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PubMed1984

Reference values for body fat content as a measure for desirable body fat content.

From an epidemiological viewpoint, adiposis is one of the cardiovascular risk factors. Usually adiposis is determined by a comparison of body weight with reference values (e.g. Broca index, MLIC standards), although body weight depends on variables such as muscle mass and body frame. Reference values for body fat content are seldom found and are mostly based on mean values. Data on an epidemiologically desirable body fat content should, however, be related to criteria similar to those of the MLIC standards.- The caliper method was applied in order to obtain provisional reference values for the desirable body fat content. The actual body fat content was determined from a total of 500 subjects consisting of both sexes, aged from 15 to 65. The subjects were selected according to the +/- 10% range of MLIC ideal weight. Subsequently, the body fat content was calculated on the assumption of the corresponding Broca or MLIC standards, thus estimating the body fat content of subjects with normal or ideal weight. These reference values, divided into age groups of 5 year intervals and separated according to sex, show apart from sex differences a distinct age dependency. They should offer a better differentiation between overweight and adiposis, in the hope that epidemiological consequences of adiposis can be circumscribed more precisely.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

Health-based reference values of the Mini-Finland Health Survey: 2. Cholesterol in total serum and in different lipoprotein fractions.

The reference values for cholesterol concentrations in the whole serum and in its VLDL, LDL and HDL fractions have been produced based on the data obtained in the Mini-Finland Health Survey. The lipoprotein fractions were separated with ultracentrifugation. The aim was to obtain reference values for the apparently healthy, ambulatory population. Two health-derived criteria were used to select subjects for reference populations: those based on the literature available and those based on the recommendations published by the Committee on Reference Values of the Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology, with slight modifications. The 95% inner reference intervals of total serum cholesterol in all the subjects and in the two selection groups were 4.2-9.0, 4.2-8.4, and 4.2-8.5 mmol l-1 for men, and 4.2-9.4, 4.1-8.6, and 4.2-9.0 mmol l-1 for women, respectively. The corresponding medians were 6.3, 6.2 and 6.2 mmol l-1 in men, and 6.4, 6.0 and 6.1 mmol l-1 in women, respectively. Frequency distribution curves showed clear skewness to the right in VLDL cholesterol and slight skewness in LDL and HDL cholesterol. In women there was a clear rise in total, VLDL and LDL cholesterol after the early middle age, whereas HDL cholesterol was lower in the older age groups. In men the age dependency was not as prominent; total cholesterol levels showed lower levels in older men. Of the background lifestyle factors alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity and physical exercise had negligible associations with total, VLDL, LDL and HDL cholesterol reference intervals.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Spirometric reference values for the 6-s FVC maneuver.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The guidelines of the National Lung Health Education Program for COPD screening proposed a shorter FVC maneuver (forced expiratory volume at 6 s of exhalation [FEV(6)]). Although reference values for FEV(6) are available from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF(25-75%)) reference values for the shorter 6-s maneuver are not available and are needed. In particular, calculation of largest observed volume during the first 6 s of an FVC maneuver (FVC(6)), from a shortened FVC maneuver, is necessary because the FEF(25-75%) measurement is based on a percentage of FVC or, for a shorter maneuver, FVC(6). DESIGN: We reanalyzed the raw volume-time curves from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to calculate FVC(6), forced expiratory volume at 0.5 s of exhalation, forced expiratory volume at 3 s of exhalation, ratio of the FEV(1) to largest observed volume during the first 6 s of an FVC maneuver expressed as a percentage (FEV(1)/FEV(6)%), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the largest observed volume during the first 6 s of an FVC maneuver (FEF(25-75%6)) in addition to the previously reported values for FEV(1), FEV(6), and FEV(1)/FEV(6)%. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Using the same normal, asymptomatic, nonsmoking reference population from a previous study, reference values for these parameters were derived from best values. RESULTS: A total of 2,261 white, 2,564 African-American, and 2,666 Mexican-American subjects aged 8 to 80 years were included in the analysis. Fifty-four subjects from the previous study were not included due to missing raw volume-time curves. CONCLUSIONS: These reference values, utilizing the FVC(6), provide investigators with the means of evaluating the relative merits of using the shorter FVC maneuver as a surrogate for the traditional FVC. They are needed particularly for calculating FEF(25-75%), as statistically significant differences were observed between the FEF(25-75%) and FEF(25-75%6).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Health-based reference values of the Mini-Finland Health Survey: 3. Triglycerides in total serum and in different lipoprotein fractions.

