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PubMed2000

Treating career burnout: a psychodynamic existential perspective.

This article presents an approach for treating career burnout based on a psychodynamic existential perspective. Psychodynamic theory contributes the idea that people choose an occupation that enables them to replicate significant childhood experiences. Existential theory contributes the idea that people attempt to find existential significance through their work. It is suggested that when treating career burnout it is essential to address three questions: Why, psychodynamically, did this person choose this particular career, and how was it expected to provide existential significance? Why does this individual feel a sense of failure in the existential quest, and how is the sense of failure related to burnout? What changes need to take place for this individual to derive a sense of existential significance from work? A case illustration is presented that demonstrates the application of this approach.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed1999

Counteridentification, comprehensive countertransference, and therapeutic action: toward resolving the intrapsychic-interactional dichotomy.

Two dichotomous trends in thinking about countertransference and therapeutic action can be delineated historically as well as in clinical practice: the intrapsychic and the interactional. The author proposes a new usage of the concepts of counteridentification and comprehensive countertransference to help transform these dichotomizing tendencies into more useful, integrative therapeutic action across the broad spectrum of psychoanalytic treatment for patients from the neurotic to the most severely disturbed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

From schisms through synthesis to informed oscillation: an attempt at integrating some diverse aspects of psychoanalytic technique.

There exists a conceptual bifurcation at the core of psycho-analysis. It has been viewed from differing vantage points and portrayed as subsuming various dichotomies (oedipal-preoedipal, conflict-deficit, one person-two person, classic-romantic, and so on). While each such conceptual pair has its own heuristic accompaniments, these dichotomies share a profoundly important element. They have divergent effects upon the analyst's mode of listening and the nature of his or her interventions. These and other related technical implications are the topic of this paper. With the help of three clinical vignettes and by coalescing the isolated voices of many distinguished theoreticians, the author attempts to elucidate and heal this split. This paper proposes three levels of increasingly sophisticated resolution of the technical divergence resulting from this schism. The paper recommends an informed oscillation between the two polarities of psychoanalytic technique, an oscillation that must remain in consonance with the patient's shifting ego organization. The paper concludes by highlighting the developmental bases for the proposed technical conceptualizations.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

On analytic listening.

Multiple dimensions of the listening process as implemented in the analytic process are discussed. Listening is not the same as hearing; it is done with the mind rather than just the ears. Listening seeks meaning, specifically the meaning in the mind of the patient. The meaning of words is often obscure, ambiguous, and uncertain, and their deeper implications can only be approached over time through uncovering associative linkages. Listening takes place in multiple perspectives--subjective/objective, active/passive, dynamic/genetic, etc. Listening is also contextually related to dimensions of the analytic relation, including transference, alliance, and real relation. Modalities of listening related to each are explored for both analyst and analysand, and aspects of listening empathically and listening to silence are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The mother within the mother.

This paper describes the subjective experience of internalization, focusing on the daughter's inner world as the encounters becoming and being a mother. Three case vignettes at three phases of a woman's mothering cycle are used to demonstrate modes of registration and expression of her own internalized mother as these in turn involve her offspring. Some issues in analyzing the new mother are raised by the material, as well as implied questions about how "mothering" behaviors emerge at later junctures.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Observations on some aspects of current psychoanalytic theories.

The competing theories in the psychoanalytic marketplace today should be judged on their merits, not on the basis of the authority of whoever first proposed them. What is valid in each theory should be included in any formulation of a psychoanalytic theory of mental development and functioning. Since psychoanalysis, as part of psychology, is a branch of natural science, pluralism in theory is to be avoided in psychoanalysis as in every branch of science. The psychoanalytic method is a valid one of studying a particular aspect of brain functioning. The method and the theories based upon it are as "organic" as is the case with any of the other neurosciences. Any valid psychoanalytic theory of mental functioning and development should include the following conclusions: (1) Unconscious mental processes are omnipresent and of great importance in mental functioning; (2) Thoughts are as causally related to one another as are other events in the universe; (3) Mental functioning is a developmental phenomenon with describable, sequential features; and (4) A major role in mental functioning and development is played by conflicts over the sexual and aggressive wishes that characterize mental life during the period from three to six years of age, and by the compromise formations that result from those conflicts. The last of these conclusions, though disputed by many, is abundantly supported by evidence that is not dependent on the use of the psychoanalytic method, as well as by evidence furnished by the use of the psychoanalytic method. There is also much evidence to support the assertion that any psychoanalytic theory that attributes language-dependent thoughts to a child whose brain is not yet mature enough to be capable of language is to be considered invalid, as are any observations made by the psychoanalytic method (= clinical observations) that are influenced by such an invalid theory. In psychoanalysis, as in every other branch of science, an observer--no matter how astute and how experienced--who subscribes to an invalid theory will be led astray by that theory, sooner or later, in one way or another.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The roots of violence: converging psychoanalytic explanatory models for power struggles and violence in schools.

This paper demonstrates that several psychoanalytic models taken together converge to collectively explain school violence and power struggles better than each does alone. Using my own experience in doing psychoanalytically informed community intervention, I approach the problem of school violence from a combination of Adlerian, Stollerian, dialectical social systems, and Klein-Bion perspectives. This integrated model is then applied to the Columbine High School massacre in Littleton, Colorado.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Is psychoanalysis a cheerless (Freud-less) profession? Toward a psychoanalysis of joy.

Joy can be understood as a basic form of resonance. Psychodynamically, joy is complementary to the feeling of anxiety. Whereas anxiety reflects psychic distress in connection with problems of structuring, joy is the expression of successful (re)structuring. It is the feeling of self-discovery, of a new beginning, and of self-renewal. In stark contrast, there are numerous empirically supported indications that there is little evidence of feelings of joy in the psychoanalytic literature. Why is this the case? Pursuing his analysis of this apparent but unspoken taboo against joy in professional analytic writing, the author outlines a psychoanalysis of joy in the hope that it will encourage analysts to be more aware and expressly affirmative of joy as it occurs in their work.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2002

Free-swinging attention.

Psychoanalytic listening enlists the analyst's capacity for, and relative comfort in, rapidly shifting levels of attention and organization. Such shifts are not effortless and can be characterized as part of "free-swinging attention," a term that suggests some dimensions of the analyst's work. The need to establish meaning in the individual and immediate context parallels the task of a child in learning language, and the role of the analyst as child is an important if usually overlooked one. The author compares psychoanalytic with psychotherapeutic listening, as well as some current views on free association and evenly suspended attention.

Attention↗
PubMed2003

On being lonely: fear of one's own aggression as an impediment to intimacy.

This paper considers loneliness from the point of view of compromise formation and the development of fantasy as a means of defending against painful affect. Our idea is that at least one strand of loneliness derives from longing for an ideal object with whom one would never have to feel aggression and from whom no aggressive actions would have to be tolerated. The development of such a fantasy in a middle-aged man is traced to early loss of a parent with missed mourning, and is shown to be ameliorated by psychoanalytic treatment that allowed the mourning to take place.

Adult↗