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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed1990

The 5 and 15 minute runs as predictors of aerobic capacity in high school students.

Many coaches use field tests to estimate athlete's aerobic capacity. Recently it has been has suggested that the 5 minute run an accurate estimator of aerobic capacity as is the 15 minute aerobic run. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether the 5 minute run was as accurate an indicator of aerobic capacity as the 15 minute run. Also we wished to determine some correlational values between measured VO2max and both the 15 minute and 5 minute runs as well as determining some regression equations to calculate VO2max (mls.kg-1.min-1) given the distance run in the 5 or 15 minute runs. We found that the 15 minute run was still the best indicator of aerobic capacity for all age groups (r = 0.881, 851, 671 and 881 for 12, 13, 14, and 15 years respectively). The 5 minute run correlated significantly with the 15 minute run and with VO2max, in all cases. Correlational values were all moderate to high in nature with no correlation being lower than r = 0.534. We would conclude that the best method to estimate aerobic capacity in a field situation is to use the 15 minute run.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Sensitization of amphetamine-induced wheel running suppression in rats: dose and context factors.

RATIONALE: This study explored whether repeated injections of amphetamine (AMP), which increase general locomotion, also increase acute wheel running, a highly structured, rewarding, motor behavior not correlated with other locomotor activities. OBJECTIVES: The experiments determine how 1-5 mg/kg d-AMP affects wheel running and see if, over repeated injections, the AMP effects show context specific sensitization. METHODS: In experiment 1, 2 mg/kg AMP or saline (SAL) was injected on days 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10 to male Sprague-Dawley rats with either limited or no wheel experience. 20 min after the injection animals were tested in an open field for 5 min and then in a running wheel for 1 h. Rats were injected with SAL or AMP on the days following testing. On days 13 and 15, animals were tested for conditioning (following SAL) and sensitization (following AMP). In experiment 2, the effects on wheel running of repeated 1, 2, or 5 mg/kg AMP were tested. RESULTS: In experiment 1, AMP (2 mg/kg) elevated open field ambulation but suppressed wheel running. Limited wheel experience potentiated the AMP-induced suppression. At test, the suppression of running was found to be context specific. In experiment 2, 1 mg/kg did not affect running, while 2 and 5 mg/kg resulted in dose-dependent running suppression. Acquisition and test AMP dose both influenced the running suppression at test; context had a marginal influence. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of running suppression induced by repeated AMP is determined by both psychological (the injection context) and pharmacological (the acquisition dose) factors. This AMP-induced running suppression is consistent with the sensitization of stereotyped behavior.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1995

An empirical evaluation of the placebo run-in.

A prerandomization placebo run-in period is often used in an attempt to exclude potential clinical trial participants who are likely to be poor adheres. It is assumed that potential participants who are poor adherers during the run-in will be less likely to take medication during the trial. This assumption was tested in the Cholesterol Reduction in Seniors Program (CRISP), by prescribing placebo for a 3-week period, but not using the results of the run-in as an entry criterion. The CRISP study was a pilot study designed to compare the effects on lipids and the safety of two doses of lovastatin and placebo in persons 65 years of age and older. After general entry criteria were satisfied, each participant was prescribed placebo for a 3-week period. At the end of the 3-week period, all participants were randomized to one of the three treatment groups, regardless of their adherence to the placebo. Of the 431 participants in the study, 66 (15%) who took less than 80% of the prescribed placebo or who failed to return their unused placebo pills were classified as poor run-in adherers. Poor run-in adherence was associated with lower educational attainment. At 3 and 6 months of follow-up mean adherence was 89.3% and 83.4% among all participants. Exclusion of poor run-in adherers would have increased these means to 90.9% and 85.5%, respectively. Treatment effect as measured by fall in LDL cholesterol would have increased by 2.9 mg/dl in the 40 mg/day dose group at 3 months of follow-up with the addition of a placebo run-in. We conclude that a placebo run-in would have had little effect on the outcome of the CRISP study and would have substantially increased recruitment difficulties. Lower educated persons were more likely to be excluded by a placebo run-in, but the effect of the run-in on follow-up adherence was stronger in less educated participants. More research about the role of a placebo run-in is needed in order to determine the appropriate role of this method in clinical trials.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

A nationwide survey of self-reported red light running: measuring prevalence, predictors, and perceived consequences.

