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PubMed1976

[Critical capabilities in psychopathics].

The authors studied the capabilities of psychopathic personalities (58 cases) to control their behaviour by involving such factors as the past experience, the existing knowledge selfestimation, the level of pretension. The results of such studies established insufficiency of controlling the activities in using the past experience, inadequate selfestimation and level of pretension, incapability to a prognosis of the aftereffects of personal actions. These disturbances may determine the disturbances of critical capabilities in psychopathy.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1976

[Clinical dynamics of hysterical psychopathy].

The report contains materials of a long-term clinico-catamnestical and social-psychological study of 136 patients with hysterical psychopathy. The main stages of a formation of psychopathy in 3 genetical subgroups ("nuclear", "borderline" and organic) were studied. The authors conducted a typological analysis of hysterical psychopathic personality with an elimination of "obligatory" and "optional" symptoms. Some regularities in the aging dynamics of hysterical psychopathy are given in respect to 3 periods: childhood and adolescency; mature:old age.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1998

[Multi-causal etiology of obesity--case report].

Etiology of obesity is influenced not only by hormonal and metabolic but also psychological factors. With increasing number of eating disorders, the number of patients without visible psychopathic personal features increases, but some personality characteristics which increase vulnerability of human organism and probability of disease exist. Therefore, we pay attention to examinations and therapy of personal characteristics of the patient and his past history. The symptom of the patient is connected not only with special organic changes but also with social environment. Multicausal characteristic of obesity can be documented by case reports of patients in the group therapy within the Programme of Systemic Therapy of Obesity carried out in our Department. In all the case long-term or actual incongruence, which does not make possible the change of life style and active patient's participation in the therapy, necessary precondition for the reduction of weight and its keeping up, is present. The case report of R.K., in which the gradual process of change of subjective feeling and self-exploration of R.K. in the group therapy are documented, is elaborated in more detail. The resulting change of Self is the precondition for more effective intervention at the level of energetic intake--the energetic expenditure. The patient is able to take more responsibility for her food behaviour, smaller dependence on the estimation of other people increases the possibility of permanent change of life style.

Female↗
PubMed1999

[Foreign bodies of gastrointestinal tract].

153 patients with swallowed foreign bodies in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were treated for the last 10 years (1988-1997). In 85 (55.5%) cases foreign bodies (FB) were swallowed by psychopathic persons, in 45 (29.4%)--with the aim of mutilation, in 23 (15.0%)--due to carelessness. In 105 (68.63%) patients the foreign bodies were single, in 48 (31.37%) there were multiple foreign bodies of GIT. In 73 (47.71%) cases FB were found in the stomach. Clinical picture in patients with swallowed FB was variable. Dynamic roentgenological examination together with thorough anamnesis is the most important diagnostic tool in this pathology. The indications for urgent surgical treatment were sticking of the FB, peritonitis, gastro-duodenal bleeding, gastrointestinal obstruction. Elective surgery was used in patients with sticked F.B., with multiple FB, which formed conglomerates, as well as in single FB. with the length over 12-15 cm. Active expectant policy is valid FB of GIT with tendency for passage, due to conservative treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Limb lengthening in short stature patients.

A series of 140 patients with short stature operated on for limb lengthening (80 had achondroplasia, 20 had hypochondroplasia, 20 had Turner syndrome, 10 had idiopathic short stature due to an undemonstrated cause, 5 regarded their stature as too short, and 5 had a psychopathic personality due to dysmorphophobia that had developed because of their short stature) was reviewed. All patients underwent symmetric lengthening of both femora and tibiae; 10 of these achondroplastic patients underwent lengthening of the humeri. We carried out the 580 lengthening procedures by means of three different surgical techniques: 440 callotasis, 120 chondrodiatasis and 20 mid-shaft osteotomy. In the 130 patients with a disproportionate short stature, the average gain in length was 18.2 +/- 3.93 cm: 43.8% had complications and 3.8% had sequelae; the average treatment time was 31 months. In the 10 patients with proportionate short stature, the average gain in length was 10.8 +/- 1.00 cm: 4 experienced complications and none had sequelae; the average treatment time was 21 months. Patients who underwent lengthening of the upper limbs experienced an average gain in length of 10.2 +/- 1.25 cm: the average treatment time was 9 months and none of them experienced any complications or sequelae. The authors discuss how difficult it is to achieve the benefits of this surgery: they underline the strong commitment on the part of the patients and their families, the time in the hospital, the number of operations and, above all, the severity of those permanent sequelae that occurred.