The reference values for triglyceride concentrations in total serum and in its VLDL, LDL and HDL fractions have been produced based on the data obtained in the Mini-Finland Health Survey. The lipoprotein fractions were separated with ultracentrifugation. Efforts were made to obtain reference values for the healthy ambulatory population. Two health-derived selection criteria were used for inclusion of persons into the reference population: those based on the literature available and those based on the recommendations published by the Committee on Reference Values of the Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology, with minor modifications. The frequency distributions of triglycerides especially in total serum and in VLDL fraction were very skewed. Because of that the data were transformed before the calculation of the reference ranges according to the method of Box and Cox [1]. This transformation method appeared to be the best one of many tested methods in obtaining the distributions closer to the normal ones. The 95% inner reference intervals of total serum triglycerides in all subjects and in the two selection groups were 0.5-4.0, 0.5-2.8, and 0.5-3.2 mmol l-1 for men and 0.5-3.4, 0.5-2.3, and 0.5-2.4 mmol l-1 for women, respectively. The age dependence of triglyceride level was prominent in women after the early middle age. The distribution and age dependence of VLDL triglycerides resembled those of total triglycerides. In LDL and HDL fractions the skewness was not as clear as in the whole serum or in VLDL fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Reference values for peak expiratory flow rate in adults of African descent.

Substantial racial differences in the values of peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate have been noted by several workers in the past. It has also been noted that applying prediction formulae derived from a Caucasian population overestimated the PEF values in Black Africans by 12%-15%. Yet reference values used up until the present, even among Black populations, are based on such formulae. This study provides new reference values for use in the Black population. They were obtained by using curvilinear formulae derived from the study of 1009 normal adult Nigerians (668 men and 341 women) between the ages of 15 years and 82 years, living and/or working in Port Harcourt, Nigeria and its hinterland.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Protein analysis in cerebrospinal fluid. II. Reference values derived from healthy individuals 18-88 years of age.

Analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to determine the blood-CSF barrier function and to detect intrathecal IgG production are used in the diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Therefore, accurate reference values for these parameters are of utmost importance. However, current reference values are based on 'reference groups' consisting of patients with psychiatric and/or neurological symptoms but without positive clinical findings and on groups of young students. The present study presents reference values for CSF proteins in a large sample (n = 105) of healthy individuals, with a large age-span (18-88 years of age). The parameter for the determination of the blood CSF barrier function, the CSF/serum (CSF/S) albumin ratio, was found to show an increasing variability in individuals over 45 years of age, suggesting a less stable blood-CSF barrier function than in younger individuals. The upper reference limit for the CSF/S albumin ratio was 6.8 for individuals under 45 years of age and 10.2 for individuals over 45 years of age. The IgG index, a dimensionless quotient for the determination of intrathecal IgG production, showed only a minor correlation with age and had an upper reference limit of 0.63.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Generation of reference values for cardiac enzymes from hospital admission laboratory data.

An approach is described for using patient databases of a hospital information system as a source of reference values for cardiac enzymes. Of a total of 2029 emergency admission patients with serial cardiac enzyme data, 538 patients were considered "healthy" (having no damage in myocardium) because their discharge diagnoses suggested neither myocardial damage nor any other condition that could lead to elevated enzyme activities, and because their serially collected cardiac enzyme activities remained stable. Enzyme activities of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28), and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 of these patients at admission to hospital were considered as suitable health related reference values. The upper (97.5%) reference limits of activities, measured at 37 degrees C according to Scandinavian recommendations, were as follows (age dependent limits given at 25 and at 75 years of age, U/l): creatine kinase men 268, 192; creatine kinase women 200 (no age effect); creatine kinase-MB 16, 24; lactate dehydrogenase 497, 603; lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 103, 140. For comparison, reference values were also produced conventionally from a group of 246 healthy subjects. Observed effects of age on enzyme activities were quite similar to those in the selected patient group. Calculated reference limits for isoenzymes creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 were also similar but reference limits for less cardiospecific total enzyme activities, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, were more variable between these two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Tanner-Whitehouse bone age reference values for North American children.