A United States probability sample of 880 licensed drivers participated in a telephone survey of red light running perceptions and behaviors. Despite most drivers believing red light running was problematic and dangerous, approximately one in five respondents reported running one or more red lights when entering the last ten signalized intersections. Among several demographic and attitude variables, only age group predicted recent red light running. Specifically, younger respondents were more likely to be violators. Drivers also reported being more likely to run red lights when alone, and were typically in a hurry when speeding up to be beat red lights. Contrary to expectations, frustration was not as important for predicting red light running as it was for other driving behaviors, such as speeding, tailgating, weaving, and gesturing angrily at others. Additionally, drivers perceived and received few consequences for running red lights. Less than 6% had received a traffic ticket for red light running and most believed that police would catch less than 20% of violators. Slightly more than one in ten had been involved in a red light running crash. Respondents most commonly suggested legal initiatives to reduce red light running. Accordingly, we recommend traffic safety experts pursue interventions that apply immediate and consistent negative consequences to violators to change the public's red light running perceptions and behavior.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1998

Mouse running activity is lowered by Brucella abortus treatment: a potential model to study chronic fatigue.

Chronic fatigue syndrome, which can occur after acute infection and last for years, is characterized by severe and persistent fatigue. Others have reported decreases in mouse running activity following infection and have suggested this may provide an animal model for studying chronic fatigue. Voluntary running is a highly motivated activity in mice, which will often run 5-7 mi/day in our laboratory. Following 2 weeks of acclimation to running wheels with food and water available ad lib, female BALB/c mice received 0.2-mL tail vein injections of killed Brucella abortus (BA) or saline vehicle. Subsequently the effects on voluntary running and grooming behavior were determined. Injection of BA caused an immediate large decrease in running and a lack of grooming. Vehicle injections produced no changes in behavior. After the first several days of reduced running behavior, levels of running and grooming slowly returned back to normal over the next 2-4 weeks, with substantial individual differences in the rate of recovery. The pattern of running during recovery was intriguing in that BA mice first ran at normal levels just after the lights went out, but they stopped after only 1-2 h. As recovery proceeded, they gradually increased the duration of the running bout during the night. Because this model uses voluntary exertion and the ability to run for longer periods of time characterizes recovery, the model may be a good one for studying the biologic underpinnings of chronic fatigue.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The correlation of running ability and physiological variables in thoroughbred racehorses.

The running abilities of 25 Thoroughbred racehorses were measured at distances of 1200, 1600 and 20000 m. Various physiological variables were measured subsequently on the treadmill and correlated with running speed. There was a negative correlation for running speed with the velocity (VLa4) and work rate (WLa4) at which blood lactate reaches a steady-state concentration of 4 mmol/litre and a positive correlation with peak plasma lactate, suggesting that plasma lactate concentrations of faster horses rise more rapidly and to higher levels than do those of slower horses. The correlation between running speeds and heart rates (HR) was stronger for unfit than fit horses, suggesting that cardiovascular effects of training are more beneficial to slower horses. The significant correlation between running speeds and V200 suggests that the HR of faster horses increases more rapidly than in slower horses performing similar exercise. The correlation of running speeds and VO2max suggests that the HR of faster horses increases more rapidly than in slower horses performing similar exercise. The correlation of running speeds and VO2max suggests that faster horses utilise more oxygen during maximal intensity exercise. The correlation of running speeds with minimum pH and minimum HCO3- suggests that faster horses maintain speed at higher hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations. Correlations between running speeds and the measured variables were consistently stronger for the longer distance runs. Because VLa4 and WLa4 were obtained during sub-maximal exercise, these variables were determined to be the best correlates of running performance.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Performance for short intermittent runs: active recovery vs. passive recovery.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of active vs. passive recovery on the time to exhaustion for intermittent runs (15 s) at supramaximal velocity (120% of maximal aerobic speed). Twelve male subjects performed a graded test, an intermittent run to exhaustion with active recovery (50% of maximal aerobic speed) and an intermittent run to exhaustion with passive recovery. Results showed that intermittent runs to exhaustion with passive recovery [745 (171) s] allowed subjects to run for a significantly longer (p<0.001) time than intermittent runs to exhaustion with active recovery [445 (79) s]. These results could be explained by a significantly higher (p<0.001) energy requirement for intermittent runs with active recovery [59.9 (9.6) ml.kg(-1).min(-1)] than for intermittent runs with passive recovery [48.9 (6.9) ml.kg(-1).min(-1)]. It could be also hypothesized that the energy required to run during short active recovery would result in less oxygen being available to reload myoglobin and haemoglobin, to remove lactate concentrations and to resynthesize the phosphocreatine. Consequently, for intermittent runs with short recovery periods, passive recovery will induce a longer time to exhaustion than active recovery.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Acute changes in muscle activation and leg extension performance after different running exercises in elite long distance runners.

