PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “SESAMOID BONES”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Painful accessory bones of the foot.

Sesamoid bones and secondary centers of ossification account for the accessory bones of the foot, and there is a wide range of frequency with which these different ossicles appear. They are usually incidental asymptomatic findings on imaging studies, and their clinical importance lies in not mistaking them for fractures. Occasionally these ossicles can become painful due to fracture, degenerative changes, avascular necrosis, and irritation or impingement of adjacent soft tissue.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed2001

A new method of diagnosing metacarpophalangeal instabilities of the thumb.

With a plain anteroposterior stress radiograph of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and observation of the displacement of the sesamoid bones, it is possible to interpret the injury mechanism and accurately diagnose the anatomical site of the ligament lesion. Fresh anatomical specimens were used to systematically investigate and document the role played in joint stability by each of the anatomical elements. Each ligament was sectioned and instability documented. A separate group (8) was used to replicate the different mechanisms responsible for ligament lesions. A radiological study was performed on 20 patients who had no history of trauma in their metacarpophalangeal joint and on another group of 17 patients with disease. Clinical instability was radiologically studied and showed a pattern of displacement of the sesamoid bones with respect to the metacarpal head, closely related to the different types of ligament lesions. When trauma occurs at the flexed metacarpophalangeal joint, the metacarpophalangeal ligament alone is torn and parallelism between the sesamoid bones and the metacarpal is not lost. In contrast, when trauma occurs with the joint extended, both the metacarpophalangeal and sesamoid metacarpal ligaments tear and the normal anatomical relationship between the sesamoid bones and the metacarpal head is lost. Therefore, if the radiograph shows no parallelism between the sesamoid bones and the metacarpal head, the injury is total and complete and requires surgical reparation. This highly reliable method can be implemented in any emergency department at low cost. It allows the extent and seriousness of the ligament lesion to be determined in an emergency.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphology of the adductor hallux muscle and its significance for the surgical treatment of hallux valgus].

The Mc Bride procedure for surgical treatment of the hallux valgus varies according to the different morphological features of the M. adductor hallucis. One hundred specimens of human adult feet-some with a hallux valgus deformity- were preserved in formaldehyde and examined under this aspect. The tendon of the M. adductor hallucis shows two heads-a caput transversum and a caput obliquum- and inserts at the basis as well as at the lateral sesamoid bone of the great toe. Morphological differences in type and place of confluence of both tendon heads give us a classification into 8 different types. In most cases the caput transversum inserted into the caput obliquum from the side and in the middle at the level of the lateral sesamoid bone of the great toe. In most cases, specimens with this muscle type showed a hallux valgus. In surgery of the hallux valgus deformity the tendon of the M. adductor hallucis should be detached from it insertion points in order to reduce the tension on the sesamoid bone and to prevent luxation. The insertion of the caput laterale of the M. flexor hallucis brevis at the lateral sesamoid bone should be left as it is.

Hallux Valgus↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of puberty growth spurt in boys and girls--a dental radiographic method.

The first radiographic appearance of adductor sesamoid bone of thumb is considered reliable and is the most commonly used indicator of puberty growth spurt. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the tooth mineralization stage/stages were as reliable an indicator of puberty growth spurt as the adductor sesamoid bone. Puberty assessment has its necessary application in diagnosis, treatment planning of various malocclusions and in medico legal cases. The results indicated that a close relationship existed between tooth mineralization Stage G and appearance of the sesamoid bone. Hence it can be used in dentistry as an indicator for onset of puberty growth spurt via periapical or panoramic radiographs. The result of this study were not applicable to boys as the apical closure of these teeth had already occurred at the time of early radiographic appearance of the adductor sesamoid bone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Ultrasonographic examination of the proximal scutum in the horse.

Normal and abnormal ultrasonographic images are presented of the proximal scutum (proximal sesamoid bones and palmar ligament) in the horse. Comparison between anatomical sections, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and ultrasound scans enabled the authors to establish the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the palmar fetlock. Nine cases of proximal scutum injuries were identified ultrasonographically, of which 4 are illustrated. On normal limbs, the facies flexoria of the proximal sesamoid bones appeared as a thin and regular hyperechoic line and the palmar ligament was regularly echogenic. Lesions of the proximal scutum, that could be documented ultrasonographically, included rupture of the palmar ligament, avulsion fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones and palmar ligament desmopathy. Thinning or degeneration of the palmar ligament, concurrent with osteolysis of the proximal sesamoid bones, were indicative of palmar ligament enthesopathy. Ultrasonographic examination provided essential information for an accurate diagnosis of proximal scutum damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Avascular necrosis of the hallucal sesamoids update with reference to two case-reports.

