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PubMed1979

Identification of the inferior salivatory nucleus in the cat as studied by HRP bathings of the transected glossopharyngeal nerve root.

The localization of the inferior salivatory nucleus that gives rise to parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland was identified by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method in the cat. The inferior salivatory nucleus does exist in the medulla oblongata and is situated in the dorsal part of the reticular formation. The nucleus is well-circumscribed caudally but rostrally the nucleus becomes scattered within the wide area of the dorso-lateral reticular formation. The inferior salivatory nucleus, demonstrated by the present study is composed of medium-sized multipolar neurons with well-developed slender dendrites and densely stained Nissl substance.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Single-unit recordings of arterial chemoreceptors from mouse petrosal ganglia in vitro.

A preparation was developed that allows for the recording of single-unit chemoreceptor activity from mouse carotid body in vitro. An anesthetized mouse was decapitated, and each carotid body was harvested, along with the sinus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and petrosal ganglia. After exposure to collagenase/trypsin, the cleaned complex was transferred to a recording chamber where it was superfused with oxygenated saline. The ganglia was searched for evoked or spontaneous unit activity by using a glass suction electrode. Single-unit action potentials were 57 +/- 10 (SE) (n = 16) standard deviations above the recording noise, and spontaneous spikes were generated as a random process. Decreasing superfusate PO(2) to near 20 Torr caused an increase in spiking activity from 1. 3 +/- 0.4 to 14.1 +/- 1.9 Hz (n = 16). The use of mice for chemoreceptor studies may be advantageous because targeted gene deletions are well developed in the mouse model and may be useful in addressing unresolved questions regarding the mechanism of chemotransduction.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1999

Developmental changes in membrane properties of chemoreceptor afferent neurons of the rat petrosal ganglia.

Carotid body chemoreceptors increase their responsiveness to hypoxia in the postnatal period, but the mechanism for this increase is unresolved. The purpose of the present study was to examine developmental changes in cellular characteristics of chemoreceptor afferent neurons in the petrosal ganglia with the underlying hypothesis that developmental changes occur and may account for the developmental increase in chemoreceptor responsiveness. Chemoreceptor complexes (carotid body, sinus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and petrosal ganglia) were harvested from rats, aged 3-40 days, and intracellular recordings were obtained from petrosal ganglion neurons using sharp electrode impalement. All chemoreceptor neurons across ages were C fibers with conduction velocities <1 m/s and generated repetitive action potentials with depolarization. Resting membrane potential was -61.3 +/- 0.9 (SE) mV (n = 78) and input resistance was 108 +/- 6 MOmega and did not significantly change with age. Cell capacitance was 32.4 +/- 1.7 pF and did not change with age. Rheobase averaged 0.21 +/- 0.02 nA and slightly increased with age. Action potentials were followed by an afterhyperpolarization of 12.4 +/- 0.6 mV and time constant 6.9 +/- 0.5 ms; only the time constant decreased with age. These results, obtained in rat, demonstrate electrophysiologic characteristics which differ substantially from that previously described in cat chemoreceptor neurons. In general developmental changes in cell characteristics are small and are unlikely to account for the developmental increase in chemoreceptor responsiveness with age.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1995

Parasympathetic reflex salivary secretion in the cat parotid gland.

The aim of the present study was to compare and to characterize the secretory and vasodilator effects in the parotid gland of sympathectomized cats elicited reflexly by electrical stimulation of the central cut ends of the chorda tympani (or glossopharyngeal) nerves (physiologically conveying gustatory stimuli), vagus nerve (visceral stimuli), and the lingual nerve after cutting the chorda tympani nerve (somatic stimuli). The threshold stimulus-intensity needed to elicit the salivary secretion and a blood flow increase was markedly lower for stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve (2 V for each nerve) than for the lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, and vagus nerve (10 V for each nerve). The salivary and vasodilator responses to stimulation of each afferent nerve were all abolished by prior treatment with hexamethonium at a dose of 5 mg/kg, i.v. Prior treatment with scopolamine completely abolished the salivary secretion elicited by lingual nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve stimulation, but had less effect on the vasodilator response in the parotid gland. These results indicate that the secretory and vasodilator responses evoked by afferent traffic in the above nerves are mediated via an activation of the autonomic nervous system, particularly by a parasympathetic mechanism. They suggest that there is a marked difference in the ability of different sensory modalities to induce reflex salivary secretion and vasodilatation, there being low threshold nerve fibers in the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves and high threshold nerve fibers in the lingual nerve, vagus nerve, and inferior alveolar nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Genioglossus muscle responses to upper airway pressure changes: afferent pathways.