This study investigated acute changes in muscle activation and muscular power performance after three different running exercises in elite long-distance runners. Twenty-two nationally and internationally ranked long-distance runners performed first an incremental treadmill running test until exhaustion (MR) and then 40 min continuous (TR) and intermittent (2 min run/2 min rest) (IR) running exercises at an intensity of 80 and 100% of the velocity associated with VO(2max), respectively. Muscle activation and muscular power performance tests (counter-movement jumps, CMJ, and a set of ten maximal half squats from the static starting position with an extra load of 35% of the subjects, one repetition maximum) were performed before and immediately after the runs. The average mechanical power (P) of the half squats was calculated and the root mean square electromyogram (EMGrms) from the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, gastrocnemius and biceps femoris muscles was recorded simultaneously during the half squat performances. The results showed an acute exercise-induced increase in P (ANOVA time effect, P = 0.000) together with a reduction in EMGrms of the knee extensor muscles (ANOVA time effect, P = 0.000). However, mechanical P expressed as a relative change within the set decreased after MR. In TR the improvement in P correlated positively with the maximal running performance of the runners (P < 0.05), while in IR it correlated negatively (P < 0.05). Jumping performance was significantly enhanced after each run (P < 0.001, for all) and the improvement correlated negatively with the maximal sprinting speed and maximal jumping height of the runners (P < 0.01, for all). It is concluded that in elite long distance runners an intensive prolonged running exercise reduces the surface EMG of the knee extensor muscles, and may lead to a different coordination strategy in leg extension exercises performed into the vertical direction. After continuous type of running the power improvement correlates positively with maximal endurance running capacity, whereas after intermittent type of running it correlates negatively.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Stability of running economy in young children.

Few studies have been conducted documenting the length of time required for young children to achieve stable measures of running economy. Hence the purpose of this study was to quantify within- and between-day stability in running economy among young children. To address this issue, 30 6-year olds (16 girls, 14 boys) completed three test sessions within a 2 wk period. During Sessions 1 and 2 subjects performed three 5 min level treadmill runs at 2.23 m x sec(-1). During Session 2 expired air was collected during the last 2 min of each 5 min run (R1, R2, R3) and analyzed to determine VO2. In Session 3 subjects completed a single 5 min run (R4) at 2.23 m x sec(-1) and VO2 was measured during the last 2 min of running. Data analysis revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) in absolute or relative VO2 across trials. The average coefficient of variation for both absolute and relative VO2 among runs completed in Session 2 was 2.17 %, and the mean coefficient of variation for VO2 between R4 and the average VO2 of R1, R2, and R3 was 2.51 % and 2.35% for absolute and relative VO2, respectively. Moreover intraclass correlation coefficients for absolute and relative VO2 across all runs were 0.99 and 0.96, respectively. Viewed in concert, these results suggest that following 15 minutes of level treadmill running practice, stable within- and between-day measures of running economy can be obtained in young, prepubescent children.

Child↗

PubMed1992

Haemorheology and exercise: intrinsic flow properties of blood in marathon running.

