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PubMed2000

Scientific publication productivity of Korean medical colleges: an analysis of 1988-1999 MEDLINE papers.

To identify where the quality research activity has been and is carried out in Korea, and to examine to what extents Korean medical colleges play leading roles in the production of international research papers, we investigated the publication productivity of Korean medical colleges and their medical departments as measured by the number of papers published in foreign journals indexed in MEDLINE. The 12-year period from 1988 to 1999 is covered. A total of 4,881 papers is published in MEDLINE foreign journals by the researchers in Korean medical colleges during the period. The production of MEDLINE papers are concentrated in a few universities. More than 60% of MEDLINE foreign journal papers is published by top five universities 25% by Seoul National University, and 15% by Yonsei University. The newly established medical colleges at the University of Ulsan and Sungkyunkwan University produced outstanding numbers of papers in less than ten years. Radiology has led the internationalization of Korean medical papers. It was the most productive specialty identified in this study. The productivity of Internal medicine is on the rise from the mid-1 990s, and the field began to produce the most number of papers since then.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed1975

A quantitative sampling method for Oncomelania quadrasi by filter paper.

Filter paper was found to attract Oncomelania quadrasi in waters the same way as fallen dried banana leaves, although less number of other species of snails was collected on the former than on the latter. Snails were collected in limited areas using a tube (85 cm2 area at cross-section) and a filter paper (20 X 20 CM) samplers. The sheet of filter paper was placed close to the spot where a tube sample was taken, and recovered after 24 hours. At each sampling, 30 samples were taken by each method in an area and sampling was made four times. The correlation of the number of snails collected by the tube and that by filter paper was studied. The ratio of the snail counts by the tube sampler to those by the filter paper was 1.18. A loose correlation was observed between snail counts of both methods as shown by the correlation coefficient r = 0.6502. The formulas for the regression line were Y = 0.77 X + 1.6 and X = 0.55 Y + 1.35 for 3 experiments where Y is the number of snails collected by tube sampling and X is the number of snails collected in the sheet of filter paper. The type of snail distribution was studied in the 30 samples taken by each method and this was observed to be nearly the same in both sampling methods. All sampling data were found to fit the negative binomial distribution with the values of the constant k varying very much from 0.5775 to 5.9186 in (q -- p)-k. In each experiment, the constant k was always larger in tube sampling than in filter paper sampling. This indicates that the uneven distribution of snails on the soil surface becomes more conspicuous by the filter paper sampling.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The quality of record keeping in primary care: a comparison of computerised, paper and hybrid systems.

BACKGROUND: Computerised record keeping in primary care is increasing. However, no study has systematically examined the completeness of computer records in practices using different forms of record keeping. AIM: To compare computer-only record keeping to paper-only and hybrid systems, by measuring the number of consultations and symptoms recorded within individual consultations. DESIGN OF STUDY: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Eighteen general practices in the Exeter Primary Care Trust. METHOD: This study was part of a retrospective case control study of cancer patients aged over 40 years. All recorded consultations for a 2-year period were identified and coded for 1396 patients. Records were classified as paper, computer, or hybrid, depending on which medium stored the clinical information from consultations. RESULTS: More consultations were recorded in hybrid systems (median in 2 years = 11, interquartile range [IQR] = 6-18) than computer systems (median in 2 years = 9, IQR = 4-16.5) or paper systems (median in 2 years = 8, IQR = 5-14,): P <0.001. In a Poisson regression analysis, which included age, sex, and future cancer diagnosis, the rates of consultations recorded in paper and computer systems were 16% and 11% lower, respectively, than in hybrid systems. Fewer telephone consultations were recorded in paper systems, and fewer home visits in computer systems. Fewer symptoms were recorded in individual consultations on computer systems. Recording of absent symptoms and severity of symptoms was highest in paper systems. CONCLUSION: Hybrid systems of primary care record keeping document higher numbers of consultations than computer-only or paper-only systems. The quality of individual consultation recording is highest in paper-only systems. This has medicolegal implications and may impact upon continuity of care.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Stability of captopril in powder papers under three storage conditions.