The afferent pathway of an upper airway reflex in which genioglossus muscle electromyographic (GG EMG) activity is influenced by pharyngeal pressure changes was investigated in 20 anesthetized rabbits. We took advantage of the fact that the upper airway was separated into two compartments by pharyngeal closure occurring when the animals breathe through a tracheostomy. This allowed pressure to be delivered selectively either to the nose and nasopharynx or to the larynx and hypopharynx. Midcervical vagotomy did not eliminate the GG EMG response to pressure stimuli. On the other hand high cervical vagotomy or superior laryngeal nerve section eliminated the response in the laryngeal compartment, but not in the nasopharyngeal compartment. Topical anesthesia of the mucosa of the nose, pharynx, and larynx abolished the response in both compartments. Therefore we conclude that more than one afferent pathway exists for this upper airway pressure reflex; the primary afferent pathway from the laryngeal compartment is the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve, whereas the primary afferent pathway for the nasopharynx is nonvagal. Trigeminal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and/or nervus intermedius carry nonvagal afferents from the nasopharynx and nose. The topical anesthetic and nerve section studies suggest that superficial receptors mediate this response. The occurrence of swallowing in response to upper airway pressure changes and its elimination by topical anesthesia or superior mechanoreceptors may mediate both genioglossus respiratory responses and swallowing responses.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2005

Dumbbell-shaped cervical spinal neurilemmoma presenting as neck mass.

Cervical neurilemmoma may originate from any nerve sheath tissue in the neck including the vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, brachial plexus, sympathetic trunk and cervical spine. We report an unusual case of a dumbbell-shaped neurilemmoma arising from the cervical spinal roots in a patient who complained of having had a neck mass for several months. Computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a dumbbell-shaped tumour extending from the C4 spinal level through the intervertebral foramen into the right parapharyngeal space. Decompression surgery was performed first via the cervical approach. Five months later, the patient received laminectomy and a complete tumour excision. The symptoms and signs were significantly relieved without neurological sequelae. No evidence of recurrence was noted after one-year follow up. This two-staged operation could offer an alternative surgical approach yielding ideal therapeutic results in such a rare disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Regional anesthesia of the airways in difficult tracheal intubation in a conscious patient with spontaneous respiration].

Clinical pattern of anesthesia, hemodynamic and gas exchange states were evaluated in 64 patients with congenital or acquired damage of maxillary-facial region due to tumor or trauma. 51 patients were intubated under locoregional anesthesia of the upper respiratory tract (superior laryngeal nerves, glossopharyngeal nerves, intratracheal anesthesia) by means of blind nasal or oral fiberoptic retrograde and by using laryngeal mask technique. In 12 cases fiberoptic device was used for intubation under local anesthesia by lidocaine solution. There was no airways obstruction in any case. Satisfactory anesthesia in oropharynx, larynx and trachea was reached in all cases, the most profound blockage of airways and lack of pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes being in patients under locoregional anesthesia. So locoregional anesthesia can be used for awake intubation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Peripheral neurologic complications after carotid surgery].