Haemorheological and haematological parameters were studied in venous blood samples taken from 8 endurance-trained athletes before and after a marathon run. Viscometry was performed in a 20 microns glass capillary and in a Couette viscometer. Apparent blood viscosity was lower in the capillary than in the rotational viscometer, but significant differences between pre- and post-run samples were not observed in either system. This is presumably due to the absence of changes of haematocrit (pre-run [mean +/- SD]: 0.453 +/- 0.016, post-run: 0.456 +/- 0.018). Although protein concentration increased significantly from 70.8 +/- 2.1 g/l (pre-run) to 76.0 +/- 3.9 g/l (post-run), the difference of plasma viscosity was not statistically significant (pre-run: 1.26 +/- 0.03 cP, post-run: 1.30 +/- 0.07 cP). In all samples, plasma viscosity showed a significant positive correlation with total protein, globulin, albumin, but not with fibrinogen concentration. Cone-plate aggregometry and a filtration technique were used to evaluate red cell aggregation and deformability, two determinants of blood rheology which also were not different between pre- and post-run samples. The absence of viscosity changes in relation to the marathon run may be due to the relative stability of blood and plasma volume, which can be deduced from haematological parameters. Alterations of plasma composition (e.g. acidosis or hyperosmolality) seem to cause only minor, if any, changes of microrheological cell properties.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The intensity of exercise in deep-water running.

The intensity of exercise during 30-min sessions of continuous deep-water running at a "hard" pace was determined by monitoring oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory quotient (RQ), heart rate, perceived physical effort and perceived aches and pains in the legs in eight competitive runners, six of whom had not previously practised the technique. The intensity was compared with that of 30-min runs on a treadmill at hard and "normal" training paces and a 30-min outdoor run at normal training pace. VO2 during the last session of deep-water running (73% of maximum VO2) was not significantly different from that of the treadmill hard run (78%), but was significantly higher than that of the treadmill normal run (62%). Similar results were obtained for RQ, perceived effort and pain. In contrast, heart rates for deep-water running were similar to those of normal training and significantly less than those of the treadmill hard run. The disparity between VO2 and heart rate for deep-water running may reflect cooling or increased venous return caused by water immersion. It is concluded that deep-water running can be performed at a sufficient intensity for a sufficient period to make it an effective endurance training technique.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Effects of bicycle frame ergonomics on triathlon 10-km running performance.

It is perceived that, during the triathlon or duathlon, cycling with a steep (> 76 degrees) rather than a shallow (< 76 degrees ) frame geometry might attenuate the fatigue associated with progression from the cycle to run disciplines and improve subsequent 10-km running performance. This is based on anecdotal testimony from athletes purporting to have experienced improved performance; no empirical evidence exists. To evaluate this view, eight male triathletes completed a counterbalanced, 40-km cycle ride at two frame geometries (73 degrees and 81 degrees) at approximately 70% VO2peak. Immediately after completion of each 40-km cycle, a self-paced 10-km treadmill time trial was undertaken, during which physiological, kinematic and performance variables were measured. The 10-km run performance (mean +/- s: 42:55 +/- 4:19 vs 46:15 +/- 4:52 min; P< 0.01) and combined cycle and run performance (1:45:49 +/- 5:45 vs 1:50:33 +/- 6:08; P< 0.001) were faster in the 81 degrees than the 73 degrees condition. Improvements in performance were most prominent during the first 5 km of the run (21:41 +/- 2:15 vs 24:15 +/- 2:31 min in the 81 degrees and 73 degrees conditions respectively). These improvements were not evident during the second 5 km of the run. No differences in physiological variables were noted, although heart rate, stride length and stride frequency were increased during the 81 degrees condition (P < 0.05). Modifying frame geometry from a seat tube angle of 73 degrees to 81 degrees improves 10-km running and combined cycle plus run performance. These improvements in performance might relate to alterations during the cycling phase, which minimizes the 'residual effect' of this (i.e. the adverse changes in substrate availability, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and biomechanical factors felt immediately after transition from cycling to running) and attenuates negative changes in physiological and kinematic responses during the 10-km run.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effect of a global alteration of running technique on kinematics and economy.

