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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The status of guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) in the epidemiology of infectious bursal disease (IBD) of poultry in Nigeria.

A serological survey for IBD in market guinea fowls gave a total prevalence rate of 44.3% from five different locations in Nigeria. Guinea fowl keets were susceptible to experimental IBD infection and transmitted it to in-contact sentinel chickens. The infected guinea fowl keets showed the typical clinical-pathology and seroconversion for IBD. These results suggest that guinea fowls could play an active part in the epidemiology of IBD.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease linked with poultry, England and Wales, 1992-1999.

Between 1992 and 1999, 1426 foodborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (IID) were reported to the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. A fifth were associated with the consumption of poultry. Chicken was implicated in almost three quarters of these outbreaks, turkey in over a fifth and duck in 2% of outbreaks. The organisms most frequently reported were Salmonella (30% of outbreaks), Clostridium perfringens (21%) and Campylobacter (6%). Over 7000 people were affected, with 258 hospital admissions and 17 deaths. During the summer, outbreaks were mainly of salmonellosis and attributed to the consumption of chicken. In December, C. perfringens and turkey were the organism and vehicle most often implicated. Most outbreaks occurred on commercial catering premises (56%) or in private houses (21%). The highlight of this surveillance period was the fall in outbreaks of salmonellosis linked with poultry products, probably due, at least in part, to the vaccination of poultry flocks.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Safety, stability and immunogenicity of an oral DNA vaccine against Newcastle disease].

Mice and 3-day-old chickens were orally inoculated with the recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain ZJ111 carrying pcDNA3-F expression plasmid encoding the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The results showed that ZJ111/pcDNA3-F was relatively safe. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3-F was stable within the host stain ZJ111 in vitro and in vivo as shown by restriction enzyme analysis and PCR identification of the F gene. In an experimental vaccination study, 3-day-old chickens were orally immunized with ZJ111/pcDNA3-F with a dose of 108 cfu per chicken and boosted two weeks later. At week 4 post boosting, all chickens were challenged with a lethal dose of a virulent NDV strain F48 E9. The results showed that oral vaccination with ZJ111/pcDNA3-F induced stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than intramuscular immunization with naked pcDNA3-F plasmid. It also exhibited higher protection rate than the latter (66.7% vs 50%). This study indicates that the DNA vaccine using attenuated Salmonella typhimurium as delivery carrier had good safety, stability and immunogenicity and exhibited good potential of low cost and convenience for poultry disease control.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[No detection of mycoplasma in 205 conjunctival swabs].

Mycoplasma is known to cause pulmonary and urogenital infections in humans. A pathogenicity for the human eye never has been assessed, although they have been observed in the peripheral eye in a few cases of acute and non-specific conjunctivitis, in patients with Reiter's disease and in newborns. Due to the absence of cell walls, mycoplasma is only sensitive to a few antibiotics. Therefore, we presume that mycoplasma has a role in non-specific and chronic conjunctivitis. It is conceivable that in HIV-positive patients the risk of opportunistic colonization of the conjunctiva by mycoplasma is increased. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Between January and December 1992, 205 conjunctival swabs of 151 patients were prospectively analyzed for mycoplasma. The group contained 51 HIV-infected patients (94 swabs). A total of 85 swabs were from non-irritated eyes and the remaining (120) from peripherally inflamed eyes, mainly diagnosed as non-specific or chronic conjunctivitis (75 swabs). Specimen were obtained from the inferior fornix conjunctivae by use of a moistened cotton swab, which was directly immersed in culture broth. For subsequent culture, we used a liquid and a solid mycoplasma medium to differentiate Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma fermentans and Ureaplasma urealyticum. In 77 swabs, a second sample was taken, which was investigated at the Institute for Poultry Diseases of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich. OUTCOME. None of 205 swabs, including the 77 samples tested in parallel, gave positive results for mycoplasma. Six cases were positive for bacteria and five cases for fungi. CONCLUSION. In adult patients at the Munich University Eye Hospital with either non-irritated eyes or non-specific and chronic conjunctivitis, no mycoplasma could be detected. With regard to HIV infection, there is no indication that mycoplasma plays a role in opportunistic infections of the conjunctiva.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2006

Interaction of MEQ protein and C-terminal-binding protein is critical for induction of lymphomas by Marek's disease virus.

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that induces fatal T cell lymphomas in chickens. With more than 20 billion doses of vaccine used annually, vaccination constitutes the cornerstone of Marek's disease control. Despite the success of vaccination, evolution of virulence among MDV strains continues to threaten the effectiveness of the current Marek's disease vaccines. MDV-encoded protein MEQ (MDV EcoRI Q) probably acts as a transcription factor and is considered to be the major MDV oncoprotein. MEQ sequence shows a Pro-Leu-Asp-Leu-Ser (PLDLS) motif known to bind C-terminal-binding protein (CtBP), a highly conserved cellular transcriptional corepressor with roles in the regulation of development, proliferation, and apoptosis. Here we show that MEQ can physically and functionally interact with CtBP through this motif and that this interaction is critical for oncogenesis because mutations in the CtBP-interaction domain completely abolished oncogenicity. This direct role for MEQ-CtBP interaction in MDV oncogenicity highlights the convergent evolution of molecular mechanisms of neoplastic transformation by herpesviruses because Epstein-Barr virus oncoproteins EBNA 3A and 3C also interact with CtBP. We also demonstrate that the nononcogenic MDV generated by mutagenesis of the CtBP-interaction domain of MEQ has the potential to be an improved vaccine against virulent MDV infection. Engineering MDV with precisely defined attenuating mutations, therefore, represents an effective strategy for generating new vaccines against this major poultry disease.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1991

Mass spectral analysis and fragment ion structure of fusarochromanone.