Achondroplasia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acting out and psychoactive substances: alcohol, drugs, illicit substances].

In humans, some psychotropic agents (alcohol, drugs, illicit substances) have been suggested to play a role in the occurrence of major behavioural disorders, mainly due to the suppression of psychomotor inhibition. Behavioural disinhibition is a physiological mechanism which allows humans to behave appropriately according to a given environmental situation. The behavioural disinhibition induced by either therapeutic dosage or misuse involves the loss of restraint over certain types of social behaviour and may increase the risk of auto or hetero-aggression and acting out. The increased use of psychotropic agents in recent years and the occurrence of unwanted effects are worrying and must be detected and evaluated. The objective of the present study was to establish a causal relationship between psychoactive substance use and occurrence of major behavioural disorders, such as paradoxical rage reactions and suicidal behaviour, based on a literature analysis. It consisted of reviewing reports of drug-induced violent reactions in healthy volunteers and demonstrating, where possible, a cause-effect relationship. Patients with schizophrenia and psychopathic personalities were not included in our study since psychiatric comorbidity could influence behavioural responses. Psychotropic agents included drugs, licit and illicit substances already associated with violence in the past. Many reports used the "Go/No Go test" to evaluate the disinhibiting effect of psychotropic substances; this allows the "cognitive mapping" of drugs. The results suggest that only alcohol, antidepressants, benzodiazepines and cocaïne are related to aggressive behaviour. The best known precipitant of behavioural disinhibition is alcohol, which induces aggressive behaviour. However, there are large differences between individuals, and attentional mechanisms are now recognised as being important in mediating the effects of alcohol. Suicidal tendency as an adverse antidepressant reaction is rare, especially with atypical antidepressants. However, the risk of acting out exists and the responsibility of antidepressant agents in the genesis of suicidal tendencies is now established. The disinhibiting effects of benzodiazepines are well-known and proven by clinical trials. It's a "model" of acting out, and the causal relationship is undeniable. That cocaïne is related to violent behaviour is demonstrated by its pharmacological actions on CNS. The chronic use of cocaïne induces "a limbic dyscontrol syndrome" based on the altered activity of limbic structures. On the contrary, we could not demonstrate a causal relationship between aggression and either cannabis, ecstasy or phencyclidine. Cannabis abusers look particularly for euphoria and relaxing effects. Aggression as an adverse cannabis reaction is very rare and occurs in most cases in association with other drugs and in predisposed individuals. Ecstasy use may lead to long-term alterations of neuronal function in the human CNS and cause psychiatric disorders. However, there is insufficient information about long-term use of ecstasy to estimate its role in the occurrence of behavioural disorders. Clinical and forensic assumptions about phencyclidine and violence were not warranted. However, the substance-effect relationships can be criticized in the case of alcohol, antidepressants, benzodiazepines and cocaïne. In fact, individual, social and psychiatric factors exert an influence on behaviour that is superior to the pharmacological effect of psychotropic agents. The most important parameter in drug-induced behavioural disinhibition is dosage, but mode of administration is also important. In addition, polysubstance abuse is very common. Substances may be taken simultaneously and alcohol is frequently combined with drugs. The combinations of substances result in multiple interactions, and very little is known about the effects of these interactions on violence in humans. Co-occurrence of substance abuse and other mental disorders is also very frequent. Multiple substance abuse should be avoided, because potential interactions between two or more drugs are more likely to cause violent behaviour. In the future, a specific treatment of these deleterious phenomena will have to be considered in order to reduce drug-induced iatrogenic behavioural disorders.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1975

[Psychopathological study of parents who abuse their children].