The stability of captopril in powder papers under three different storage conditions was determined. Captopril 12.5-mg tablets were triturated with lactose to a final concentration of 2 mg of captopril in 100 mg of powder. A total of 240 powder papers were prepared and stored in class "A" prescription vials (80 papers), 002G plastic zip-lock bags (80 papers), and Moisture Proof Barrier Bags (80 papers). Immediately after preparation and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks of storage at room temperature, powder papers under each storage condition were reweighed and the contents were assayed for captopril concentration by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method. More than 90% of the initial captopril concentration was retained under all storage conditions during the first 12 weeks of the study. Captopril disulfide, a degradation product, was detected in one sample stored in a plastic zip-lock bag at 24 weeks. Captopril was stable for the entire 24-week period in powder papers stored in either the class A prescription vial or the Moisture Proof Barrier Bag. Captopril in powder papers is stable for at least 12 weeks when stored at room temperature under all three storage conditions.

Captopril↗

PubMed1990

An exploratory study of statistical assessment of papers published in the British Medical Journal.

Statistical assessment of papers submitted to the British Medical Journal has increased to some 300 papers annually. The assessment produces a recommendation to the editor on each paper from a statistical viewpoint together with a completed checklist that indicates the quality of certain important features. This exploratory study was aimed at monitoring the process. It reports a comparison of checklist answers on 45 papers as originally submitted with those on the papers as subsequently published. Of the 45 papers, only 5 (11%) were considered statistically acceptable at submission, but this increased to 38 (84%) after publication. Revisions had not been made adequately in 4 of the 7 unsatisfactory published papers, and the 3 others were thought to be of dubious validity. A major omission from at least 28 papers was information on sample size calculations. It is concluded that statistical assessment is beneficial but that further efforts by authors and assessors could make it even more effective.

Peer Review↗

PubMed1998

Paper spacers coupled to metered dose inhalers in family practice.

OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the clinical efficacy of drug delivery using paper spacer devices coupled to metered dose inhalers (MDI). 2. To compare the effectiveness of paper spacers with the standard volumatic spacer. DESIGN: Randomised double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Asthma clinic of a family practice at Kalutara. PATIENTS: 134 patients over 12 years of age, who attended the clinic with an acute episode of wheezing. METHOD: All patients over 12 years of age with an acute episode of wheezing who could speak a sentence of over 5 words were randomly allocated into 4 groups and administered salbutamol inhalations through a MDI coupled to a spacer. The first group used a 6-inch paper spacer, second group an 8-inch paper spacer, the third group a 10-inch paper spacer and the fourth group used a standard 750 ml volumatic spacer. MEASUREMENTS: In each subject, the peak expiratory flow rate (PFR) was recorded at the start, after placebo inhalation and after salbutamol inhalation. An increase of PFR of over 20% from the basal value was assessed as a good response. RESULTS: The number of patients who showed a good response after salbutamol inhalations in all four groups were very significant compared with the responses after placebo inhalations (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the effectiveness of salbutamol among the four other groups (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: 1. All devices show equal efficacy. Metered dose inhalers and all 3 paper devices are as effective as the standard volumatic spacer. 2. The cost of a paper spacer device is negligible compared to that of the volumatic spacer. 3. The use of paper spacers in Sri Lankan family practices makes inhaled MDI therapy much cheaper without decreasing the effectiveness of drug delivery.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1991

Mortality from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory system cancer, and stomach cancer among paper mill workers: a case-referent study.

