PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “POTASSIUM CHLORIDE”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The influence of salivary flow rate on diffusion of potassium chloride from artificial plaque at different sites in the mouth.

The rate at which substances diffuse from dental plaque influences the rate of clearance of acid and bacterial toxins from plaque into saliva. The aim of this study was to compare the rates of clearance of potassium chloride, as a model substance, from artificial plaque of 3-, 4-, and 6-mm-diameter, positioned bilaterally at different locations in the mouth. The diffusant was KCl (1 mol/L) in a 1.0% agarose matrix, placed in wells 1.5 mm deep, in small acrylic devices 3 mm thick, which could be fastened to the teeth with dental floss and removed after different time periods. The half-time for clearance was determined from the best-fitting least-squares line of the potassium concentration remaining in the gel plotted against the square root of time. For 14 subjects, half-times for the lower anterior lingual and upper posterior lingual regions averaged about 2.5 times greater than those for clearance into a large, stirred volume in vitro, whereas those for the upper and lower anterior buccal regions averaged about 12.8 times greater. This difference may be due to the fact that anterior buccal sites are exposed only to minor rather than to major salivary gland secretions. When salivary flow was stimulated by the sucking of sour lemon drops, all in vivo half-times were reduced by about one-half. The half-times were also directly related to the surface areas of the chambers, which implies that rates of diffusion from plaque of substances such as acid or bacterial toxins are inversely related to the surface area of the plaque at a particular site.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1999

Dietary potassium bicarbonate and potassium citrate have a greater inhibitory effect than does potassium chloride on magnesium absorption in wethers.

We addressed the question whether the type of anion in potassium salts affects magnesium absorption and the transmural potential difference by using wethers (n = 8) fed a control diet and diets supplemented with equimolar amounts of KHCO(3), KCl or K-citrate according to a Latin-square design. The control diet contained 10.9 g K/kg dry matter and the high K diets contained 41.3 g K/kg dry matter. Compared with the control diet, KHCO(3) and K-citrate significantly reduced apparent Mg absorption by 9.5 and 6.5%, respectively. Supplemental KCl tended to reduce (P = 0.070) group mean magnesium absorption by 5.5%. Consumption of supplemental KHCO(3) and K-citrate produced a significant increase in the transmural potential difference (serosal side = positive) by 17.1 and 20.7 mV, respectively, whereas the addition of KCl to the diet did not. The individual values for the four diets tended to show a negative correlation (r = -0.336, n = 32, P = 0.060) between the transmural potential difference and apparent magnesium absorption. We conclude that different potassium salts have different effects on magnesium absorption in ruminants as caused by different effects on the transmural potential difference.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Risk of surgery after use of potassium chloride for treatment of tubal heterotopic pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous heterotopic pregnancies are rare, but with assisted reproductive techniques the incidence may approach 1:100. With the widespread use of transvaginal ultrasonography, physicians have attempted treatment of heterotopic pregnancies with minimally invasive procedures such as transvaginal guided potassium chloride (KCl) injection. However, there are few data on the success of this treatment. CASE: A 30-year-old primigravida presented with a desired pregnancy and was found to have a tubal pregnancy in addition to an intrauterine pregnancy. Ultrasound-guided KCl injection into the heterotopic pregnancy was complicated by abdominal pain, surgical abdomen, and hemoperitoneum requiring salpingectomy. CONCLUSION: A review of the literature revealed that 55% of tubal heterotopic pregnancies treated by KCl injection required subsequent salpingectomy. This raises concerns about the advisability of this treatment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sympathetic hyperactivity, respiratory failure, pruritus, and anesthesia after unintentional epidural injection of potassium chloride: case report.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A combination of epidural and general anesthesia has been widely used to attenuate the surgical stress response and to provide postoperative analgesia. This case report illustrates the use of this anesthetic technique. Analgesia was induced with local anesthetic in the immediate postoperative period using unintentional 19.1% potassium chloride (KCl) as diluent. METHODS: An ASA I male patient was scheduled for surgical correction of idiopathic megaesophagus under continuous epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia. In the postoperative period, while preparing 10 mL 0.125% bupivacaine to be administered through the epidural catheter for pain control, 5 mL 19.1% KCl was unintentionally used as diluent, resulting in a 9.55% potassium solution concentration. RESULTS: The patient developed warmness of the lower limbs, tachycardia, hypertension, intense pruritus on the chest, agitation, exacerbation of sensory and motor blocks, and respiratory failure secondary to pulmonary edema, requiring ventilatory support. Total recovery was observed after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Epidurally injected potassium leads to severe clinical manifestations caused by autonomic dysfunction, spinal cord irritation, and possible release of histamine. Despite continuous recommendations, ampule misidentification still happens in hospitals, frequently leading to serious accidents.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of pressure and potassium chloride on the aggregation of poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) in liposomal bilayers.

