PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “SELF STIMULATION”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Effects of spiperone on self-stimulation and other activities of the Mongolian gerbil.

1 Self-stimulation to lever pressing and capacitance probe touching was obtained in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) from electrode placements within the medial forebrain bundle. 2 Lever pressing was more sensitive to the decremental effects of a central depressant, pentobarbitone, than capacitance probe touching, suggesting its greater responsiveness to disturbances of motor function. 3 Spiperone (0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg) attenuated capacitance probe touching and lever pressing equally, a finding explained by action on either reward pathways or on the ability to initiate responding. 4 This same dose range of spiperone (0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg) attenuated locomotor activity, whether spontaneous or evoked by non-contingent electrical stimulation, and produced catalepsy. 5 The spiperone-induced attentuation of self-stimulation was not necessarily a result of its action on dopaminergic reward pathways since the effects could equally well be explained by a failure to initiate responding.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prefrontal cortex and neostriatum self-stimulation in the rat: differential effects produced by apomorphine.

In a dose-response experiment, the effects of intraperitoneal injections of the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine (0.075, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg) were studied on self-stimulation elicited from electrodes implanted in the medial and sulcal prefrontal cortex and caudate-putamen in the rat. From the medial and sulcal prefrontal cortex electrodes, apomorphine produced a dose-related decrease of self-stimulation rate which was consistent across animals. From the caudate-putamen electrodes, on the contrary, apomorphine produced a facilitatory effect in the majority of the animals at one or more doses, however, at other doses a decreased self-stimulation rate was observed. The clear and consistent effects of apomorphine on self-stimulation of the prefrontal cortex, together with other experimental evidence in the same line, suggest that dopamine is mediating self-stimulation of this cortical area.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Anti-conflict and depressant effects by GABA agonists and antagonists, benzodiazepines and non-gabergic anticonvulsants on self-stimulation and locomotor activity.

Rats were injected systemically with different classes of gabergic agent in order to investigate gabergic involvement in limbic output. Agonists differed one from another in their effects on variable-interval self-stimulation: clonazepam (in repeatedly-tested rats), chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbitone had a strongly biphasic action, low doses being facilitatory and high doses depressant, whereas other agonists including valproate and 3-APS (homotaurine) were uniformly depressant. The facilitatory effects of the benzodiazepines were dramatically enhanced by GABA antagonists (picrotoxin or pentylenetetrazol) even though antagonists on their own produced a dose-dependent depression that was not reversible by other anticonvulsant drugs. Ventral tegmental electrode placements yielded generally similar results. Depression of self-stimulation observed on initial exposure to clonazepam was reversed by repeated self-stimulation testing in the drugged state but not by repeated daily injections without testing. Locomotor activity (under conflict-free conditions) was unaffected or was depressed both by agonists and by antagonists. Thus, the facilitation of self-stimulation by chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbitone and clonazepam appears to be accounted for in terms of non-gabergic anti-conflict activity by these agents. Self-stimulation and locomotor changes following systemic administration did not disclose facilitatory effects attributable to gabergic efferents from limbic dopamine areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Deprivation of paradoxical sleep and intracranial self-stimulation.

Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation upon intracranial self-stimulation behavior were studied. After stable response rates to electrical brain reward were obtained, rats were assigned to an experimental group in which they were deprived of paradoxical sleep with the pendulum technique for 72 h, to a pendulum control group and to a home-cage control group. In baseline, postdeprivation, and postrecovery sessions, rate-intensity functions for intracranial self-stimulation were determined. Partially in contrast to the literature, no change in the response rate or threshold for brain stimulation was found. The question was raised whether factors accompanying the different paradoxical sleep deprivation techniques rather than paradoxical sleep deprivation itself were responsible for these behavioral differences.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Pimozide attenuates conditioned taste preferences induced by self-stimulation in rats.

Conditioned taste preferences (CTPs) were observed in rats who drank flavored water followed by a session of self-stimulation. Control groups that did not self-stimulate did not exhibit CTPs. Other taste/SS pairings conducted under the influence of the dopamine receptor antagonist pimozide (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg, IP) resulted in dose-dependent reduction in the size of the CTPs. No evidence of any aversive effects (conditioned taste aversions) of the pimozide treatment were observed in the no-stimulation control groups. These data suggest that, in addition to its effects on responding, low doses of pimozide reduce the rewarding properties of self-stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A simple computer-based method for performing and analyzing intracranial self-stimulation experiments in rats.

