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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in an outpatient peritoneal dialysis program.

In view of the increasing concern about hospital-acquired methicillin resistance, we examined the sensitivities and outcome of staphylococcal infections related to outpatient peritoneal dialysis over a 5-year period. Data on all episodes of peritonitis (n = 360) and catheter infections (n = 507) were gathered prospectively from January 1984 to December 1988. The numbers of patients on peritoneal dialysis each year ranged from 136 in 1984 to 109 in 1987. Fifteen methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections (MRSI) related to outpatient peritoneal dialysis occurred. Three were due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus found in infected exit sites (2.3% of all S aureus catheter infections). Two of these infections occurred in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient who carried methicillin-resistant S aureus in his nares. The other 12 methicillin-resistant organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci that caused peritonitis. There was a significant increase in the percentage of episodes of coagulase-negative staphylococci peritonitis caused by methicillin-resistant organisms; from 5% (3/57) in 1984 through 1986 to 28% (9/32) in 1987 through 1988 (P less than 0.005). In view of the high percentage of coagulase-negative staphylococci peritonitis that is methicillin-resistant, vancomycin rather than cephalosporins should be used for initial treatment.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The diagnosis of staphylococcal infection by the determination of antigen-binding lymphocytes].

Examination of 255 patients with different pyo-inflammatory and septic diseases revealed high effectiveness of the detection of staphylococcal infection by the determination of antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) in the indirect rosette-formation test with the use of specially designed staphylococcal erythrocytes immune reagents. ABL were detected in 63% of the examined patients, their content varied between 0.57% and 6.41% (which was, on the average, equal to 1.92 +/- 0.10%). The effectiveness of the method depended on the specificity of the staphylococcal reagent used in the test and on the time of examination of the patients. In patients with acute processes the determination of ABL permitted the diagnosis of staphylococcal infection before the activity of the corresponding serum antibodies could be measured. ABL were classified with T, B and "zero" populations of lymphocytes.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

[Antibiotic therapy of experimental intrauterine staphylococcal infection].

The experiments on gravid rats showed that generalized staphylococcal infection in the female rats resulted in intrauterine infecting of the fetus and had a negative effect on its antenatal development: increased embryonal death rate, decreased weight gain, etc. In case of staphylococcal septicemia the amniotic waters were a peculiar reservoir of the causative agent where it accumulated in larger amounts than in the fetus tissues. Efficiency of oxacillin in daily doses of 144 and 72 mg was shown in treatment of the rat intrauterine infection. High sensitivity of the infected embryons to higher doses of the drug was found.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Staphylococcal infections in the Sofia Burn Centre, Bulgaria.

This study analysed staphylococcal infections in the Sofia Burns Centre in order to estimate their frequency, features and role in burns. For an 8-year period (1987-94) the bacterial aetiology of wound infections and bacteraemia in burned patients was studied. The prevalence of staphylococci in both wound exudation (31.4 per cent) and in blood cultures (60.7 per cent) was established. During the last year of the study there was a significant increase in the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from 19.4 per cent in 1993 to 28.0 per cent in 1994 (P < 0.001). This raised serious therapeutic problems. MRSA were found more frequently in the ICU than in the wards and in wounds and blood cultures compared with other species/strains. MRSA caused infections in 18.8 percent of patients. Over 70 per cent of the MRSA strains were resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin and tetracycline and about one-third to lincomycin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. All the MRSA strains were sensitive to vancomycin and 71.1 per cent to rifampicin. These findings show the necessity of urgent measures for restriction of the further distribution of MRSA infections in our burns centre.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Potential inroads to reducing hospital-acquired staphylococcal infection and its cost.

Staphylococci are still the most common agents implicated in hospital-acquired infections. In addition to Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci have attracted widespread interest, since they have emerged as the most frequent pathogen in foreign-body related infections. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus has resulted in increasing use of potentially toxic and extremely expensive antibiotics. To prevent hospital-acquired staphylococcal infections only control measures proven to be effective should be implemented and the cost of infection control procedures should always be considered. Handwashing as the simplest, cheapest, and still the most effective measure should constantly be stressed. In this article, effective procedures for the prevention of hospital-acquired staphylococcal infections are summarized, with special emphasis on cost-saving measures.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1985

Clinical efficacy of cefonicid in the treatment of staphylococcal infections.