Fluorescence depolarization studies were made on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes containing four kinds of dansylated poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) with different degrees of polymerization or hydrocarbon chain lengths under high pressure at up to 981 bar (1 bar = 10 MPa). Potassium chloride promoted the aggregation of the synthetic peptides in liposomal bilayers at both atmospheric and high pressure. The chain lengths of the hydrocarbons of the peptides had more influence than their degrees of polymerization on aggregation.

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed1981

Effects of nerve stimulation and of administration of noradrenaline or potassium chloride upon the release of prostaglandins, I2, E2, and F2 alpha from te perfused mesenteric arterial bed of the rabbit.

1 The release of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), PGE2 and PGF2 alpha from the perfused mesenteric arterial bed of the rabbit was examined at rest, following nerve stimulation and following noradrenaline (NA) or potassium chloride (KCl) administration. 2 Stimulation of adrenergic nerves at 10 Hz caused a significant increase in the release of both PGI2, (assayed in terms of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha) and PGE2 but a significant decrease in the release of PGF2 alpha. 3 Exogenous Na (2 micrograms) increased the output of PGI2 and PGE2 but left the output of PGF2 alpha unaffected. 4 KCl (15 mg) significantly increased the output of PGF2 alpha but left the output of PGF2 unaffected. 5 It is concluded that PGI2 and PGE2 output from the mesenteric arterial bed of the rabbit increases following stimulation of adrenoceptors. The sympathetic nervous system may therefore modulate PGI2/platelet interaction. 6 Prostaglandins released from the blood vessels by sympathetic nerve stimulation may also modulate adrenergic transmission to the blood vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Inadvertent epidural injection of potassium chloride. Report of two cases.

Two patients underwent thoracotomy for resection of pulmonary or esophageal carcinoma. Postoperatively, epidural catheters were inserted for pain management. Complaints of severe injection pain over the abdomen or lower extremities were made during one administration of pain medication. Progressive weakness and numbness developed over the lower trunk and lower extremities, with subsequent respiratory difficulties. Potassium chloride (KCl) was suspected to have been mistaken for normal saline as the diluent for morphine. In addition to endotracheal intubation and ventilatory support, steroids were administered both intravenously and epidurally to suppress spinal cord irritation. The two patients regain motor and sensory functions 14 and 18 hours later, respectively, without sequelae.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Clinical effectiveness of a potassium chloride containing chewing gum in the treatment of hypersensitive teeth.