In this study, we examined the consequences of a global alteration in running technique on running kinematics and running economy in triathletes. Sixteen sub-elite triathletes were pre and post tested for running economy and running kinematics at 215 and 250 m.min-1. The members of the treatment group (n=8) were exposed to 12 weeks of instruction in the "pose method" of running, while the members of the control group (n=8) maintained their usual running technique. After the treatment period, the experimental group demonstrated a significant decrease in mean stride length (from 137.25+/-7.63 cm to 129.19+/-7.43 cm; P<0.05), a post-treatment difference in vertical oscillation compared with the control group (6.92+/-1.00 vs. 8.44+/-1.00 cm; P<0.05) and a mean increase in submaximal absolute oxygen cost (from 3.28+/-0.36 l.min-1 to 3.53+/-0.43 l.min-1; P<0.01). The control group exhibited no significant changes in either running kinematics or oxygen cost. The global change in running mechanics associated with 12 weeks of instruction in the pose method resulted in a decrease in stride length, a reduced vertical oscillation in comparison with the control group and a decrease of running economy in triathletes.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Inhibitory effects of voluntary running wheel exercise on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice.

Earlier studies showed that oral administration of green tea or caffeine to SKH-1 mice inhibited ultraviolet B light (UVB)-induced skin carcinogenesis, decreased dermal fat thickness and increased locomotor activity. In the present study, the effects of voluntary running wheel exercise on thickness of dermal fat as well as on UVB-induced tumorigenesis in SKH-1 mice were studied in UVB-initiated high-risk and UVB-induced complete carcinogenesis models. In the high-risk model, animals were exposed to UVB (30 mJ/cm(2)) 3 times/week for 16 weeks. For 14 weeks subsequent to UVB exposure, half of the animals had access to running wheels in their cages whereas the other half did not. In the complete carcinogenesis model, animals were exposed to UVB (30 mJ/cm(2)) 2 times/week for 33 weeks. From the beginning, half of the animals had access to running wheels whereas the other half did not. At the conclusion of each study, body weights were not different between groups, although animals with running wheels consumed significantly more food and water than animals without running wheels. In addition, animals with running wheels had decreases in parametrial fat pad weight and thickness of the dermal fat layer. In both UVB-initiated high-risk and complete carcinogenesis models, voluntary running wheel exercise delayed the appearance of tumors, decreased the number of tumors per mouse and decreased tumor volume per mouse. Histopathology studies revealed that running wheel exercise decreased the number of non-malignant tumors (primarily keratoacanthomas) by 34% and total tumors per mouse by 32% in both models, and running wheel exercise decreased the formation of squamous cell carcinomas in the UVB-induced complete carcinogenesis model by 27%. In addition, the size of keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas were decreased substantially in both models. The effects described here indicate that voluntary running wheel exercise inhibits UVB-induced skin tumorigenesis and may also inhibit tumor growth.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1998

Improved running economy following intensified training correlates with reduced ventilatory demands.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of three types of intensive run training on running economy (RE) during exhaustive running and to establish possible relationships with changes in ventilatory function and/or muscle fiber type distribution. METHODS: Thirty-six male recreational runners were divided into three groups and assigned to either exhaustive distance training (DT), long-interval training (LIT), or short-interval training (SIT) three times 20-30 minxwk(-1) for 6 wk. VO(2 max) and RE were measured during treadmill running before and after training. Muscle fiber type distribution of the vastus lateralis muscle was established from biopsy material. RESULTS: VO(2max) (Lxmin(-1) increased by 5.9% (P < 0.0001), 6.0% (P < 0.0001), and 3.6% (P < 0.01) in DT, LIT, and SIT, respectively, and running speed at VO(2max) by 9% (P < 0.0001), 10% (P < 0.0001), and 4% (P < 0.05), respectively. Time-to-exhaustion at 87% of pretraining VO(2max) (mean 3.83) mxs(-1) increased by 94% in DT (P < 0.0001), 67% in LIT (P < 0.0001). Running economy improved by 3.1% in DT (P < 0.05), 3.0% in LIT (P < 0.01), and 0.9% SIT (NS): pulmonary ventilation (VE) was on average 11 Lxmin(-1) lower following training (P < 0.0001). The individual decrements in VE correlated with improvements in RE (r = 0.77; P < 0.0001) and may account for 25-70% of the decrease in aerobic demand. Muscle fiber composition, and respiratory exchange ratio, stride length, and stride frequency during running were unaltered with training. CONCLUSIONS: Recreational runners can improve RE and aerobic run performance by exchanging parts of their conventional aerobic distance training with intensive distance or long-interval running, whereas short-interval running is less efficient. The improvement in RE may relate to reduced ventilatory demands. Muscle fiber type distribution was unaltered with training and showed no associations with RE.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Catecholamine, blood lactate and ventilatory responses to multi-cycle-run blocks.