In an earlier case-referent study from a soft-paper mill with levels of paper dust exceeding 5 mg/m3, an increased mortality was found (OR = 3.8, p less than 0.05) from asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among the employed. Furthermore, other studies on paper mill workers have also indicated an increased mortality from lung cancer. The main objectives of the present case-referent study were to investigate the mortality from asthma. COPD, and lung cancer in two other Swedish paper mills. In these mills, the levels of paper dust have been below 3 mg/m3. The subjects for the study were all men who died between 1961 and 1985 from asthma and COPD (n = 31), respiratory cancer (n = 27), and stomach cancer (n = 33) selected in three parishes surrounding two paper mills. As referents we randomly selected about six times as many men who had died from nonmalignant nonrespiratory diseases in these parishes (n = 550). On the basis of information found in the personnel records in the mills, the men were classified into different occupational categories or as unexposed. No increased risk of asthma or COPD was found among the workers exposed to paper dust. However, it was found that there was significantly increased mortality (OR = 5.7, p less than 0.05) for asthma and COPD among workers in a previous log sorting department. The study also showed a significantly increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 2.1, p less than 0.05) among maintenance workers. There was no increased risk of stomach cancer in the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Respiratory symptoms and asthma among workers exposed to paper dust: a cohort study.

The aim of the present cohort study was to investigate whether exposure to paper dust causes increased risk for respiratory symptoms or asthma. The cohort included all workers at a soft paper mill who had worked there for more than 1 year 1960-1986 (n = 1,697). Randomly selected inhabitants of the mill town (n = 781) were used as unexposed referents. Both groups were investigated using a postal questionnaire. From the paper mill cohort, workers with high cumulative exposure (n = 313), with medium cumulative exposure (n = 321), and with low cumulative exposure (n = 338) to paper dust were selected. In the 1960s and 1970s, the dust levels were between 5 and 10 mg/m3. After adjustment for smoking and gender, paper dust exposure resulted in elevated prevalence ratios for chronic cough, chronic phlegm, wheeze, and breathlessness. The prevalence ratios ranged from 1.3 to 2.5. No significantly increased risk of asthma was found among the exposed, incidence rate ratio 1.4 (95% confidence interval 0.93-1.8). Among the exposed, there was an insignificantly increasing incidence rate ratio, 1.0, 1.4, 2.1, with increasing cumulative exposure. In conclusion, an increased risk for respiratory symptoms was observed among workers exposed to paper dust, but the study does not permit any definite conclusions regarding asthma and paper dust exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Production of lactic acid from paper sludge by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.

Production of lactic acid from paper sludge has been performed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The SSF process design was based on experimental data obtained from cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation. The SSF process was employed to avoid an excessively dense solution when the sludge content of the feed was higher than 15%; this is one of several benefits of SSF. The enzyme system used for hydrolysis of paper sludge for production of glucose was optimized. CMCase and beta-glucosidase with activities of 2.5 and 10 U mL(-1), respectively, were found to be optimum for hydrolyzing 5% sludge. In batch SSF 16 g L(-1) lactic acid was produced from 5% paper sludge with an yield of 80%. Paper sludge which served as a feed seemed to have a buffering effect during SSF, probably because of the inorganic ash component in the sludge. The final product concentration by SSF was observed to be limited by the cellulose content of the system, which can probably be resolved by intermittent feeding of the paper sludge. SSF of paper sludge fed in batch mode, with intermittent feeding, produced lactic acid at 162 g L(-1), with a yield of 74% and a productivity of 1.4 g L(-1) h(-1). The lactic acid production performance of the modified bioreactor improved after removal of indigestible solid materials from the upper compartment, which enabled the feed of paper sludge to be increased. A mathematical model is described which predicts glucose and subsequent lactic acid production on the basis of the rate expressions of each step of the SSF process. Saccharification kinetics were determined by experiments on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis, by use of a Michaelis-Menten equation; growth kinetics of L. rhamnosus were determined by use of a Monod expression which incorporated lactic acid inhibition. The kinetic model is expected to predict the performance of the SSF process. For further use of the lactic acid, i.e. polylactic acid, it must be recovered and purified. Results from application of the simulated moving-bed (SMB) process for separation of lactic acid and acetic acid are given, as are several methods of lactic acid purification.

Bioreactors↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of the image quality of ink-jet printed paper copies of digital chest radiographs as compared with film: a receiver operating characteristic study.

