 cm/s in either direction along the jejunum. The more usual caudally propagating SPs occur when SWs reappear. 3) "Minute rhythms," periods of spiking SWs, occur simultaneously over long lengths of upper bowel, sometimes including antrum, at intervals of about 1-2 min. It is proposed that, despite their differences, the cat MSC may be the functional counterpart of the MMC, that cat SWs are not omnipresent, and that the minute rhythms described here are of central origin.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1984

Intestinal motility after infusion of arachis oil into duodenum and ileum of dogs.

Arachis oil and a mixture of arachis oil with bile and pancreatic enzymes were infused into the duodenum and ileum of dogs via surgically positioned catheters in order to study the mechanism of disruption of the migrating complex by intraluminally infused triglycerides, the importance of cholecystokinin and neurotensin in this event, and the pattern of digestive myoelectrical activity during fat digestion. When infused into the duodenum both arachis oil and the oil-bile-pancreatic enzyme mixture disrupted the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC). When infused into the ileum, only the oil-bile-pancreatic enzyme mixture disrupted the MMC. The duration of the disruption lasted as long as when the same amount of oil was administered orally. Triglyceride-induced digestive activity was characterized by the frequent alternation of short periods of spiking activity and short periods of quiescence. It is concluded that the triglyceride-induced disruption of the MMC-pattern is not caused by the triglyceride itself but by some emulsion or digestion product. We further suggest that the disruption is hormonally mediated and due to fat-stimulated neurotensin, rather than cholecystokinin (CCK), release.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1993

Migrating spike complex in the small intestine of the fasting cat.

This study characterizes the migrating spike complex (MSC) in the small intestine of the awake fasting cat and compares the MSC with interdigestive activity in the small intestine of other species. Electrical activity in each of 12 cats with implanted electrodes showed MSCs, bands of spike potentials which attenuated slow-wave frequency and amplitude as the MSCs progressed distally. MSCs occurred at variable frequency with intervals ranging from < 1 min to > 5 h and averaged 51.2 +/- 2.8 (SE) min. MSCs migrated at 1-8 mm/s, accelerating distally; the duration decreased distally such that the length of the bowel in a burst (2-3 cm proximally) was conserved. The MSC was associated with an intense prolonged contraction of duration similar to that of the MSC. Sometimes the MSCs occurred in close association, and when an MSC period was < 5.7 min, the second MSC propagated at a slower rate than the first. Frequently, a brief series of slow wave-associated spikes preceded an MSC. MSCs were not associated with slow waves. The MSC differs in several respects from the migrating myoelectric complex of other laboratory animals and is more appropriately classified in a category that includes giant migrating spikes, prolonged propagated contractions, power contractions, and migrating action potential complexes.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1988

Ketocyclazocine, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist, and control of intestinal myoelectric activity in dogs.

The role of kappa-opioid receptors in the control of fed and fasted myoelectrical activity of the stomach and small intestine was studied in conscious dogs implanted with bipolar silver electrodes. In fasted dogs, migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) cycle times were 105 +/- 14 min in the duodenum. Administration of ketocyclazocine (1 mg/kg iv) inhibited contractile activity, blocked migration of distally propagating MMCs, and increased the MMC cycle time to 246 +/- 56 min (P less than 0.0005). Pretreatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg iv) 5 min before administration of ketocyclazocine (1 mg/kg iv) prevented the disruption by ketocyclazocine of the distally propagating MMC but did not completely antagonize the effect of ketocyclazocine on MMC cycle time. MMC cycle time was 102 +/- 14 min before naloxone plus ketocyclazocine administration and 138 +/- 22 min after administration (P less than 0.005). Although MMC cycle times were still significantly prolonged over control after naloxone plus ketocyclazocine, cycle times were significantly decreased compared with ketocyclazocine administration alone (P less than 0.005). Ketocyclazocine (1 mg/kg iv) completely inhibited the fed pattern of myoelectric activity for 74 +/- 26 min when administered 15 min after feeding. Bethanecol (2 mg sc)-initiated spike activity was not blocked by ketocyclazocine. These studies suggest that endogenous opioids and kappa-opioid receptors may play a role in the inhibition of gastric action potentials and small intestinal spiking activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

A slow wave frequency complex of the canine small intestine during the fasting state.