On the basis of 1090 x-ray films from 225 boys and 225 girls ages 8 to 16 years-participants in the Project Heartbeat longitudinal study who were living in a generally above-average income environment near Houston, Tex.-we provide Tanner-Whitehouse Mark 2 RUS (radius, ulna, and selected metacarpals and phalanges) bone age reference values for North American children of European origin. We designate these values as US90 (for the 1990s) reference values, in contrast to the original British bone age standards, called UK60 (for the 1960s). The US90 children matured considerably earlier than those on which the UK60 standards were based, though only about 3 months earlier than contemporary Spanish children. A study of 190 x-ray films from a research longitudinal series of 23 healthy boys in Virginia yielded values very close to the Houston values, confirming that our US90 reference values should be used in North America, pending a more extensive survey.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Establishment of a diploid reference value for DNA ploidy analysis by image cytometry in mouse cells.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a diploid reference value for DNA ploidy analysis of mouse cells (Mus musculus) by image cytometry using the CAS 200, an analysis system suitable for DNA content studies in human cells. STUDY DESIGN: To establish this standard, we used spleen imprints from 26 normal animals. A minimum of 150 lymphocytes present in each imprint was counted. The mean DNA content (pg/cell) of the G0/G1 peak and the DNA index observed in all samples were statistically analyzed. Cytospins with peritoneal cells from the same animals were then analyzed with this reference DNA value to confirm the diploid range. RESULTS: The DNA diploid reference value was determined by the mean DNA content of all spleen samples, which was 6.42 +/- 0.234 pg/cell, and the diploid range, defined as the diploid value +/- 10%, was 5.78-7.06 pg/cell. All the peritoneal samples showed a DNA diploid histogram, with a mean value for the G0/G1 peak DNA content of 6.742 +/- 0.15. CONCLUSION: The diploid reference value found in this study differs from those reported for other species, including the human being, and should be used in further studies of mouse pathology.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Reference values of blood lymphocyte immunophenotype in the normal healthy adults of Ugyur and Han nationalities in Xinjiang].

This study was aimed to establish the reference values of blood lymphocyte immunophenotype in healthy adult between Ugyur and Han nationalities in Xinjiang and to compare the difference between these two nationalities in respect to nationality and gender, anticoagulated peripheral blood samples of 75 Ugyur people and 104 Han people were stained with monoclonal antibodies; the lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry for the expression of lymphocyte-population bearing surface markers, the data were analyzed by SPSS 11.0. The results showed that the reference ranges of blood lymphocyte subsets in Uygur and Han adults were as follows: total T cells amounted to 67.85 +/- 8.97% and 69.98 +/- 10.14% respectively; helper T cell to 36.86 +/- 5.74% and 40.07 +/- 6.10% respectively; inhibitor T cell to 26.67 +/- 6.15% and 27.16 +/- 6.29% respectively; CD4/CD8 ratio to 1.46 +/- 0.47 and 1.56 +/- 0.47 respectively; NK cell to 16.91 +/- 9.89% and 12.81 +/- 7.34% respectively; B cell to 10.09 +/- 3.33% and 11.78 +/- 3.81% respectively; CD3(+)/HLA-DR(+) to 10.05 +/- 2.95% and 11.27 +/- 4.98% respectively; CD25(+) cell to 1.76 +/- 5.26% and 4.10 +/- 4.30% respectively. The differences of those two nationalities were mainly in total T cells, NK cell, B cell and CD25(+) cell. Furthermore there were also some differences between male and female. There might exist differences in helper T cells, CD4/CD8 ratio between Ugyur male and female, while this difference in Han lied in inhibitor cell and NK cell. Compared to those of two nationalities, the helper T cell percentage and CD4/CD8 ratio of Uygur male were lower than those in Han male. And in female, Uygur people had higher percent of NK cell (P < 0.01), but lower CD25(+) cell than those in Han's (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the nationalities and gender could influence the reference value of lymphocyte immunophenotype, the reference values of blood lymphocyte immunophenotype in the normal healthy adults of Ugyur and Han nationalities in Xinjiang were defined, and the differences between these two nationalities in respect to nationality and gender were elucidated.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Laboratory reference values for a group of captive Ball Pythons (Python regius)