Paper copies of digital radiographs printed with the continuous ink-jet technique have proved to be of a high enough quality for demonstration purposes. We present a study on the image quality of ink-jet printed paper copies of digital chest radiographs, based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Eighty-three digital radiographs of a chest phantom with simulated tumors in the mediastinum and right lung, derived from a computed radiography (CR) system were presented in two series of hard copies as ink-jet printed paper copies and as laser recorded film. The images, with a matrix of 1,760 x 2,140 pixels, were printed with a spatial resolution of 10 pixels/mm in the CR film recorder as well as in the ink-jet printer. On film, every image was recorded in two versions, one optimized for the mediastinum and one for the lungs. On paper, only one image was printed; this constituted an effort to optimize both the mediastinum and the lungs. The ink-jet printed images, printed on a matt coated paper, were viewed as on-sight images with reflected light. The examinations were reviewed by six radiologists, and ROC curves were constructed. No significant difference was found between the performance of film and that of ink-jet paper prints. Because the cost for a paper copy is only a tenth of that of film, remarkable cost reductions can be achieved by using the ink jet technique instead. Our results show that further quality studies of ink-jet printed images are worthwhile.

Copying Processes↗

PubMed1986

Cell blotting: techniques for staining and microscopical examination of cells blotted on nitrocellulose paper.

Standard cytological and histological staining procedures were successfully applied on nitrocellulose (NC) paper for staining a spectrum of cell types that were blotted on it. The staining procedures included a Papanicolaou method, a hematoxylin and eosin method, and an immunoperoxidase technique. The cell types consisted of various suspension and monolayer cultures as well as cells freshly prepared from tumor and nontumor tissues. Suspended cells were manually blotted on NC paper; they were fixed in one of the fixatives, which included 80% 2-propanol, 10% neutral-buffered formalin, Carnoy's solution, Bouin's fluid, and B-5 fixative; they were then stained by one or more of the above methods. After staining, the NC paper was dehydrated in absolute 2-propanol; made transparent by soaking in xylene; mounted permanently in a mounting medium (Permount) on a glass slide; and then examined under a microscope. The protein-blotting capacity of NC paper (Schleicher & Schuell) was compared with those of the conventional cell blotting media (Millipore and Gelman) which contained cellulose acetate. Bovine serum albumin was dot-blotted on the NC and the cellulose acetate filters, and stained for protein by amido black. As in cytological/histological staining, the amido black-stained filters were dehydrated in absolute 2-propanol, made transparent in xylene, and mounted in Permount. Densitometric tracings indicated that the NC paper bound the highest amount of protein. The feasibility of cytological/histological staining techniques on NC paper combined with its high protein-blotting capacity allowed in situ staining and microscopical characterization of baby hamster kidney cells binding to fibronectin blotted on the NC paper. The possible significance of these techniques in current cell biological research was discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A quantitative immunobinding radioimmunoassay for antigens attached to nitrocellulose paper.

An immunobinding assay is described that tests antigens attached to nitrocellulose paper against antisera contained in microtiter plates. In comparison to a conventional microtiter plate radioimmunoassay, the nitrocellulose paper radioimmunoassay is clearly superior in both antigen attachment and antibody binding. Studies using bovine serum albumin and human IgG demonstrated superior antigen attachment extending from 5-fold in a physiological solution, to 50-fold in 50% fetal calf serum, to over 1000-fold in detergent solutions. With titrations using a rabbit anti-human IgG serum, the antibody binding in the nitrocellulose paper radioimmunoassay averaged over 5 times the binding in the microtiter plate radioimmunoassay. The nitrocellulose paper radioimmunoassay was also modified to quantitate human IgG. With this assay, 15 pg of human IgG inhibited the antibody binding by 50%. The nitrocellulose paper radioimmunoassay is easy to perform, and, since it combines the antigen-binding properties of the nitrocellulose paper with the convenience of assaying samples microtiter plates, this assay should prove useful for investigating the many antigens that attach to nitrocellulose paper.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Oxidative stress responses in longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) exposed to pulp and paper mill and municipal sewage effluents.