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, with development of carotid surgery and significant decrease of central neurological complications, more and more attention has been paid to the occurrence of peripheral neurological complications. Most frequent neurological lesions are as follows: auricularis magnus nerve, hypoglossal nerve, vagal nerve, inf. laryngeal nerve, sup. laryngeal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and spinal nerve. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the period from May 1995 to January 1997, 97 patients underwent surgery because of carotid arteries lesions. Bilateral lesion of carotid arteries was treated in 27 patients. Standardized surgical procedures were performed while neurological examinations were performed postoperatively to check for possible peripheral neurological deficit. RESULTS: Cerebrovascular insult was the cause of death in one patient (1.2%). Transitory ischemic attack also occurred in one patient (1.2%). Peripheral nerve lesions were observed in 13 patients that is in 11.3% of cases; auricularis magnus nerve lesion in 9 patients (8.3%); sup. laryngeal nerve lesion in 3 patients (2.8%); mandibular branch of the facial nerve lesion in one patient (0.9%). DISCUSSION: The global incidence of postoperative peripheral neurological complications after carotid surgery was 11.3% cases, while according to the literature data it is from 10.5% to 13%. The most frequent are the lesions of auricularis magnus nerve and sup. laryngeal nerve. CONCLUSION: The incidence of peripheral neurological complications is higher than it is thought to be. Majority of these lesions are with transitory effect. Good knowledge of the precise surgical technique is a prerequisite to decrease the rate of these complications.

Carotid Arteries↗
PubMed2000

Tracing cranial nerve pathways (glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal) in SIDS and control infants: a DiI study.

It has been proposed that Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) might occur as a consequence of a developmental deficit associated with the cardiorespiratory and arousal control centers located within the brainstem. In this study 1.1' dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was used to investigate the trajectories of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves which carry essential afferent and efferent fiber tracts associated with cardiac and respiratory control and of the hypoglossal nerve which innervates the tongue, in SIDS (n = 14) and control (n = 7) infants. The postnatal development of the trajectories of these nerves was examined in non-SIDS brains and comparisons were then made with age-matched SIDS brains. The mean profile area of hypoglossal and dorsal motor neurons were also assessed. In controls, no major alterations were observed in the trajectories of axon bundles with increasing age (7 wk to 2 yr) in each of the nerves investigated although axon bundles appeared to increase in thickness with age. In SIDS cases (2 wk to 44 wk), the trajectories of the cranial nerves were not different from those seen in age-matched control cases. The mean profile area of hypoglossal and dorsal motor neurons was not significantly different between control and SIDS infants. We conclude that the DiI tracing technique can be used successfully to trace the pathways of cranial nerves in human infant fixed-tissue. Furthermore, if functional differences exist between SIDS and non-SIDS brains in the control of respiration, circulation, or arousal they do not appear to be related to markedly reduced or aberrant projections of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, or hypoglossal nerves.

Brain Stem↗
PubMed1996

Distribution and synaptology of glossopharyngeal afferent nerve terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the hamster.

The distribution and synaptology of the afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IXN) in the hamster were studied by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry visualized with light and electron microscopy. Crystals of HRP were applied to the trunk of IXN in the vicinity of the petrosal ganglion. The densest IXN afferent label was distributed within the nucleus of the solitary tract (nst), just caudal to but overlapping with the area of termination of the facial nerve. Labeled IXN fibers extended rostrally to the principal trigeminal nucleus and caudally to the cervical spinal cord. There was significant labeling within the spinal trigeminal complex; the area postrema and the medullary reticular formation contained some labeled fibers. Ultrastructurally, the synaptic arrangements of anterogradely labeled IXN fibers were examined in the nst. Quantitative measures were taken of the area, maximum diameter, perimeter, and vesicles of labeled endings and the length of their synaptic junctions with dendritic processes. These endings were compared to comparable endings in control material and to published descriptions of VIIth nerve afferent terminals in the hamster nst. The synaptic relations of IXN afferent endings were predominantly with dendritic spines and shafts. The majority (86.6%) of IXN afferent endings were with dendritic processes that were not in apparent contact with other, unlabeled processes. Only 13.4% of IXN synaptic relationships were with dendritic processes that were also contacted by unlabeled vesicle-containing processes. This is in contrast to 31.2% of facial nerve afferent endings in the nst which make synaptic contact with such processes. There were more direct synaptic contacts between facial endings and unlabeled vesicle-containing processes (26.1%) than between IXN endings and unlabeled vesicle-containing processes (1.3%). Thus, unlike the glomerular-like endings of the gustatory fibers of the VIIth nerve, less complex relations appeared to characterize IXN synapses in the nst. These differences were related to the differential physiology of gustatory fibers in the VIIth nerve and IXN.

Afferent Pathways↗