We report two cases of nontraumatic metatarsal pain with sclerosis and fragmentation of the lateral sesamoid bone on roentgenographs and computed tomography images. One patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which showed low signal from the sesamoid bone. These imaging findings suggested osteonecrosis. Histology of the sesamoidectomy specimen confirmed this diagnosis in one patient. Avascular necrosis of the metatarsal sesamoid is an uncommon disorder. The suggestive roentgenographic and MRI findings rule out the other painful conditions of the sesamoid bone. The features are reviewed and the treatment options discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Magnetic resonance imaging of the palmar aspect of the equine podotrochlear apparatus: normal appearance.

The purpose of this study was to describe the normal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of the palmar structures of the equine podotrochlear apparatus by means of retrospective evaluation of MR imaging studies of 16 cadaver limbs. The articular aspect of the distal sesamoid bone was not evaluated in this study. Equine digits were imaged with a human knee radiofrequency coil in a 1.5 T magnetic field, using spin echo (SE) T1-weighted, turbo spin echo proton density (TSE PD)-weighted with and without fat saturation (FS), and FS TSE T2-weighted sequences. The limbs were dissected after imaging to validate the absence of gross abnormalities of the flexor aspect of the distal sesamoid bone, of the deep digital flexor tendon, and the distal impar sesamoidean ligament. Seven deep digital flexor tendons were subjected to histologic examination to exclude any microscopic tendon pathology. The anatomic structures of the podotrochlear apparatus were easily identified on MR images. Compact bone of the flexor cortex of the distal sesamoid bone had low intensity signal on all sequences. In 11 digits an increased signal was seen within the thickness of the sagittal eminence of the flexor cortex in SE T1-weighted images and in TSE PD-weighted images without FS. Trabecular bone had a granular appearance and high signal in SE T1-weighted sequences and TSE images without FS. The deep digital flexor tendon had low signal on FS T2-weighted images, while on short echo time sequences (T1- and PD-weighted sequences), the tendon signal varied depending on the relative orientation between its fibers and the static magnetic field. Seven tendons had stippled appearance due to small intratendonous foci of slightly increased signal on transverse T1-weighted images. MR imaging provides a thorough evaluation of the anatomical structure of the podotrochlear apparatus: A good knowledge of the MR imaging appearance and anatomy and an awareness of potential pitfalls will improve diagnostic specificity for the detection of pathologic changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Axial radiographic evaluation in hallux valgus: evaluation of the transverse arch in the forefoot.

To quantitatively evaluate the shape of the transverse arch in the forefoot with hallux valgus, a method for axial imaging and analysis of the forefoot has been developed. A foot was imaged at 30 degrees of flexion. A two-dimensional coordinate system was established by drawing a vertical line on the X-ray image through the lowest point of the head of the second metatarsal. The origin was set at the intersection between the plane of the base of the foot and this vertical line. A control group of 51 feet from 29 normal subjects and a test group of 59 feet from 34 subjects with hallux valgus were examined. Compared with the normal group, the heads of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones were lower in the hallux valgus group, and their sesamoids were shifted outward with a rotational deviation. There was a statistical correlation between the degree of outward dislocation of the fibular sesamoid bone and the hallux valgus angle. The position of the fibular sesamoid bone become higher than the head of the first metatarsal when the angle of the hallux valgus exceeded 25 degrees.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Serum parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels in racehorses with fracture.

Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) levels in fractured racehorses were measured by radioimmunoassay. Racehorses with fracture of large bone such as the radius, third metacarpus, third carpus, digital bone or tibia, showed normal PTH level and elevated CT level in the serum. Serum PTH level was slightly higher in racehorses with sesamoid bone fracture compared to that of healthy racehorses, but not statistically significant. Moreover, serum CT level of racehorses with sesamoid bone fracture was significantly higher than that of healthy racehorses. Racehorses with sesamoid bone fracture and large bone fracture might be in different conditions of calcium regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Stress fractures in athletes.

During the 14-year period of 1971-1985, 368 stress fractures in 324 athletes were treated. The series contained 268 fractures in males and 100 fractures in females; 32 fractures occurred in children (less than 16 years), 117 in adolescents (16-19 years), and 219 in adults. Forty-six fractures were incurred by athletes at an international level, 274 by athletes at a national or district level and 48 by recreational athletes. Of the total cases, 72% occurred to runners and a further 12% to athletes in other sports after running exercises. The distribution of the stress fractures by site was: tibia 182, metatarsal bones 73, fibula 44, big toe sesamoid bones 15, femoral shaft 14, femoral neck 9, tarsal navicular 9, pelvis 7, olecranon 5 and other bones 10. Of the total fractures, 342 were treated conservatively and 26 fractures required surgical treatment. The operative indication was dislocation in 5 cases and delayed union/nonunion in 21 cases. The sites most often affected by delayed union were: anterior midtibia, sesamoid bones of the big toe, base of the fifth metatarsal, olecranon, and tarsal navicular. The athletes at an international level experienced the greatest risk of multiple separate fractures, protracted healing, or fractures requiring surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A new cause of trigger thumb.