PURPOSE AND METHODS: This study was designed to determine whether the physiological responses elicited during the run part of repeated bouts of cycle-run exercise are similar to those required during the run segment of a cycle-run succession. Thirteen male triathletes underwent four successive laboratory trials: 1) an incremental treadmill test, 2) an incremental cycle test, 3) 30 min of cycling followed by 20 min of running (C-R), and 4) five repeated bouts of 6 min of cycling and 4 min of running (X-CR). During the C-R and X-CR trials, venous blood samples were obtained to measure lactate, epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. During all trials, ventilatory data were collected every min using an automated breath-by-breath system. RESULTS: The results showed that 1) the cardiorespiratory responses observed during running were similar in the X-CR and C-R trials, 2) the lactate concentration was similar in both trials, 3) the epinephrine concentration was greater (277.9 +/- 11.9 vs 169.8 +/- 86.7 pg x mL(-1), P < 0.025) in X-CR than in C-R, and 4) the norepinephrine concentration was similar in both trials, except at the first cycle-run succession (T1) of X-CR. CONCLUSION: We concluded that 1) multi-block training is a good method to stimulate the specific adaptations required for the cycle-run succession, and particularly for the cycle-run transition, and 2) multi-block training seems to induce a greater catecholaminergic response, which may be due to a combination of an inherent effect of this type of training and the triathletes' relative lack of experience with it. In any case, the efficacy of the multi-block model needs to be more thoroughly evaluated over the course of a longer-term training program.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Interaction of carbohydrate metabolism and rat liquid gastric emptying in sustained running.

BACKGROUND: Moderate to severe running usually leads to gastrointestinal dysmotility and critical energy exhaustion. It is unknown whether the carbohydrate metabolism of runners can influence gastric emptying (GE). Using a running rat model, the present study explored the impact of exercise/carbohydrate metabolism on liquid GE. METHODS: Rats were put on the runways of a moving treadmill for 1 h. Trained rats underwent daily running 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Untrained rats were those put on a quiet treadmill to serve as sham exercise. On the motility study day, trained and untrained rats ran for 45 min. After orogastric feeding of radiochromium marker, they resumed running for an additional 15 min and were then killed in order to measure GE. Another group of trained and untrained rats received lactate infusion for 1 h in the quiet condition to measure their GE. The third group of rats received glucose infusion during running to measure GE. RESULTS: Running of untrained (P < 0.05) and trained (P < 0.01) rats enhanced GE compared to sham exercise. Running for the untrained rats rather than the trained counterparts had diminished plasma glucose level (P < 0.05). Running also elevated plasma lactate levels for both untrained (P < 0.001) and trained rats (P < 0.01). Lactate infusion delayed GE in untrained (P < 0.01) and trained rats (P < 0.05). Glucose infusion of untrained rats during running was not only to correct hypoglycemia (P < 0.01) but also to restore their enhanced GE (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Running-induced hypoglycemia, rather than lactate accumulation, is one of the essential factors leading to enhanced liquid GE in untrained rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Older women's cardiovascular responses to deep-water running.

The aim of the study was to examine submaximal and maximal physiological responses and perceived exertion during deep-water running with a vest compared with the responses during treadmill running in healthy elderly women. Eleven healthy women 70 +/- 2 years old participated. On two different occasions they performed a graded maximal exercise test on a treadmill on land and a graded maximal exercise test in water wearing a vest. At maximal work the oxygen uptake was 29% lower (p < .05), the heart rate was 8% lower (p < .05), and the ventilation was 16% lower (p < .05) during deep-water running than during treadmill running. During submaximal absolute work the heart rate was higher during deep-water running than during treadmill running for the elderly women. The participants had lower maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate, ventilation, respiratory-exchange ratio, and rate of perceived exertion during maximal deep-water running with a vest than during maximal treadmill running. These responses were, however, higher during submaximal deep-water running than during treadmill running.

Aged↗