The electrical activity of the duodenum and proximal jejunum was studied in conscious healthy dogs implanted with unipolar silver electrodes. A computerized method was used for the calculation of the mean frequency of the slow wave for each consecutive minute of the electromyographic signal. A "slow wave frequency complex" was identified in the fasted animals. It was characterized by an increase of the mean frequency of the slow wave which ranged, from one dog to another, between 1 and 3 cycles/min. The complex lasted about 30 min. It consisted of two distinct phases: a phase of increasing frequency of the slow wave which lasted about one-third of the total duration of the complex and a phase of progressive return of the frequency to its precomplex value. Each phase III of the migrating myoelectric complex occurring in both the duodenum and the jejunum was associated with one slow wave frequency complex. The phase III began a few minutes before the start of the slow wave frequency complex and ended a few minutes before the slow wave frequency reached its maximum. Ectopic phase IIIs which occurred in the jejunum but not in the duodenum were not associated with slow wave frequency complexes. The slow wave frequency complex was never seen in the fed dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The pancreatic polypeptide family and the migrating motor complex of the rat: differential effects in the duodenum and jejunum.

AIM: To investigate the effects of members of the pancreatic polypeptide family on migrating myoelectric complexes in rats in vivo. METHODS: Rats were supplied with bipolar electrodes at 5 (duodenum), 15 and 25 cm (jejunum) distal to pylorus for electromyography. The natural ligands neuropeptide Y, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY1-36 and peptide YY3-36 were infused IV at doses of 0.5-400 pmol kg(-1) min(-1). The mechanisms of action were studied after pre-treatment with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) 1 mg kg(-1), guanethidine 3 mg kg(-1) and in bilaterally vagotomized animals. RESULTS: PP inhibited myoelectrical activity dose-dependently in both the duodenum (ED50 5.8 pmol kg(-1) min(-1)) and jejunum (2.6 pmol kg(-1) min(-1)). PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 also had inhibitory effect in the jejunum (4.4 and 130 pmol kg(-1) min(-1), respectively). PYY1-36 had no significant effect in the duodenum, whereas PYY3-36 stimulated myoelectrical activity at the highest doses. NPY was without effect. In the jejunum neither L-NNA, guanethidine or vagotomy had any significant influence on the inhibitory effects of PP, PYY1-36 and PYY3-36. In the duodenum, the effect of PP was inhibited by guanethidine, but not L-NNA or vagotomy. The stimulatory effect of PYY3-36 in the duodenum was blocked by L-NNA and vagotomy, whereas guanethidine was without effect. CONCLUSION: Peptides of the PP family modulate small bowel motility differentially. Whereas their general effect is inhibitory in the jejunum, the mixing duodenal compartment is stimulated by PYY3-36, suggested to reflect receptor distribution distinction in the gut. This implicates distribution of distinct receptors in the gut being activated by either peptide.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The activity front of the migrating motor complex of the human stomach but not of the small intestine is motilin-dependent.

The role of motilin in the generation of the gastric component of phase 3 of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was studied in human volunteers. Interdigestive motor activity was recorded manometrically in five normal subjects after a fast of at least 15 h. Intraluminal pressures were measured in the gastric antrum at 4 levels 3 cm apart and in the upper small bowel at 3 levels 25 cm apart. Blood samples were drawn every 10 min for radioimmunoassay of motilin and PP. After 2 spontaneously occurring activity fronts (AF) had been recorded, bovine PP was infused intravenously at a rate of 50 micrograms/h. Following the third AF a combination of PP (50 micrograms/h) and 13-norleucine-motilin (30 micrograms/h) was infused until after the next AF. It was found that 90% of the spontaneous AFs originated in the stomach. They were preceded by a motilin peak. During the PP infusion, plasma PP levels increased from 29 to 256 pmol/l, motilin decreased from 42 to 15 pmol/l, and all AFs originated in the small bowel. During the combined PP and motilin infusion, plasma motilin increased to 330 pmol/l, and all AFs again originated in the stomach. It is concluded that motilin has an important role in the regulation of the MMC activity front in the stomach, but not in the small intestine. Postprandial rises in plasma PP might be involved in lowering motilin levels after a meal, and indirectly, in the disruption of gastric MMCs during digestion.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effect of irradiation on morphology and motility of canine small intestine.