We report a case of severe painful triggering in the thumb caused by intermittent locking of the interphalangeal joint by a sesamoid bone. The triggering was corrected by excision of the interphalangeal joint sesamoid bone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Complications during treatment of traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus in Thoroughbred horses.

A total of 19 Thoroughbred horses were treated for traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus, using either external support of the injured limb, removal of fractured proximal sesamoid bone fragments, metacarpophalangeal arthrodesis, compression screw fixation of the fractured proximal sesamoid bones, application of a cast-brace attached to a transfixation pin inserted through the third metacarpal bone, or combinations thereof. Major complications during the treatment of traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus were infection (9 of 19 horses, 47%), large cast sores (10 of 14 treated horses, 71%), laminitis (7 of 19 horses, 37%), and orthopedic implant failure or loosening (4 of 6 treated horses, 67%), which led to euthanasia in 16 of 18 cases with complete follow-up information. Increased pain and lameness signaled the development of such complications. In 7 of 9 cases with infection confirmed by microbiologic culture, the horse had received surgical treatment; in 6 of those 7 cases, the infection involved the surgical site. Postoperative wound infection developed in 4 of 7 cases when the surgery was performed within 18 days of injury. In 3 cases, septic metacarpophalangeal arthritis developed, but it was unrelated to surgical procedures. Implant failure or loosening and infection led to euthanasia in 5 of 6 horses treated by internal fixation to stabilize the metacarpophalangeal joint. Three of 6 attempts to perform metacarpophalangeal arthrodesis by application of a bone plate to the dorsal aspect of the joint resulted in implant failure after 45 to 101 days. Major complications did not develop in 2 horses that were treated successfully.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Although the radiographic examination of yearlings has become commonplace at some large Thoroughbred sales, there are few data to support the decisions facing veterinarians who are asked to evaluate future racing potential. OBJECTIVES: To identify radiographic changes in the fetlocks, proximal sesamoid bones, carpi, tarsi, stifles and fore feet of Thoroughbred yearlings associated with future racing performance during ages 2 and 3 years. METHODS: Radiographs from routine pre- and post sale examinations of 1162 yearlings were used to identify individual radiographic changes in sale yearlings. Starting a race, the percent of starts placed, money earned and earnings per start were used to assess racing performanceand examined for associations with the radiographic changes observed. RESULTS: Overall 946 (81%) yearlings started at least one race during ages 2 or 3 years. Fourteen of 24 (58%) yearlings with moderate or extreme palmar supracondylar lysis of the third metacarpus, 8 of 14 (57%) of those with enthesophyte formation on the proximal sesamoid bones and 19 of 30 (63%) of those with dorsal medial intercarpal joint disease started a race. The odds of starting a race when age 2 or 3 years were 3 times lower for yearlings with these changes (P < 0.01) compared with yearlings that did not have these changes. Twenty-five of 36 (69%) yearlings with proximal dorsal fragmentation of the first phalanx in the hind fetlock started a race and these yearlings were also less likely (OR = 0.51, P = 0.07) to start a race. Yearlings with enthesophyte formation on hind proximal sesamoid bones placed in a smaller percentage of starts (16%, P = 0.01) earned less money (987 US dollars, P = 0.02) and had lower earnings per start (252 US dollars, P = 0.03) compared to starters without this change. CONCLUSIONS: Although many of the changes observed on radiographs of sale yearlings do not appear to influence future racing performance, some are associated with reduced performance. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study are best applied in parallel with the clinical impressions of veterinarians experienced in examining radiographs of sale yearlings. Some findings support those established in the literature as incidental findings and others suggest new areas for concern not previously reported as a problem in Thoroughbred sale yearlings.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Osteology of the pelvic limb of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana).