Fusarochromanone is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium equiseti that is implicated in the poultry disease tibial dyschrondroplasia. Electron impact ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to elucidate probable structures of fragment ions found at m/z 274, 275, 261, 233, 218 and 191 and for devising an analytical rationale for the metabolites of the parent compound. In addition, a sensitive, qualitative liquid chromatographic technique using direct injection continuous-flow fast atom bombardment for the detection of fusarochromanone in corn was devised. Analysis was carried out on a hybrid tandem instrument (VG-7070EQ) using open tubular columns (75 microns i.d.) with direct-flow open-loop injection. The limit of detection of the pure compound was 500 pg in the selected ion monitoring mode. A 50 p.p.b. (500 pg injected) of the pure compound added to ground corn samples was the lowest detectable amount in a biological matrix.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Toxic peripheral neuropathy of chicks fed Senna occidentalis seeds.

Plants of the genus Senna (formerly Cassia) are poisonous to livestock and other laboratory animals, leading to a syndrome of a widespread muscle degeneration, incoordination, recumbence, and death. The main histologic lesion is necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers. Recently, a mitochondrial myopathy with ragged-red and cytochrome oxidase (COX)-negative muscle fibers was recognized in hens chronically intoxicated with parts of seeds of S. occidentalis. The purpose of the present work was to investigate if there was peripheral nerve involvement in the acute intoxication of chicks with S. occidentalis seeds. Teasing of individual fibers revealed signs of extensive axonal damage with myelin ovoids. Ultrathin sections confirmed the axonal damage. Axons were filled with membranes, some residual disorganized filaments, and enlarged mitochondria. In some instances the axon disappeared and there was secondary degeneration of the myelin sheath. The present work is the first description of the neurotoxic effect of S. occidentalis intoxication. Future work should attempt to determine the mechanisms involved in this neuropathy.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Light microscopical study of Blastocystis spp. in monkeys and fowls.

An investigation of a Blastocystis species obtained from several species of monkeys and fowls was conducted to clarify the morphology of the organism, using light microscopical techniques including Giemsa, Heidenhain iron hematoxylin, Trichrome stains, iodine mount and phase-contrast microscopy. A comparison was made with Blastocystis hominis from humans. Blastocystis spp. were found in 15 out of 26 monkeys and in all of 12 fowls (10 chickens and 2 ostriches) examined. The behaviour of the parasites in the bowels was also examined, using paraffin-embedded sections. Microscope examination of the lumen contents at death revealed the organism in the caecum of monkeys and fowls. The organisms from faeces, cultures and the lumen contents of the caecum of humans, monkeys and fowls were similar, except for variations in the size and contents of the central vacuoles, which occupied the centre of the organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Electron microscopy of surface structures of Blastocystis sp. from different hosts.

Samples of Blastocystis sp. obtained from humans, monkeys, pigs and chickens were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to compare surface structures. The surface coat of Blastocystis sp. cells from each host species showed some morphological variations, but these were not sufficiently different to allow judgement to be made on speciation. The surface structure morphology appeared similar for samples of Blastocystis sp. from the same host species. The surface coat of the cultured human isolate of B. hominis was much thinner than that of cells from fresh human faecal material, and the cell surface appeared to be smoother and without the small projections seen in the fresh forms. Bacteria were frequently found in association with the surface coat of Blastocystis sp. from all fresh faecal material. Possible functions of the surface coat, especially in relation to protection against osmotic shock, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Apoptosis and CD8-down-regulation in the thymus of chickens infected with Marek's disease virus.

Marek's disease virus (MDV)-infected chickens show thymic atrophy during the acute phase of infection. We examined whether the thymic atrophy by MDV-infection was mediated by apoptosis. Apoptosis-specific DNA ladderings were clearly observed in thymocytes one week after MDV-infection. Histological and flow cytometry studies revealed that immature CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes underwent apototic cell death. In addition, the expression level of CD8 molecules on both CD4(-)CD8+ and CD4+ CD8+ thymocyte populations was down-regulated in the infected chickens. These thymic changes might be involved in the pathogenesis of Marek's disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Morphological differences in Blastocystis cysts-an indication of different species?

Cyst forms of Blastocystis that show disparate morphology in relation to the previously described cysts were detected in faecal material from animal hosts. Transmission electron microscopy was performed without attempts to isolate or concentrate Blastocystis from the faecal material. Large, multinucleate cyst forms were found in faecal material from Macaca monkeys. These cyst forms measured up to approximately 15 microm in diameter and were often larger than vacuolar forms present in the same samples. Four or more nuclei were frequently seen in the cysts. Multiple individual cysts enclosed by a single fibrillar layer were found in faecal material from domestic chickens. Each individual cyst within the multiple cyst form measured approximately 3-4 microm in diameter and appeared to be uninucleate.

Animals↗