OBJECTIVE: Laboratory reference values, including hematologic and serum biochemical variables, and oropharyngeal bacteria flora, were determined in a group of captive Ball Pythons (Python regius). ANIMALS: 20 adult Ball Pythons, weighing between 700 and 1,510 g, were allowed to acclimate at the recommended temperature range for the species (25 C night-time, up to 30 C daytime), then were evaluated for internal parasites and treated with appropriate medication prior to the start of the study. PROCEDURE: Hematologic values determined included WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma protein, and differential cell count. Clinical biochemical analysis included determination of glucose, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate transaminase values. In addition to blood values, oropharyngeal swab specimens of the mouth were submitted for culture to determine the species of bacteria found in this population. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each hematologic and clinical biochemical value. Mean, SEM, and ranges were calculated. RESULTS: Hematologic values were similar to those reported in other snake species, except the hematocrit, which was lower. Clinical biochemical values different from those of other species were alkaline phosphatase activity, which was lower, and calcium and phosphorus concentrations, which were lower than values in other species. Bacteria isolated from the oropharynx were principally gram-negative organisms. CONCLUSION: Reference intervals reported in this study are important for establishing a database for comparative studies of Ball Pythons in other locations and under different husbandry conditions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Accumulated laboratory reference values will assist veterinarians in assessing the health status of Ball Pythons.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed2001

Multicentric reference values for some quantities measured with the Elecsys 2010 analyser.

Several clinical laboratories in different regions of Spain have shared the search for reference individuals and the production of reference values for quantities concerning thyrotropin, non-protein bound thyroxine, triiodothyronine, cobalamines and folates, using an Elecsys 2010 analyser. All the logistic work has been done in co-operation with the supplier of the analyser (Roche Diagnostics España, S.L., Barcelona). The reference limits produced in the virtual laboratory are in fact derived from the blend of reference values obtained by each laboratory. The multicentric reference limits were estimated according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. The work done represents a model of co-operation between the in vitro diagnostic industry and clinical laboratories for the production of reference values.

Reference Standards↗

PubMed2000

Selenium, copper, and zinc indices of nutritional status: influence of sex and season on reference values.

The objective was to estimate the possible influence of season or season and sex on the selenium, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), copper, zinc, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) values in plasma with a view to establishing reference values. For this purpose, 55 healthy volunteers (36 women and 19 men) were selected and their whole-blood samples were collected four times a year at the beginning of each season. In the population as a whole, no statistically significant seasonal differences were detected in copper, selenium, and GSH-Px values in plasma, whereas zinc and SOD values in plasma depended on the season. In general, the variability was higher among the women. In view of the differences detected according to sex and/or season in the parameters studied, we recommend taking samples from men and women and from different seasons to establish reference values.

Copper↗

PubMed1995

[Reference values for peripheral blood morphology in countryside population of northern Poland].

Reference values for hematological parameters were determined in countryside population living in the area surrounding Zarnowieckie Lake. Randomly selected population of 1065 individuals were divided into 11 groups: children from 0 to 3 years, 4 to 7 years and 8 to 11 years; and males and females from 12 to 20 years, 21, to 40 years, 41 to 55 years and older than 56 years. In the paper are presented reference values estimated on Technicon H1 analyser for 8 red cells parameters, 3 platelets parameters and absolute values for white blood cell and differential counts. Red cell parameters values were changing with age and sexes, and were similar to determined by the others. In examined population white blood cell counts were higher then in earlier reports. Moreover in males over 40 WBC were higher than in females. Neutrophil counts were parallel to white blood cells. Lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were decreasing with age, and were not depending on sex. Platelet counts were decreasing with age, with concommitant MPV increase.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Reference values of plasma lipoprotein (a) in newly classified apolipoprotein(a) phenotype groups in the Japanese population.