In addition to severe damage to the intestinal mucosa, there is evidence based on altered transit that irradiation affects intestinal motor function. A single dose of 938 cGy to the intestine of dogs consistently produced an acute intestinal radiation syndrome consisting of vomiting and diarrhea but was not lethal. In the fasting state, the migrating myoelectric complex was uniformly interrupted. After a meal, jejunal myoelectric activity analyzed by a computer program showed a progressive decline in the number, duration, and length of migration of spike bursts. There were occasionally bizarre motility patterns consisting of clusters of migrating spike bursts. Slow waves demonstrated irregular rhythm and nonuniform morphology. They occasionally migrated in an orad direction and at times were totally uncoupled. At 24 hr and four days after irradiation, the muscle and the neural plexus were nearly normal by light microscopy, but the mucosa exhibited severe necrosis. Therefore, irradiation produces profound functional abnormalities in intestinal muscle even though the morphology is minimally altered.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

In vivo modulation of intestinal motility and sites of opioid effects in the rat.

The effects of subcutaneous (s.c.), intrathecal (i.t.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of fentanyl and D-Ala2,D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) on intestinal myoelectrical activity were examined in fed rats. In rats with chronically implanted electrodes on the small and large bowel, i.c.v. fentanyl and DADLE restored the 'fasted' pattern of duodenal activity, i.e. the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) for 8-12 h at a dose as small as 1 nM/kg. In addition, the colonic pattern of activity evaluated as the number of migrating spike bursts (MSB) per min was nearly halved for 1 h following i.c.v. fentanyl (10 nM/kg). Pretreatment with naloxone, but not methylnaloxone prevented these effects on the small and large bowel. Fentanyl (100 nM/kg s.c.) significantly reduced small and large bowel motility, but DADLE (100 nM/kg s.c.) which induced a transient 'fasted pattern' on the duodenum strongly stimulated colonic motor activity. Pretreatment with methylnaloxone prevented the inhibitory effects of s.c. fentanyl but not the colonic excitatory effects of DADLE. The i.t. administration of fentanyl and DADLE did not modify the activity pattern of the bowel. Again, i.t. DADLE stimulated the colon, even after methylnaloxone treatment and at doses 100 times less than the smallest active s.c. dose. The long-lasting changes in small bowel motility and the important delay following DADLE and fentanyl i.c.v., reinforces the hypothesis of a central opioid control of the gastrointestinal motor pattern with possible involvement of released substances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Canine intestinal myoelectric activity after total gastrectomy with jejunal interposition].

Changes of intestinal myoelectric activities after total gastrectomy with jejunal interposition were studied in three conscious dogs. Under general anesthesia a total gastrectomy was performed and intestinal continuity was reestablished by a 15 cm jejunal segment interposed between the esophagus and the duodenum. Two electrodes were sown each to the serosal surface of the interposed segment of the jejunum, duodenum, and distal potion of the jejunum, respectively. After recovery from the surgery, the myoelectric activities were recorded for 8 to 12 hours during fasting and after feeding a 200 ml liquid meal. In each segment, total gastrectomy did not alter the initiation of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) during fasting. Total gastrectomy also changed neither the postprandial inhibition of the enteric MMC nor the induction of the fed myoelectric pattern after feeding. The way of MMC propagation along the small intestine, however, showed various patterns. Each of three segments generated its own MMCs. Some complexes migrated to the next segment or had an effect on initiating new MMCs of the next segment. Although MMCs occurring in the segment of the interposed jejunum hardly migrated to the adjacent duodenum, some jumped to the distal jejunum. These results suggest that there are no coordinated activities between the interposed jejunum and the duodenum after total gastrectomy with jejunal interposition.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Myoelectric activity of the small intestine in enterotoxin-induced diarrhea of calves.

Electrodes were surgically implanted at 15-cm intervals in the jejunum and ileum of 4 healthy neonatal calves so that myoelectric activity could be recorded on 2 consecutive days. On the first day, each calf received a control treatment, and myoelectric activity was recorded for 340 minutes. Phase I was recorded for a mean of 175.8 +/- 22.8 minutes (51.5%), phase II for 124 +/- 27.4 minutes (36.5%), and phase III for 40.3 +/- 6 minutes (11.9%). On the second day, each calf was treated with approximately 200 micrograms of heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) of Escherichia coli orally. All calves developed diarrhea after the administration of STa. Phase I was recorded for a mean of 92.5 +/- 42.3 minutes (27.2%), phase II for 227.3 +/- 52.5 minutes (66.9%), and phase III for 20.3 +/- 11.4 minutes (6.0%). Increase in phase II and decrease in phases I and III after STa administration were significant (P less than 0.05). Duration of the migrating myoelectric complex was longer after STa administration (median, 64 minutes), compared with the control treatment (median, 54 minutes). Minute rhythms, recorded on the day of toxin administration, ranged from 49 to 153 minutes. There was no difference between the number of migrating action potential complexes on the control days (range, 1 to 10), compared with those on treatment days (range, 1 to 14). These findings are suggestive that enterotoxin-induced diarrhea of calves is accompanied by increased total spiking activity and minute rhythms in the distal portion of the jejunum and ileum.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