The pelvic girdle was characterized by large, transversely-placed ilial wings. The femur was the longest bone of the skeleton and its fovea capitis was situated caudomedially between the epiphyseal line and the articular surface of the femoral head. A wedge-shaped patella articulated with the femoral trochlea. The bones of the crus were approximately half as long as the femur and consisted of the sturdy tibia and slender fibula. The condyles of the tibia were concave and the femoro-tibial joint was congruent with rudimentary menisci. The tarsus consisted of seven bones which were arranged in three rows. There were five metatarsal bones. Only four digits were present, the third and fourth consisted of three phalanges each while the second and fourth digits were smaller and consisted of two phalanges each. The first digit was represented by one proximal sesamoid bone only. A large, cartilagenous rod or prehallux was attached to the first tarsal and metatarsal bones. Proximal sesamoid bones were present on the plantar aspect of the trochleae of metatarsal bones 1-V. The pes was found to be digitigrade and the digits rested on a thick pad of elastic connective tissue and fat.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scintigraphic evaluation of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in clinically sound horses.

The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) (fetlock) joints in clinically sound horses. Scintigraphic images from 29 clinically normal horses were evaluated. All the images were assessed subjectively. The lateral views were assessed quantitatively using vertical line profiles through the center of the joint, and mean ratios of radiopharmaceutical uptake were calculated from regions of interest around the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones, and the proximal phalanx and proximal sesamoid bones. From the vertical line profiles, in the majority of forelimbs (65%) the peak activity of radiopharmaceutical distribution was at the proximal region of the proximal phalanx, with a significantly lower activity within the condyles of the third metacarpal bone. However, in 84% of hindlimbs there was a broader profile peak incorporating the condyles of the third metatarsal bone and the proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx, indicating a more generalized even uptake of radiopharmaceutical across the MTP joint. When the regions of interest were compared between front and hindlimbs, there was no significant difference between proximal phalanx and proximal sesamoid bones, but the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone of the forelimb had significantly lower radiopharmaceutical activity than hindlimbs (P < 0.04). In lateral images, the mean forelimb ratios tended to be higher in the left MCP joint compared with the right (P = 0.069). In hindlimbs, the mean ratios tended to be higher in the right MTP joint than the left (P = 0.052). There was no significant effect of age.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ultrasonography assessment of ossification foci of the wrist and pubertal growth spurt].

High-resolution ultrasound (US) of the hand and wrist was compared with radiography in 26 young patients (mean age: 11.4 years) to be submitted to orthodontic therapy. US scans were targeted on the ossification centers critical for the growth spurt, namely the pisiform and adductor sesamoid bones of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and the cartilage of the distal phalanx of the third finger. All images were retrospectively reviewed on a double-blind basis by two independent observers who gave a conspicuity score to each structure of interest. All the scores were submitted to statistical analysis with the Wilcoxon test. US images clearly demonstrated the initial appearance of the ossification centers of the pisiform and sesamoid bones. These structures appeared as hyperechoic spots causing marked acoustic shadowing. The persistence of the phalangeal cartilage was depicted as a thin rim interrupting the hyperechoic cortical profile of the bone. US results were statistically equivalent to radiographic findings in the pisiform [p (op1) = .3105; p (op2) = .8886] and sesamoid bones of the thumb [p (op1) = .1386; p (op2) = .354]. A statistically significant difference between the two techniques was found in the third finger cartilage (p (op1) = .0277; p (op2) = .0759) because its profile was poorly depicted on some US images. To conclude, wrist US is proposed as a simple and valuable radiation-free support examination for the follow-up of skeletal maturation in adolescents to be submitted to orthodontic therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Overload arthrosis: strain patterns in the equine metacarpal condyle.

An overload arthrosis occurs consistently in the palmar region of the metacarpal condyle of the equine fetlock (metacarpophalangeal) joint characterized by subchondral bone sclerosis, devitalization and mechanical failure leading to collapse of the overlying articular cartilage. Samples were selected of joints with mild, moderate, and severe subchondral sclerosis, in which cartilage collapse had not yet occurred. An additional group that had severe sclerosis with focal rarefaction suggesting impending collapse was also studied (n=5/group). Parasagittal slices were milled to 2.0 mm thickness and subjected to palmar forces 50 to 200% of those applied by the sesamoid bone at angles corresponding to early, mid and late stance support phases of the gait cycle. From contact radiographs in the loaded and unloaded samples, strains were determined by recognizing displacements in the trabecular patterns using texture correlation analysis. Failure did not occur in any of the samples. Strains were generally proportional to the forces applied and greatest at midstance. Strain patterns varied between samples and with the different loading positions. With increased subchondral bone sclerosis there was greater shear strain in overlying trabeculae. Strain patterns were not consistently different within the sclerotic bone at the site of failure. Focally higher strains at the surface were sometimes related to the edge of the platen which was molded to mimic the sesamoid bone in vivo. These results indicate that sclerotic thickening of subchondral bone transmits stresses to overlying trabeculae. No consistent strain pattern was recognized where devitalization and mechanical failure occurs. Focally higher strains related to the edge of the opposing sesamoid bone may play a role.

Journal Article↗