Dental hypersensitivity has been observed in an increasing number of younger patients over the past few decades. The reasons for this include forced or false tooth-brushing techniques, and abrasions caused by bruxism or orthodontic procedures. The aim of the present study was to assess the possible benefits of a potassium chloride (KCl) containing chewing gum in dental hypersensitivity. The study population consisted of 59 selected university students (age: 25 +/- 4.4 years). Each subject suitable for entry into the study had more than 3 teeth sensitive to thermal stimulation (air stimulus range of 30-80 mm on a 100mm visual analogue scale (VAS), and showed signs of facial/cervical erosion, abrasion and/or gingival recession. Exclusion criteria were daily doses of medication, teeth with deep restorations, a gingival score of > 2, or periodontal surgery within the past 6 months. The total number of hypersensitive teeth was 217. Over a period of 3 weeks the subjects brushed with a non-desensitising toothpaste and, in addition, used the KCl chewing gum up to 6 times daily for 10 min on each occasion. This was followed by a period of 3 weeks of non-desensitising toothpaste use alone. The subjects were questioned on the severity of intraoral pain and asked to indicate the intensity of the pain on the VAS (baseline, 1, 3 and 6 weeks). Mean thermal sensitivity at baseline was 54.5 +/- 9 mm. There was a drop to 40.8 mm ( 1.9) after 1 week and to 28.6 mm (+/- 2) after 3 weeks. The reduction was statistically significant (p <0.001) at both measurement points. The mean rating increased to 29.1 mm after 6 weeks. The results of this study demonstrate that the daily use of a KCl containing chewing gum is a useful non-invasive method of reducing dental hypersensitivity over an extended period of time.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Fetal intracardiac potassium chloride injection to avoid the hopeless resuscitation of an abnormal abortus: II. Ethical issues.

Following the diagnosis of a genetic anomaly, some couples choose to have a legal abortion. However, following later abortions at greater than 20 weeks, the rare but catastrophic occurrence of live births can lead to fractious controversy over neonatal management. To avoid this situation, we have added fetal intracardiac potassium chloride injection to cause fetal cardiac arrest before induction of labor. The ethical issues surrounding such a practice are complex. We support this practice for three reasons: 1) The women's decision for abortion is protected because this practice assures her right for non-interference; 2) potential psychological harm to the patient and other family members is avoided; and 3) the potential for coercive intervention by other health care personnel is eliminated. At least three objections can be raised: 1) All abortions are unjust; 2) newborns and second-trimester fetuses at similar weights with identical defects should be managed in like fashion; and 3) the patient is not entitled to death of the fetus, only to evacuation of the uterine contents. On balance, we believe that our approach is justifiable ethically as it reduces the burden of conflict between the wishes of the patient and those of the neonatal care givers. It should be introduced only in situations in which the likelihood of civil or criminal liability or unwarranted medical intervention is high.

Abortion, Eugenic↗
PubMed2003

Successful management of a heterotopic Caesarean scar pregnancy: potassium chloride injection with preservation of the intrauterine gestation: case report.

Caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP), in which the pregnancy is located in the scar of a previous Caesarean section, is a rare situation that carries a high risk of uterine rupture. Improved ultrasound imaging allows early diagnosis of this condition, but there is no standard management. We report the first case of CSP associated with a normal intrauterine pregnancy. Potassium chloride administered under transvaginal ultrasonographic guidance terminated cardiac activity in the CSP. The CSP resolved, and a healthy infant was delivered at 36 weeks. When the diagnosis is early and the patient asymptomatic, surgery can be avoided, the CSP can be terminated selectively and the intrauterine pregnancy thereby preserved.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Extrinsic factors potassium chloride and glycerol induce thermostability in recombinant anthranilate synthase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus.

Thermostable anthranilate synthase from the marine sulfate-reducing hyperthermophile Archaeoglobus fulgidus has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. The functional enzyme is an alpha2beta2 heterotetrameric complex of molecular mass 150+/-15 kDa. It is composed of two TrpE (50 kDa) and two TrpG (18 kDa) subunits. The extrinsic factors glycerol (25%) and potassium chloride (2 M) stabilized the recombinant enzyme against thermal inactivation. In the presence of these extrinsic factors, the enzyme was highly thermostable, exhibiting a half-life of thermal inactivation of about 1 h at 85 degrees C. The kinetic constants for the enzyme under these conditions were: Km (chorismate) 84 microM, Km (glutamine) 7.0 mM, kcat 0.25 s(-1), and pH optimum 8.0. The enzyme was competitively, though non-cooperatively, inhibited by tryptophan.

Anthranilate Synthase↗
PubMed1992

Effects of vasoconstrictors on isolated rabbit coronary arteries exposed to isotonic iohexol. Potassium chloride-, histamine-, endothelin-, and prostaglandin-F2 alpha-induced contractions on arteries exposed to iohexol without and with osmotic additions (sodium chloride or glucose).