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in the rat is a useful tool for studying the importance of various brain monoamines in positive reinforcement. The effects of compounds interacting with dopaminergic neurotransmission is measurable by studying the changes of reward thresholds. By computerisation of the analysis of these thresholds, standardisation and reproducibility is greatly enhanced. The use of an object-oriented programming language simplifies the programming of a specific application and it provides scientists without formal training in computer programming the means to create their own software. A system for the acquisition, execution, analysis and storage of ICSS experiments is described. The hardware is based on Apple Macintosh computers, interfaced to the test chambers and physiological stimulators using a plug-in card supporting A/D, D/A, digital I/O and timer functions. The software written in G (LabVIEW) provides the user with a graphically based 'Virtual Instrument' performing all aspect of the ICSS experiment. The software performs threshold analysis immediately after completion of the ICSS experiment, thereby greatly reducing the total time previously needed to evaluate these experiments. The graphical approach used in LabVIEW allows the programmer to make fast and simple alterations to suit different experimental problems.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Role of noradrenaline in the synaptic processes in individual hippocampal neurons under self stimulation].

In response to electrical self-stimulation of the hypothalamus, 5 out of 22 neurons of the hippocampus (fields CA2, CA3, dentate fascia) were inhibited and 9 neurons were activated. Micro-iontophoretic application of noradrenaline weakened the activation response and had no obvious effect on the inhibitory responses. The data obtained disagree with the noradrenergic hypothesis of positive reinforcement mediation (at the level of the brain hippocampal structures).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Temporal integration in self-stimulation: a paradox lost?

Seven self-stimulating rats with electrodes located along the medial forebrain bundle were used to study how excitation dissipates at the end of a train of rewarding electrical pulses. On a 5-s, fixed-interval schedule, the rats pressed a lever to obtain 2 trains of pulses separated by gaps of up to 2 s; the first train was fixed at a just-subthreshold number of pulses, whereas the second train was used to scale the number of pulses needed to just support consistent responding. The number of pulses needed grew with increasing gaps between the 2 trains, rapidly at first and then decelerating to an asymptote, with time constants of a few tenths of a second. These results support C. R. Gallistel's (1974, 1978) model of leaky integration of rewarding brain stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of d- and l-amphetamine on dorsal and ventral hypothalamic self-stimulation in three inbred strains of mice.

The effects of intraperitoneal injections of increasing doses of d- and l-amphetamine on self-stimulation behaviour in dorsal and ventral hypothalamic areas, were studied in BALB/c Orl., DBA/2 Orl, and C57BL/6 Orl inbred mice. Both isomers improved and disrupted self-stimulation as a function of the doses injected. However, the improvements obtained with d-amphetamine were higher than those obtained with 1-amphetamine. In contrast the 1 isomer generally provoked the highest disruptions. In addition, the three strains presented various sensitivities to d-amphetamine, which improved self-stimulation first in BALB/c (0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg), then in DBA/2 (0.50 and 1.0 mg/kg) and finally in C57BL/6 (2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg). The dorsal hypothalamic self-stimulation system presented a greater sensitivity to d-amphetamine than the ventral system; while the two reward systems reacted identically to 1-amphetamine. The differential effects observed are set into relationship with neurochemical data concerning the central catecholaminergic mechanisms.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1984

[Self-stimulation characteristics and endogenous ethanol in rats of different sexes].

It has been shown in experiments on rats that in females, the threshold of self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was 1.5-2 times higher than in males. Besides, the rate of self-stimulation with subthreshold currents was 57% higher in the estrus than in the diestrus. Measurement of the blood level of endogenous ethanol and animals' mass on daily self-stimulation for 8-10 weeks permitted making correlations with analogous parameters in rats of both sexes preferring ethanol to water for a long time. In both cases, the levels of endogenous ethanol, which were higher in females than in males, were lower than in intact animals. In addition, there was an increase in the body weight (only in males). The latter circumstance evidences a greater damaging action of prolonged self-stimulation on the females' body.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Central cholinergic mechanisms in electrical self-stimulation and in drug-induced tremor in rats.

Oxotremorine, a specific stimulant of central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, inhibited lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation at a dose-level less than one-tenth of that necessary to produce body tremor. Tremor induced by oxotremorine (0.5 mg/kg) was inhibited by pretreatment with hyoscine (scopolamine) (0.3 mg/kg) or propranolol (20 mg/kg) but not by methylhyoscine (0.3 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg). Inhibition of self-stimulation by oxotremorine (.03 mg/kg) was prevented by hyoscine (0.3 mg/kg) but not by any other of the drugs tested and thus constitutes a uniquely specific in vivo model for assessing central antimuscarinic activity. The results confirm the presence of centrally situated ACh receptors eleciting tremor and inhibiting self-stimulation but provide no evidence of an effect on tremor by central adrenergic beta-receptors.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interaction between motivational and reinforcement components of self-stimulation zones].

Interrelations between motivational and reinforcing components of self-stimulation (SS) zones were studied under stimulation by rhythmic and direct current (RC, DC) of both one and the same zone of self-stimulation and during simultaneous stimulation of two distant SS zones. It was shown that the reinforcing component of SS zones, independently from the way of its activation, has an inhibitory influence on the motivational reactions evoked by a stimulation of the same zone as well as any other SS site. Motivational component depending on the way of its activation has either an enhancing (RC) or an inhibitory (DC) effect on the reinforcing component. The methodical advantage of DC over RC is that DC allows to reveal more distinctly competitory relations between motivational and reinforcing components (in the form of inhibition of SS reactions of other brain points) and synergic relations--between the reinforcing components (in the form of enhancing SS reactions of other brain points).