After recalling the studies of French authors, especially those of P. Parisot and L. Caussade at the Congress of Legal Medicine in Nancy (1929), and more recent, those of the Nancy school, and, in Paris, those of P. Straus and A. Wolf, of L. Kreisler and P. Straus, the author studies Anglo-Saxon research on subject, particularly that undertaken in the U.S.A. The study by Steele and Pollock on the psychology of parents of battered children has shown anomalies with an infantile characteristic in the psychology of some parents (apparently having no problems and living in easy circumstances, but demanding of their children a constant reassurance which the latter are unable to give, hence a permanent frustration leading to agressivity and actual tormenting. Eight observations are presented, covering the whole range of clinical forms observed with parents of battered children: psychopathic personality with perverse sado-masochism, affective immaturation with decompensation during pregnancy, lack of psycho-affective balance with aggression upon some of the children (target-children), a need for domination in the form of tyrannical matriarchate, nevropathy with aggressive perfectionism, and finally subnormal personality with nevropathy, the latter categories leaving a hop for a possibility of attaining transformation through analytical psychotherapy, such as practised by the author in one of his cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The role of psychopathy and sexuality in a female serial killer.

The case of Aileen Wuornos, executed in Florida for the serial killing of seven men, is studied to determine her degree of psychopathy and the presence or absence of sexuality or sexual sadism as a motivation or gratification for her crimes. The authors, one of whom evaluated the subject shortly before her death, determined that she evidenced a psychopathic personality (PCL-R score 32). She also met DSM-IV-TR criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. While her killings ostensibly were carried out during routine acts of prostitution, there was ambiguous evidence that her crimes were sexually motivated or gratifying. Her articulated motivation was robbery and elimination of the witness/victim. After carefully considering all available data, the authors concluded there was no convincing evidence of sexual sadism in either her personal history or her method of committing serial murder, and it remains unclear whether sexual gratification was to some degree a motivating factor in her commission of these offenses. The confluence of early childhood attachment disruptions, severe psychopathy, other personality disorder pathology, and a traumagenic abuse history likely contributed to her having serially murdered seven victims.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Does the pill have a psychotropic effect?].

Like for other side effects oral contraceptives are often blamed for inducing depressive illness. Psychiatric literature and own data permit the following statements: 1. OC's do not induce psychiatric symptoms like depression on a pharmacological basis. 2. There is no preponderance of psychiatric symptoms during pill use. 3. If there is any effect on mood, initiative or affection this is more likely to be mentioned in patients with psychiatric history. 4. The indication for oral contraception in neurotic-psychopathic personalities should be considered seriously. 5. There is a positive secondary psychotropic effect of OC's via improving acne, bleeding irregularities and dysmenorrhoea.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1990

[Differences in the effect of diazepam on realized and non-realized conditioned emotional reactions].

Evoked cortical potentials in response to conditioned visual stimuli were recorded in excitable psychopathic personalities in the course of formation and reproduction of temporary relations with a realized or non-realized emotional word. Diazepam (10 mg intramuscularly) suppresses cortical reaction worked out previously with the aid of a realized emotional word and fails to produce and action if that word was non-realized. The fact of the lack of the diazepam effect on conditioned emotional reactions formed at the non-realized level should be taken into consideration in the treatment of patients with disturbances in the emotional sphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Interhemispheric asymmetry of visual evoked potentials in psychopathies].

The paper deals with a study of intrahemispheric visual evoked potentials (EP) in normals (10 individuals) and in psychopathic personalities (40 cases). EP were registered in the occipital and central areas of the right and left hemisphere to indiffirent and significant flashes. In normals an intrahemispheric asymmetry of visual EP was detected: the wave amplitude (P3) with a peak latency 160--170 ms in the left occipatal area was larger than the amplitude of the same wave in the right occipital area. An adjoinment of signal significancy to stimulations in normals increased to a large degree the intrahemispheric asymmetry of EP in the left hemisphere. In psychopathy even indifferent and signal-significant stimulations of EP, registered in the occipital area are bilaterally symmetrical.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1984

[Interplay of social, intrapsychological and biological factors for the etiopathogenesis of anorexia nervosa].