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: A major effect of contrast media (CM) on coronary vessels is vasodilatation, but occasionally, both ionic and nonionic media may cause coronary artery spasm. The influence of CM on the actions of vasoactive substances is not well known. To investigate the effects on rabbit coronary arteries of an iso-osmolar nonionic CM, iohexol (140 mg I/mL) the vasoconstrictors potassium chloride (KCl), histamine, endothelin, and prostaglandin-F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) were used. The effects of iohexol with 30 to 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) or with 25-50 g/L glucose also were investigated. METHODS: Coronary artery segments were mounted between two L-shaped prongs in tissue baths with buffer solution. Before each investigation, buffer was exchanged with iohexol solution. Increasing concentrations of a vasoconstrictor were added, and the constriction of the vessels was recorded. RESULTS: Iohexol caused a comparatively small inhibition of the contractile effects of histamine and endothelin. This meant little reduction in maximal contraction (Emax), and the concentration of constrictory substance resulting in half maximal contraction (EC50) compared with buffer solution. Iohexol also caused a small reduction in Emax of KCl, but EC50 was significantly lower. Adding NaCl or glucose to iohexol decreased Emax and increased EC50. Iohexol inhibited most of the contractile effect of PGF2 alpha, but adding NaCl increased Emax slightly. CONCLUSIONS: The effects caused by a nonionic CM on coronary arteries cannot be attributed to osmolality alone. The CM influenced the effects of vasoconstrictors to differing degrees, but the inhibition of the CM per se was usually small.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Conservative treatment of interstitial ectopic pregnancy and endometriosis with laparoscopic methotrexate and potassium chloride and complementary management with nasal nafarelin. Report of a case and review of the literature].

A case of a 30 year-old patient is presented with infertility, 56 days opsomenorrhea, cervical tenderness, left adnexial mass, beta subunit of Human Gonadotrophin Corionic (HGC) of 112 mUl/mL, endovaginal ultrasonogram showed trophoblastic vascular flow with cardiac output, suggestive of ectopic gestation. Laparoscopy confirmed the diagnostic of left ectopic interstitial pregnancy, salpingocentesis was done with Methotrexate and potassium chloride and severe endometriosis was found. The postoperative control with seric levels of beta subunit HGC were negativized at 28 days. The treatment lasted 4 months with Nafarelin. The second look Hysteroscopy-Laparoscopy showed complete resolution of ectopic gestation, endometriosis improvement and bilateral tubal permeability.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Correction of metabolic alkalosis by potassium chloride in ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome.

A 57-year-old white man presented with metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia (pH 7.58, HCO3 >50 mEq/L, serum K 1.8 mEq/L) and hypertension. The initial evaluation was significant for markedly elevated serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level; neither hormone showed circadian rhythm or suppression with high-dose dexamethasone. Perihilar and supraclavicular masses were found to consist of undifferentiated small cell carcinoma. Ectopic ACTH syndrome was diagnosed. In spite of progressively rising hormone levels (ACTH, 723 pg/dL; and cortisol, 212 microgram/dL), his severe metabolic alkalosis was largely corrected by aggressive treatment with potassium chloride alone. Possible mechanisms of these clinical findings are discussed.

ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic↗
PubMed1976

Influence of hydrophobic materials on dissolution of a nondisintegrating hydrophilic solid (potassium chloride).

A nondisintegrating hydrophilic solid was covered with coatings of hydrophobic materials as a model to study their influence on dissolution rates. Both solution and sublimation techniques were satisfactory for producing coatings of stearic acid. Only a sublimation method was applicable to magnesium stearate, but the resulting coating consisted mainly of a pyrolysis product, stearone. Reductions in dissolution rates in a continuous-flow system could best be interpreted by assuming that they reflected changes in the area of the hydrophilic solid exposed to the solvent. This concept is based on the assumptions that the intrinsic dissolution rate of uncoated potassium chloride did not change and that no dissolution occurred from coated areas. The most important factors controlling the dissolution rate were the strength of attachment of the hydrophobic coat to the surface of the hydrophilic substrate and the thickness of the coat.

Ketones↗