An intrinsic neural pathway for long intestino-intestinal inhibitory reflexes.

We studied the mechanisms of initiation and pathways for the propagation of intestino-intestinal inhibitory reflexes induced by close intraarterial injections of neostigmine in conscious dogs. Two or three T-shaped catheters were surgically implanted in the intestinal branches of the superior mesenteric artery to inject pharmacologic agents locally in 10-15-cm-long segments. Migrating myoelectric complexes were recorded by a set of 10 electrodes and strain-gauge transducers. Close intraarterial injection of neostigmine initiated strong contractions of long duration in the perfused segment that terminated phase III activity in progress 90-150 cm distal or proximal to the cannulated sites and stopped its further migration. Atropine or 4-diphenylmethoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide injected just before neostigmine administration through the same catheter blocked both the local contractile effects and the reflex inhibition of phase III activity. Pirenzepine or hexamethonium injected in a similar manner did not affect the local response to neostigmine but blocked the reflex inhibition of phase III activity. A transection and reanastomosis in the mid-small intestine blocked the reflex inhibition by close intraarterial injection of neostigmine beyond the transection site. Pirenzepine, atropine, or hexamethonium injected through a middle catheter also blocked the reflex inhibition of phase III activity beyond the site perfused with these cholinergic antagonists. Close intraarterial administration of 4-diphenylmethoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide at a middle site had no effect on reflex inhibition. We concluded that strong spasmodic contractions in the small intestine initiate an intestino-intestinal inhibitory reflex in both directions. This reflex is mediated through an intrinsic neural pathway involving nicotinic and M1 muscarinic receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Characteristics of fasting and fed myoelectric activity in rat small intestine: evaluation by computer analysis.

Evaluation of gastrointestinal myoelectric activity has been limited by the assessment techniques and the complexity of the recorded myoelectric signal. Commonly, myoelectric activity is evaluated as motor patterns, which only gives a semiquantitative measure of myoelectric events within the bowel wall. Using myoelectric recordings from the proximal small intestine in rats, a computerized system for acquisition, storage, display and calculation of characteristics for the myoelectric activity was developed. The software was tested in myoelectric recordings from nine rats in fasting and fed states. All migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs) during fasting and fed myoelectric patterns were recognized in both digital and analog recordings. Reproduction of myoelectric recordings by the computerized system was indistinguishable from that of the analog system. Employing an appropriate cut-off trigger level and a high sampling frequency, spike potentials were recorded in the proximal jejunum with 0.4 (0.3-0.5) spikes 10 s-1 during phase 1 of MMC, 19.5 (15.1-23.9) (P < 0.001) during phase 2, and 103.8 (97.2-110.5) (P < 0.001) during phase 3. In fasted state, MMCs were most frequent in the proximal jejunum whereas fewer were found in the duodenum and distal jejunum. To achieve stable values for MMC cycle length at least four MMCs had to be calculated. After feeding in phase 1, the myoelectric activity increased to 23.8 (13.6-33.9) spikes 10 s-1 (P < 0.001), whereafter the spiking activity decreased over a period of 2 h until a fasting motor pattern was resumed. It is concluded that computerized technology enables evaluation not only of myoelectric patterns, but also of spiking activity per time unit, i.e. the intensity of myoelectric activity in the gut.

Amplifiers, Electronic↗

PubMed1995

Non-invasive electrogastrography. Part 2. Human electrogastrogram.