Intergroup-comparison and hierarchical cluster analyses (method Lance and Williams, x2-test, t-test, p less than 5%) of 170 facts at biological, psychodynamic and social level in 35 patients suffering from anorexia nervosa and 30 patients suffering from postpill-amenorrhea confirm the close relations of these levels for aetiopathogenesis. Postpill-amenorrhea can be taken as hypothalamic dysfunction (overpressing of LH-RH-release after anticonceptives) and therefore as a model for the biological disturbance at anorexia nervosa. Cluster analyses resulted in a division into 3 groups: one group of anorexia nervosa (C) with deep biological disturbances; a main group of anorexia nervosa (B) and the group of postpill-amenorrhea (A). In cluster C are combined early age of onset, rigidity-type in hormonal tests, EEG-changes, psychopathic personality in MMPI and strongest disturbed social interactions. In cluster B are neurotic profile in MMPI combined with severe biological and social difficulties. 13 out of 30 showing anorectic-like behaviour during adolescence are even more disturbed as the other postpill-amenorrhea patient in cluster A. Regressions analyses could not confirm a dependence between loss of weight and some endocrine functions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Psychopathologic features of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome].

The authors studied the mental state of 83 patients at the age of 2--48 years with the Klinefelter syndrome: 23 patients had normal intellect, 38 patients--moderate debility and 22 patients--marked debility. The presented material is given in the age aspect. The most typical psychopathological manifestations, conditioned by genetic factors, are consistent for all age groups. The intellect decrease with emotionally-volitional disturbances in these patients can be a favourable background for development of neurologic and mental reactions, which require differential diagnosis with other diseases. The complex of medicopedagogical measures on the background of microsocial conditions permits to achieve the satisfactory social adaptation and to prevent personality psychopathization in patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Brain potentials evoked by stimuli of different intensities in normal subjects and in hysterical psychopathy].

The author studied evoked potentials of 5 different intensitities to electroskin stimula in normals and psychopathic personalities of a hysterical type. It was established that different in their genesis the components of evoked potentials change differently in a change of the stimula intensity. The highest intensity of the stimula is reflected in the early sensory component of evoked potentials, the amplitude of which in normals in an increase of intensity successionaly rises. In hysterical personalities the amplitude of early sensorial components of evoked potentials in an increase of stimula intensity increases only to a certain limit, after which it begins to drop. This phenomenon called "reducing" indicates to a weakness of the sensory systems and relative prevalence of nonspecific brain systems in hysterical psycopathy.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1978

[Reactive suicide attempts in children, adolescents and young adults].

The paper is concerned with the study of 86 patients from 9--18 years who suffered from hysterical, affective-shock reactions and reactive depressions, accompanied by suicidal acts. Suicidal tendencies in these conditions appeared following acute psychic traumas. Their formation was facilitated by different unfavourable factors. As the children become older there is a complication not only of the clinical picture of the psychogenic disorder, but of the suicidal syndrome. The suicidal act in children proceeds impulsively, while in adolescency there is a presuicidal period. The stability of suicidal tendencies depends upon the depth of depressions; repeated suicides from the expressiveness of psychopathical personality traits and the existence of unsolved psychotraumatizing situations.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1980

[2 approaches to experimental psychology studies in psychopathies].

The paper deals with some results of experimental psychological studies of psychopathic personalities, which indicate the efficacy of using not only experimental data for verifying the existing clinical concepts. Such studies are important as well for formulating some psychological hypotheses, the solution of certain questions on the basis of the known personality theories in psychology. The possibility of using psychological examinations for the study of motivations in psychopathies are discussed. For the 4 forms of psychopathy (explosive, hysterical, inhibited, paranoidal) the prevalent motives are singled out, which in normals as a rule are not the leading ones.

Affect↗