PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Pneumococcal Infections”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Apropos of a case of Streptococcus pneumoniae salpingitis, epidemiology of female genital pneumococcal infections].

BACKGROUND: Pneumoccocci were sometimes isolated from female genital tract specimens, usually without any clinical signification. However few cases of female pneumococcal genital infections were previously reported. CASE REPORT: We describe an additional report of salpingitis, occurring in a 35-years old female early after installation of an intra-uterine device. DISCUSSION: Data collected by the National Reference Center for Pneumococci show that 0.9% of the strains documented in the past five years (1992 to 1996) were isolated from the female genitals tract. Most of these infections are caused by S. pneumoniae belonging to the serotypes 1 or 3. About 20% of the strains displayed a reduced sensitivity to penicillin. Although genital infections caused by S. pneumoniae and the neonatal colonisation with the maternal strain are rare, their potential occurrence should not be neglected. Thus, in order to limit the risks of such infections, an antibiotic treatment should immediately started following the detection of a pneumococcal genital carriage.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Prevention of pneumococcal infection by vaccination].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Infections with pneumococcus have a high morbidity and mortality rate. The elderly and patients with an immunodeficiency are at particular risk. The increasing resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to antibiotics impairs effective treatment. Prophylactic vaccination is possible since 1977. The currently available 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine is effective against more than 90% of the most common pneumococcal serotypes. Although the STIKO (Ständige Impfkommission am Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin) has been recommending vaccination for the elderly and at risk patients since 1995, only 6% of the elderly are vaccinated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 1999 in a prospective observational study involving 4347 vaccinations, in addition to demographic and anamnestic data, the tolerability of Pneumovax 23 was documented by the physician on the basis of a score (very good/good/moderate/ poor). Adverse events (AE) were recorded on the questionnaire of the Paul Ehrlich Institute. 83.5% of the patients were older than 60 years and 44% had at least one additional chronic disease. Influenza vaccinationwas given simultaneously in 23%. RESULTS: In 95.9% of the 4271 evaluable patients local, and in 97.3% systemic tolerability was assessed to be very good/good. Only in 1.4% (n = 60) of the patients were local and/or systemic adverse events seen. CONCLUSION: Pneumococcal vaccination--also in combination with influenza vaccine, is safe and cost-effective.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Predicting cost-benefits before programs are started: looking at conjugate vaccine for invasive pneumococcal infections.

This analysis uses existing data to examine how an analysis to predict the net financial impact for an emerging medical program, namely a conjugate vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and to identify which key variables will have the greatest impact on the program's costs and benefits. Using data available on the prevalence and case fatality rates for invasive diseases caused by S pneumoniae, we examined the theoretical economic impact of vaccinating all newborns versus not vaccinating. Effectiveness estimates for conjugated pneumococcal vaccines and disease incidence and fatality rates were obtained from published sources. Because of scanty or inconclusive data for otitis media and pneumonia, the analysis was limited to cases of meningitis and bacteremia due to S pneumoniae. Based on these two diseases alone, immunization with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine could save an estimated 222 lives per million children vaccinated per year. Analysis of direct costs (projected immunization costs minus savings from reduced illness) show that a pneumococcal vaccine program will result in net direct costs between $0.08 and $2.42 per child. When indirect costs are included in the analysis, the vaccine is cost savings for all cases except when the two year incidence of disease and death rates are lowest and the cost of the vaccine series is $150. Further research should focus on these key issues as the vaccine is introduced into use, as expected in the next few years.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed1985

Aztreonam in patients with acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: failure to prevent emergence of pneumococcal infections.