While recent evidence indicates that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated oxidative damage are frequently observed in fish populations with exposure to pulp and paper mill effluents, the potential for ROS generation from municipal sewage effluents has not been addressed. This study investigates the utility of measures of oxidative stress in delineating the effects of both pulp and paper mill and municipal sewage discharges. Longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) were collected below three pulp and paper mill and two municipal sewage effluent discharges over a 3-year period within the Wapiti and Athabasca River systems in northern Alberta. Biochemical responses in longnose sucker varied between the two rivers systems, with more pronounced changes occurring within the Wapiti River. Of the suite of biochemical parameters examined, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FAO) activity was the most sensitive indicator of pulp and paper mill exposure, but was only infrequently induced with exposure to municipal sewage effluent. Hepatic and gonadal 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, and hepatic free iron were less consistently elevated with exposure to pulp and paper mill effluent than FAO activity, and were also only infrequently altered with sewage effluent exposure. Hepatic ascorbic acid, liver somatic index, and condition factor were consistently altered with exposure to both sewage and pulp and paper mill effluents. While specific biochemical and organismal responses varied with effluents and time, the collective suite of oxidative stress endpoints proved to be useful tools in identifying relative influences of municipal sewage and pulp and paper mill effluent on fish populations in adjacent receiving waters.

Acyl-CoA Oxidase↗

PubMed2004

Chemical analysis and genotoxicological safety assessment of paper and paperboard used for food packaging.

This study presents the research on the chemical analysis and genotoxicity of 28 virgin/recycled paper products in food-contact use. In the chemical analysis, paper products were extracted by reflux with ethanol, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone: MK), 4,4'-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone (DEAB), 4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone (DMAB) and bisphenol A (BPA) were found characteristically in recycled products. Seventy-five percent of the recycled paper products contained MK (1.7-12 microg/g), 67% contained DEAB (0.64-10 micro g/g), 33% contained DMAB (0.68-0.9 microg/g) and 67% contained BPA (0.19-26 microg/g). Although, BPA was also detected in virgin paper products, the detection levels in the recycled products were ten or more times higher than those in the virgin products. The genotoxicity of paper and paperboard extracts and compounds found in them were investigated by Rec-assay and comet assay. Of the 28 products tested by Rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis, 13 possessed DNA-damaging activity. More recycled than virgin products (75% against 25%) exhibited such activity, which, of the compounds, was observed in BPA, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (BIT), 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol. The critical toxicant in one virgin paper product was concluded to be BIT. Eight samples with DNA-damaging activity were also tested by comet assay using HL-60 cells; six induced comet cells significantly (five times or higher than the control) without a decrease of viable cells. TCP, BZ, DEAB, and BIT also caused a slight increase in comet cells. In conclusion, we showed that most recycled paper products contain chemicals such as MK, DEAB, DMAB, and BPA, and possess genotoxicity. However, the levels of the chemicals in the recycled products could not explain their genotoxic effects.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2006

Intra-puff CO and CO2 measurements of cigarettes with iron oxide cigarette paper using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy.

The objective of this research was to apply Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) for measuring selected gaseous constituents in mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke for experimental cigarettes designed to reduce MS CO using iron oxide cigarette papers. These two complimentary analytical techniques are well suited for providing per puff smoke deliveries and intra-puff evolution profiles in cigarette smoke respectively. The quad quantum cascade (QC) laser high resolution infrared spectroscopy system has the necessary temporal and spectral resolution and whole smoke analysis capabilities to provide detailed information for CO and CO(2) as they are being formed in both MS and SS smoke. The QC laser system has an optimal data rate of 20 Hz and a unique puffing system, with a square wave shaped puff, that allows whole smoke to enter an 18 m, 0.3 L multi-pass gas cell in real time (0.1s cell response time) requiring no syringe or Cambridge filter pad. Another similar multi-pass gas cell with a 36 m pathlength simultaneously monitors the sidestream cigarette smoke. The smoke from experimental cigarettes manufactured with two types of iron oxide papers were compared to the smoke from cigarettes manufactured similarly without iron oxide in the paper using both instrument systems. The delivery per puff determined by the QC laser method agreed with FTIR results. MS CO intra-puff evolution profiles for iron oxide prototype cigarettes demonstrated CO reduction when compared to cigarettes without iron oxide paper. Additionally, both CO and CO(2) intra-puff evolution profiles of the cigarettes with iron oxide paper showed a significant reduction at the initial portion of the 2 s puff not observed in the non-iron oxide prototype cigarettes. This effect also was observed for ammonia and ethylene, suggesting that physical parameters such as paper porosity and burn rate are important. The SS CO and CO(2) deliveries for the experimental cigarettes evaluated remained unaffected. The iron oxide paper technology remains under development and continues to be evaluated.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed2006