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The effect of microinjections of morphine and haloperidol into the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens on self-stimulation behaviour.

The effect of stereotaxic injections of morphine and haloperidol via permanently implanted cannulas into the neostriatum, the nucleus accumbens or the ventricular system was studied on self-stimulation behaviour of rats with electrodes implanted into the ventral tegmentum. The self-stimulation rate was depressed by injections of haloperidol into the neostriatum or into the nucleus accumbens. Unilateral injections of haloperidol into the neostriatum depressed the self-stimulation rate either with applications ipsilateral to the electrode or contralateral to the electrode. Bilateral applications of haloperidol into the neostriatum (2 X 2.5 mug) were more effective as unilateral applications (5 mug) and were more effective as applications into the ventricular system (5 mug). Morphine had a strong depressant action on self-stimulation when applied into the ventricular system and was ineffective when applied into the neostriatum. It is concluded that these results do not favour the hypothesis that morphine interferes with dopaminergic transmission with the neostriatum.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Differential effect of self-stimulation on dopamine release and metabolism in the rat medial frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum studied by in vivo microdialysis.

Changes in the extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in the dopaminergic terminal regions, the medial frontal cortex (MFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and striatum (STR), were measured by microdialysis during self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in rats pretreated with the DA uptake inhibitor, nomifensine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Self-stimulation of the MFB in nomifensine-pretreated rats caused an increase in the extracellular DA level in the MFC and NAC but not in the STR. Self-stimulation also increased the extracellular concentrations of the main DA metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) to a similar extent in the MFC and NAC and to a lesser extent in the STR. Thus, there was a regional difference in the neurochemical changes following self-stimulation with either the MFC or the NAC showing larger extracellular levels of DA, DOPAC, and HVA than the STR. Furthermore, these changes were observed on both hemispheres ipsilateral and contralateral to the stimulation. The results indicate that self-stimulation of the MFB preferentially activates the mesocorticolimbic DA systems, thereby bilateral increases in the release of DA and its metabolism being produced in their terminal regions, the MFC and NAC.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1986

Use of a treatment package in the management of a profoundly mentally retarded girl's pica and self-stimulation.

A treatment package was employed to manage the pica and self-stimulation of a 4-year-old profoundly mentally retarded girl. Each instance of pica was followed by a verbal reprimand, the removal of the particular objects/fingers from the subject's mouth, and physical restraint. Each instance of self-stimulation was followed by response interruption and positive practice overcorrection. In both cases, praise was contingent upon the absence of target behaviors. A multiple-baseline design across settings was employed. The treatment package resulted in rapid and dramatic decreases in the levels of pica and self-stimulation in each setting. These results significantly contributed to the reduction of the cost of treatment. Results suggest that efficacy and efficiency of treatment interventions should be emphasized when dealing with multiple problems of profoundly retarded children and special emphasis should be placed on the treatment package strategy to enhance the efficiency of a given therapeutic technique.

Aversive Therapy↗
PubMed1978

alpha-Adrenergic modulation of hypothalamic self-stimulation: effects of phenoxybenzamine, yohimbine, dexamphetamine and their interactions with clonidine.

The alpha-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (12.5--50.0 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in the latency to initiate lateral hypothalamic stimulation. The insurmountable postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine (0.2-0.8 mg/kg) had no effect on self-stimulation by itself, but potentiated the inhibitory effects of clonidine. The fact that the concurrent escape behavior to the intracranial stimulation was unchanged by either clonidine or the phenoxybenzamine-clonidine combination suggests that the inhibition is specific to the rewarding component of hypothalamic stimulation. Yohimbine (0.5--2.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in both response latencies. This lack of behavioral specificity may reflect yohimbine's wide range of pharmacological activity, Dexamphetamine (0.25--0.50 mg/kg) reversed clonidine's inhibition of self-stimulation reward in a specific and dose-dependent fashion. This reversal could be blocked by previous inhibition of catecholamine synthesis with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. These data support the concept that the alpha-adrenoceptors play a critical role in the modulation of hypothalamic self-stimulation reward. They further suggest that the inhibitory effects of clonidine on self-stimulation reward represent an agonist effect on presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Efficient subnanosecond diode-pumped passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 self-stimulated Raman laser.

Generation of efficient subnanosecond self-stimulated Raman pulses by a diode-pumped passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4/Cr4+:YAG laser is demonstrated. Experimental results reveal that self-frequency Raman conversion can be achieved with a c-cut Nd:YVO4 crystal in a nearly hemispherical cavity. At 2.0 W of incident pump power, the self-stimulated Raman laser produces stable 710-ps pulses at a Stokes wavelength of 1178.6 nm with 7.2 microJ of pulse energy at a 17-kHz repetition rate.

Journal Article↗