A group of 36 patients, all requiring hospital admission because of acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, were treated with 1 or 2 g intramuscular injections of aztreonam for ten days. Patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infections were excluded from the study. Sputum cultures before treatment revealed the other usual respiratory pathogens but repeat cultures on days 3, 10 and 17 sometimes yielded Str. pneumoniae, occasionally combined with Haemophilus influenzae or Branhamella catarrhalis. Ten patients had to be given other antimicrobial agents for Str. pneumoniae infections which developed during the study or follow-up periods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa failed to respond well to aztreonam. All the H. influenzae strains were sensitive to aztreonam (MIC 0.25 mg/l, or less) but all strains of Str. pneumoniae were resistant (MIC greater than 32 mg/l). Ps. aeruginosa strains were moderately resistant (MIC generally 4-16 mg/l) and Bran. catarrhalis strains only moderately sensitive (MICs generally 0.5-4 mg/l). Peak serum concentrations averaging approximately 37 mg/l were observed after the 1 g injections (55 mg/l after 2 g) and the corresponding mean peak concentrations in the sputum were 1.3 mg/l and 2.5 mg/l, respectively. The penetration from blood to sputum was thus approximately 3.5% and 4.6% after the 1 g and 2 g doses. No unwanted local or general reactions were observed. The disappointing clinical results (only 23 out of 36 patients with excellent or good clinical results) one week after the end of the treatment were mainly due to the emergence of pneumococcal infections during (and immediately after) therapy. Considering that Str. pneumoniae is still one of the most important organisms associated with acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and that conventional sputum cultures may not always reveal its presence, there is considerable doubt if aztreonam has any place in the treatment, especially as the results in Ps. aeruginosa infections have also been much poorer than expected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Combination vaccine against invasive meningococcal B and pneumococcal infections: potential epidemiological and economic impact in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis group B are among the main causes of invasive bacterial meningitis infections in infants. Worldwide, these diseases lead to significant mortality, morbidity and costs. The societal impact is especially severe since the majority of cases occur in very young infants. A combination vaccine consisting of 9-valent conjugated pneumococcal and meningococcal B components is currently being developed. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential impact and cost effectiveness from the societal perspective of vaccinating infants in The Netherlands with this combination pneumococcal and meningococcal B vaccine versus no vaccination. METHODS: A Markov cycle model was developed using epidemiological and healthcare resource use data from 1996 to 2001. This model was used to project the annual costs, benefits and health gains associated with vaccinating all newborns. The base year for the costing was 2003 and all costs and health effects were discounted at 4%. The results of the analysis are expressed in costs per QALY and both probabilistic and univariate sensitivity analyses were used to identify the robustness of the results. RESULTS: Annually, an average of 755 cases of invasive pneumococcal and meningococcal B infection occurred in infants aged 0-10 years in The Netherlands. Introduction of the combination vaccine would prevent 201 cases of meningococcal B meningitis and 165 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease per year. Additionally, 3410 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia and 46,350 cases of otitis media would be prevented. Vaccination would save 35 lives per year and prevent 71 cases of severe sequelae. This translates into 860 life-years gained, or 1128 QALYs gained. Alongside these health gains, vaccination would prevent euro 17,681,370 of direct medical and indirect costs attributable to meningococcal and pneumococcal infections in The Netherlands. Depending on vaccine price, cost effectiveness varied from euro 3160 (vaccine price per dose euro 20) to euro 32,170 (vaccine price euro 60 per dose) per QALY. Base-case cost effectiveness (vaccine price euro 40) was euro 17,700 per QALY. The model was most sensitive to changes in incidence, vaccine price and duration of protective efficacy. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the introduction of a combination meningococcal B and pneumococcal vaccine into the Dutch infant vaccination programme is potentially cost effective compared with no vaccination.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Invasive pneumococcal infections among hospitalized children in Bamako, Mali.

BACKGROUND: Prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children is a global public health priority, and determination of the most common serotypes is crucial for vaccine development and implementation. METHODS: We performed prospective surveillance for IPD in hospitalized children in Bamako, Mali. All febrile children and others suspected to have invasive bacterial disease had an admission blood culture and cultures of additional anatomic sites when indicated. Standard microbiologic methods were used to identify, serotype and determine antibiograms for pneumococcal isolates. RESULTS: Of 2,049 children enrolled, 106 (5%) had an IPD, including 47 cases of meningitis and 44 bacteremic pneumonias. The incidence was highest in infants (84/100,000/year). The overall IPD case fatality rate was 24%. Only 2 of 96 isolates were nonsusceptible to penicillin. The serotypes isolated were 5 (54%), 2 (14%), 7F (10%), 19F (8%), 6A/B (3%), 9V (3%), 1 (2%) and 14 (1%). CONCLUSIONS: IPD is common and frequently fatal among hospitalized children in Mali, but surprisingly little resistance has occurred. Notably, 91% of the serotypes causing IPD in Bamako children are found in the 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Adolescent↗