Cefonicid is a parenteral cephalosporin with a half-life of 4.5 hours, which permits once-daily dosing. The efficacy of cefonicid in the treatment of established staphylococcal infections was reviewed in all patients with infections due to staphylococci who were treated with cefonicid during the US clinical development program. Two hundred evaluable cases were identified, of which 95 had other pathogens as well. Cefonicid was clinically effective in 92% of skin and soft tissue infections, 74% of bone and joint infections, 83% of respiratory tract infections, and 95% of urinary tract infections. None of the three evaluable patients with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis responded to cefonicid. Thus, based on current evidence, cefonicid is not effective in the treatment of established staphylococcal endocarditis. However, for the treatment of staphylococcal infections at other sites, cefonicid is comparable to other cephalosporins, most of which must be administered more frequently than cefonicid and thus are less cost-effective.

Cefamandole↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Protease inhibitors as immunomodulators in experimental acute pancreatitis and staphylococcal infection].

The influence of protease-inhibiting preparations on the development of humoral immune response in diseases involving the development of secondary immunodeficiency (experimentally induced acute pancreatitis and staphylococcal infection) has been studied. Five injections of contrycal and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (epsilon-ACA), starting from day 1 after the induction of acute pancreatitis, normalized the immune response induced by sheep red blood cells 24 hours after operation. In staphylococcal infection protease-inhibiting preparations (contrycal, epsilon-ACA, Amben) produced a protective effect, increasing the survival rate and the mean survival time of the animals infected with staphylococci.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the course of experimental staphylococcal infection and on the immune status of the animal body].

In guinea pigs infected with staphylococci by subcutaneous injection a decreased content of T-lymphocytes, an increased number of B-lymphocytes and lower levels of lysozyme and complement were observed. When subjected to the action of hyperbaric oxygenation, the animals, both intact or infected with staphylococci, showed the aggravation of staphylococcal infection, a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes and an increase in the content of B-lymphocytes. In the intact animals hyperbaric oxygenation stimulated the production of complement and lysozyme, produced a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes and an increase in the number of B-lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Therapy of experimental staphylococcal infection by the transfusion of allogeneic leukocytes].

Severe nonlethal generalized staphylococcal infection was induced in guinea pigs by the intramuscular injection of S. aureus. On days 1, 3 and 5 after the infection the animals received intracardiac injections of leukocytes from intact donors. On any day of investigation following the injection of staphylococci (up to day 14) the number of colonies in the spleen of the animals subjected to immunotherapy was considerably lower than that in the spleen of the control animals. The treated animals showed a higher percentage of neutrophils with receptors for Fc-fragments of immunoglobulins and for complement, as well as higher levels of active T- and B-lymphocytes. The data thus obtained correspond to the results of clinical treatment and examination.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

A survey of staphylococcal infections in group 9 hospitals.

This is a three-year survey of staphylococcal infection in the Watford group of hospitals. The organisms are divided into groups according to their pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics. The spread of Staphylococcus pyogenes in a maternity hospital and the measures taken to eradicate it are described.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

The role of humoral and cellular mediators in enhanced mammary inflammatory reactions to staphylococcal infection in systemically immunized ewes.

Prior systemic immunization with live Staphylococcus aureus vaccine enhances the early recruitment of neutrophils into nonlactating mammary glands infected with staphylococci. The study investigates the role of humoral and cellular mediators in this phenomenon. Intramammary infusion of bacteria suspended in immune sheep serum did not enhance the inflammatory response to infection in nonimmunized ewes despite the presence of complement in the infused serum. Infusion of complement activated by incubation with zymosan evoked a massive neutrophil influx into mammary secretions by 4 hr after infusion. Hemolytic complement activity was not detected in mammary secretions of immunized or nonimmunized ewes. These findings indicate that, despite the inflammatory effect of complement activation, humoral immune factors did not promote neutrophil migration into infected glands. Mammary glands of systemically immunized ewes stimulated 5 days previously with staphylococcal soluble antigens (SSA) supported larger neutrophil influxes during staphylococcal infection than contralateral glands stimulated with endotoxin 5 days prior to infection. Exudates of SSA-stimulated glands had significantly higher cell concentrations, prior to infection, than endotoxin-stimulated glands; however elevated cell concentrations in endotoxin-stimulated glands of nonimmune ewes did not support enhanced inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that qualitative but not quantitative characteristics of mammary leucocytes influence the inflammatory response to infection in systemically immunized ewes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Vaccination against staphylococcal infections in animal experiments].

Based on favour and clinical observations we have undertaken to observe the effect of vaccination against staphylococcic infection in the mouse. A standard amount of staphylococcus was used together with a metal implant. After two weeks in the control group always an infection could be observed, and germs could be cultivated. In the groups with staphypan and in the groups with vaccinated specific vaccinia a less strong infection was observed, while a vaccinia made from salmonella typhimurium and diphtheria-toxoid showed the strongest effect. The use of unspecific vaccinia deserves further attention in relation to operations which can be made after vaccination of the patient.

Animals↗