We tried to establish the reference values of plasma lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] concentration in phenotype groups of apoliprotein(a) [apo A] classified by a new criterion. Lp(a) concentration was determined by latex agglutination immunoassay, and apo A was analysed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel and a Western blotting technique. According to the relative mobility to the apo B-100 band, apo A was classified into 11 isoforms, i.e. F, B, and S1-S9, and the phenotype was defined by their apparent combination. The frequency ratio of single-band versus double-band was approximately 2:1. In 382 cases of single-band, the most frequent phenotype was S5 (24.3%), followed by S4 (17.3%), S6 (15.4%) and S3 (14.4%). In 181 cases of double-band, S5/S6 phenotype was observed most frequently (12.2%). followed by S4/S5 (10.5%) and S3/S6 (7.2%). The reference value was determined between antilogs of the mean +/- 1.96 standard deviation by logarithmic transformation of all observed values for individual phenotype cases. These results suggest that the reference values shown to be variable with apo A phenotypes should be useful for evaluating Lp(a) values in diagnosis of atherosclerosis.

Arteriosclerosis↗

PubMed1991

A study of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. The application of age-related reference values.

The standardization of methodology and the provision of age-related reference values have been addressed for the design of and interpretation of data from a multicentre neuropathy trial. Age-related reference values were generated from 120 healthy volunteers. Vibration perception thresholds (VPT) deteriorated significantly with age (p less than 0.001). Patients were selected on the basis of age-related abnormal VPT and peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity. They were assessed at the beginning and end of a placebo run-in period (baseline data). The coefficients of variation (CV%) for VPT at the medial malleolus (16.81 per cent, n = 316) and great toe (19.23 per cent, n = 313) were lower compared to results in healthy volunteers (29.7 per cent and 20.8 per cent, respectively, n = 49). The CV% for expiratory:inspiratory (E:I) ratio (4.82 per cent, n = 215), Valsalva manoeuvre (10.84 per cent, n = 249) and 30:15 ratio (7.73 per cent, n = 292) from patients corresponded to those recorded in volunteers (7.6 per cent, n = 45 11.0 per cent, n = 49 9.5 per cent, n = 48, respectively). Most patient values for VPT at the great toe fell beyond the 95 centile line for volunteers. E:I ratio for volunteers showed a more variable relationship with age, although patient values appeared to be located below the 5 centile line for volunteer data.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Effects of posture on concentrations of blood constituents in healthy adults: practical application of blood specimen collection procedures recommended by the Scandinavian Committee on Reference Values.

Different procedures for the collection of blood for the determination of reference values in healthy adults have been subjected to practical testing. The Scandinavian Committee on Reference Values suggested that subjects lying in bed after an overnight sleep and ambulatory individuals, after 15 min of sitting in a chair, were two suitable and different reference populations. In forty subjects we found an increase from lying to sitting position of about 6.5% in the serum concentrations of proteins, enzymes and lipids. The corresponding increases for S-calcium and B-haemoglobin were approximately 3% whereas S-thyroxine, unexpectedly, changed by 11%. There were no significant changes of potassium and sodium values. For some constituents the changes were age and sex-dependent being greater in a group of elderly women as compared to a group of younger men. After 1 h of recumbency the concentrations of the constituents generally returned to those in the initial, lying position.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Determination of hematologic and blood chemical reference values in fattening pigs of different ages].

In swine medicine, the determination of hematology and blood chemistry parameters is of primary interest in connection with the detection of herd problems. For the evaluation of laboratory results the availability of reference values is a prerequisite. So far, no reference values of fattening pigs have been available in Switzerland. For this reason, in the present study reference values for hematology and blood chemistry were determined for two bodyweight categories, 40-60 kg (group 1) and 85-110 kg (group 2). Hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBC counts were lower in animals in group 1. The number of segmented neutrophils was markedly higher in group 1. Lymphocyte counts exceeded neutrophil values in both groups. Concentrations of total bilirubin, AST, CK and LDH partly reached very high levels due to hemolysis or contamination of the blood samples with muscle tissue.

Aging↗