Particleboard manufacturing: an innovative way to recycle paper sludge.

This paper presents the results on a study to use paper mill sludge for particleboard production. Single-layer board and three-layer board, with paper sludge on the surface, were fabricated. Four levels of mixing ratios of paper sludge to wood particles (0:100, 15:85, 30:70, and 45:55) were used. The boards were produced with 3% and 4% methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and 10% and 12% urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives. The bending and shear strengths, water absorption, and thickness swelling of the boards were investigated. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of the boards were negatively affected by the paper sludge amount. Overall, UF-bonded particleboards gave superior mechanical performance, water resistance, and thickness swell than MDI-bonded particleboards. The strengths of the UF-bonded board decreased much more than those of MDI-bonded board as paper sludge content increased. The three-layer boards made from 15% paper sludge with 12% UF satisfied fully the minimum requirements set by EN, ASTM D 1037-99, and ANSI A208.1 standards for general uses.

Absorption↗

PubMed2003

Preparation and characteristics of high performance paper containing titanium dioxide photocatalyst supported on inorganic fiber matrix.

A novel paper-based material containing titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) photocatalyst was successfully prepared by a papermaking technique with the internal addition of inorganic fibers on which TiO(2) particles were supported. Photodegradation performance of acetaldehyde gas, an indoor pollutant, and the durability of the TiO(2)-containing papers were investigated under UV irradiation. Ceramic fiber suspension and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride as a cationic flocculant were mixed, followed by the addition of TiO(2) suspension and anionic polyacrylamide. Subsequently, the inorganic mixture was poured into a pulp suspension, and TiO(2) handsheets then prepared by a papermaking method. The tensile strength of TiO(2)-containing paper without a ceramic carrier decreased by more than 30% after 240-h UV irradiation (2 mW/cm(2)), although the strength of the TiO(2) sheet with ceramic fibers remained reasonably stable. The efficiency of acetaldehyde decomposition by the TiO(2) paper containing an inorganic carrier was nearly equal to that of the carrier-free TiO(2) paper. Scanning electron microscopic observation suggested that most TiO(2) particles were predominantly supported on the inorganic fiber matrix, and were mostly out of contact with organic pulp fibers. The TiO(2) paper with an inorganic carrier demonstrated both excellent photocatalytic performance and durability, which before had been mutually incompatible for organic materials containing TiO(2) photocatalyst. The two-stage mixing procedure for TiO(2) sheet-making is promising for the simple manufacture of high performance paper with photocatalytic ability.

Acetaldehyde↗

PubMed2001

The treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent: a review.

The manufacture of paper generates significant quantities of wastewater; as high as 60 m3/tonne of paper produced. The raw wastewaters from paper and board mills can be potentially very polluting. Indeed, a recent survey within the UK industry has found that their chemical oxygen demands can be as high as 11000 mg/l. This paper reviews the processes involved in paper making and examines the effects which they could have on the environment. It also evaluates the treatment processes which are used to minimise these effects. In line with the majority of UK practice, it focuses mainly on aerobic biological treatment and, in particular, on the activated sludge process. This means that there is an in-depth discussion about the problems associated with filamentous bacteria and sludge "bulking". The paper also discusses the way in which anaerobic digestion can be applied to the treatment of liquid wastes from the manufacture of paper.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