The electrical activity of human stomach muscle wall-electrogastrogram (EGG), was led off by surface (cutaneous) electrodes placed on the abdominal wall and recorded on an electrogastrograph. A method for complete elimination of the cardiac artefact was elaborated and successfully implemented. It consists of a preliminary elimination of the QRS complex, based on its higher amplitude and slope. The eliminated intervals were replaced by linear segments. A subsequent low-pass filtering allowed to obtain a high quality EGG signal. The electrical activity of the stomach of healthy volunteers was characterized by waves with a frequency of 3.35 +/- 0.09 cpm during the quiescent periods and 2.99 +/- 0.14 cpm during the activity periods of the migrating myoelectrical complex (MMC). Bearing in mind the correlation between the bursts of spike potentials with the slow waves in the dog EGMG and the high-amplitude waves, characterizing the periods of activity in the dog EGG, we can better differentiate the periods of quiescence and activity by the amplitude of the waves. The wave amplitude during periods of quiescence was 81.13 +/- 20.61 microV, significantly different from the wave amplitude during periods of activity being 164.74 +/- 43.34 microV (n = 7). Thus with this method in visual inspection it is possible to identify MMC of the human stomach by the changes in the amplitude of the waves in the EGG.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1989

Colonic motor response to a meal in dogs.

We investigated the effects of ingestion of a meal on colonic motor activity in six conscious dogs, each instrumented with seven strain-gauge transducers to record circular muscle contractions. A 1,300-kcal meal was given after a 4-h control recording. The post-prandial period of 8 h was subdivided into an early period lasting 2 h and a late period lasting 6 h. The ingestion of the meal did not disrupt the colonic migrating myoelectric complexes (CMMCs) but prolonged their cycle length in the early postprandial period. The cycle length was not different from the control during the late postprandial period. The mean and total duration of contractile activity per hour increased significantly during the early postprandial period in the distal colon but not in the proximal or the middle colon. During the late postprandial period the mean and total duration of contractile activity per hour increased significantly throughout the colon. Giant migrating contractions occurred rarely during the 8-h postprandial period. We conclude that different parts of the colon respond to the ingestion of a meal in different ways. The response also depends on whether the fresh digesta has reached the colon. The late postprandial response is likely to be due to the entry of fresh digesta into the colon.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon, and cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies.

OBJECTIVES: To determine normal cecal emptying curves for liquid- and solid-phase radiolabeled markers and to further define myoelectric patterns of the ileum, cecum, and colon in healthy ponies. ANIMALS: 6 adult ponies. PROCEDURE: A cecal cannula and 12 bipolar Ag-AgCl recording electrodes were sutured to the ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon of the ponies. Radioisotopes, indium 111-labeled diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid (111In-DTPA) and technetium 99m (99mTc)-labeled sulfur colloid bound to egg albumen, were introduced through the cannula directly into the cecal body. Movement of these markers from the cecum was monitored by a gamma camera, and power exponential clearance curves were generated. Myoelectric data were collected before and after i.v. administration of isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, and were analyzed for spike burst (SB) rate, relative activity index, and mean burst duration. Myoelectric complexes were identified from observation of chart recordings or compressed, digitized data. RESULTS: Clearance curves were generated for liquid (111In-DTPA)- and solid (99mTc)-phase markers. Marker types were not different with respect to lag phase, but liquid markers emptied at a slightly faster rate than did solids. Baseline values were calculated after saline solution administration for each of the myoelectric variables investigated. A relation between ileal, cecal, and colonic myoelectric activity was identified. Activity consistent with the previously described colonic migrating myoelectric complex in the pelvic flexure was identified in the right ventral colon. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Baseline data on normal cecal emptying was obtained; this technique could be used to evaluate the effect of postulated motility-modifying treatments used in equine practice.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Influence of metenkephalin analogue on motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract.

The effect of the metenkephalin analogue Hoe 825 on esophageal motility, fundic accommodation to distention, and migrating myoelectric complex was studied in 17 healthy volunteers. The metenkephalin analogue (40 micrograms i.v.) significantly increased the duration, amplitude, and propagation velocity of the postdeglutitive esophageal peristaltic contraction waves. It had no effect on the basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure but significantly decreased the completeness of the sphincteric relaxation from 85% +/- 5% on placebo to 70% +/- 7% (p less than 0.01). The metenkephalin analogue (40 micrograms i.v.) significantly decreased the fundic accommodation to distention. In doses ranging from 20 to 60 micrograms i.v. it induced a premature phase III of the migrating motor complex that started ectopically in the duodenum (without a gastric component) and migrated distally at a significantly higher velocity than a spontaneous phase III. It is hypothesized that the metenkephalin analogue induces these effects via an inhibition of the inhibitory nervous system.

Adult↗