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PubMed2001

Description of staphylococcus serine protease (ssp) operon in Staphylococcus aureus and nonpolar inactivation of sspA-encoded serine protease.

Signature tagged mutagenesis has recently revealed that the Ssp serine protease (V8 protease) contributes to in vivo growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus in different infection models, and our previous work indicated that Ssp could play a role in controlling microbial adhesion. In this study, we describe an operon structure within the ssp locus of S. aureus RN6390. The ssp gene encoding V8 protease is designated as sspA, and is followed by sspB, which encodes a 40.6-kDa cysteine protease, and sspC, which encodes a 12.9-kDa protein of unknown function. S. aureus SP6391 is an isogenic derivative of RN6390, in which specific loss of SspA function was achieved through a nonpolar allelic replacement mutation. In addition to losing SspA, the culture supernatant of SP6391 showed a loss of 22- to 23-kDa proteins and the appearance of a 40-kDa protein corresponding to SspB. Although the 40-kDa SspB protein could degrade denatured collagen, our data establish that this is a precursor form which is normally processed by SspA to form a mature cysteine protease. Culture supernatant of SP6391 also showed a new 42-kDa glucosaminidase and enhanced glucosaminidase activity in the 29 to 32 kDa range. Although nonpolar inactivation of sspA exerted a pleiotropic effect, S. aureus SP6391 exhibited enhanced virulence in a tissue abscess infection model relative to RN6390. Therefore, we conclude that SspA is required for maturation of SspB and plays a role in controlling autolytic activity but does not by itself exert a significant contribution to the development of tissue abscess infections.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed1998

Distribution of Staphylococcus species among human clinical specimens and emended description of Staphylococcus caprae.

By DNA-DNA hybridization on microplates, we identified 1,230 strains of staphylococci from human clinical specimens and determined the distribution of species. The 10 Staphylococcus species isolated most often were S. epidermidis (31.3%), S. aureus (23.3%), S. haemolyticus (12.2%), S. caprae (10.7%), S. simulans (4.4%), S. hominis (4.0%), S. capitis (3.9%), S. saprophyticus (3.6%), S. warneri (2.2%), and S. lugdunensis (1.3%). From these results, we realized that S. caprae strains were widely distributed in human clinical specimens. The description in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology indicates that no strains of S. caprae produce acid from fructose and mannitol, but all our S. caprae strains produced acid from fructose and mannitol. Consequently, many strains of S. caprae isolated from human clinical specimens have been misidentified as S. haemolyticus or S. hominis by conventional biochemical tests. In this paper, we propose an emended description of S. caprae.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Emergence of a clinical daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate during treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and osteomyelitis.

The emergence of a clinically daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate occurred during treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia and probable vertebral osteomyelitis. The breakthrough isolate was indistinguishable from pretreatment daptomycin-susceptible isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Daptomycin nonsusceptibility was confirmed by MIC and time-kill curve analyses.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from residential indoor bioaerosols.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaluated the levels of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic-resistant S. aureus in colony-forming units (CFU) per cubic meter of air. DESIGN: We used Andersen two-stage samplers to collect bioaerosol samples from 24 houses in El Paso, Texas, using tryptic soy agar as the collection media, followed by the replicate plate method on Chapman Stone selective medium to isolate S. aureus. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine antibiotic resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, and cefaclor, which represent two distinct classes of antibiotics. RESULTS: The average recovered concentration of respirable heterotrophic organisms found outside each home was 345.38 CFU/m3, with an average of 12.63 CFU/m3 for S. aureus. The average recovered concentration of respirable heterotrophic organisms found inside each home was 460.23 CFU/m3, with an average of 15.39 CFU/m3 for S. aureus. The respirable S. aureus recovered from inside each home had an average resistance of 54.59% to ampicillin and 60.46% to penicillin. Presence of cefaclor-resistant and of multidrug-resistant S. aureus was the same, averaging 13.20% per house. The respirable S. aureus recovered from outside each home had an average resistance of 34.42% to ampicillin and 41.81% to penicillin. Presence of cefaclor-resistant and of multidrug-resistant S. aureus was the same, averaging 13.96% per house. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that antibiotic-resistant bioaerosols are commonly found within residential homes. Our results also suggest that resistant strains of airborne culturable S. aureus are present in higher concentrations inside the study homes than outside the homes.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1997

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus chromogenes genomic DNA and its taxonomic, epidemiologic and ecologic applications in veterinary medicine.

One hundred and thirty-eight strains of Staphylococcus hyicus and 21 strains of S. chromogenes isolated from animals were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after restriction endonuclease Smal digestion of chromosomal DNA. Eighty-eight strains of S. hyicus from pigs with or without exudative epidermitis (EE) generated 16 to 26 fragments in the size range of < 1 to 485 kb, and yielded 39 different patterns. With regard to the strains from pigs with EE, PFGE patterns differed according to the country of origin. Outbreaks of EE occurring on four separate pig farms in Japan involved S. hyicus with different PFGE patterns. The PFGE patterns shown by S. hyicus strains from 4 kinds of animals were compared. Strains from pigs differed from those isolated from chickens (n = 45; 18 to 24 fragments of < 1 to 425 kb), cows (n = 3; 17 to 19 fragments of < 1 to 475 kb), and goats (n = 2; 16 or 17 fragments of < 1 to 1,125 kb). Also, each of the chicken, cow and goat strains had a host-specific fragment. The results suggest that PFGE analysis might be a useful marker for distinguishing ecovars within S. hyicus. In contrast, strains of S. chromogenes from pigs and cows generated 17 to 24 fragments ranging from < 1 to 545 kb. The PFGE patterns of S. chromogenes strains were more highly conserved than those of S. hyicus. S. chromogenes strains could be distinguished from S. hyicus strains by fragments within the range of 305 to 545 kb. The results indicate that PFGE analysis could be used to distinguish between S. hyicus and S. chromogenes. We conclude that PFGE analysis is a useful tool not only for species or strain identification but also for epidemiologic or ecologic studies of S. hyicus and S. chromogenes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in retail raw chicken meat throughout Japan.

A total of 444 samples of raw chicken meat (thighs, breasts, wings, livers, gizzards, hearts and ovaries) that retailed at 145 different supermarkets in 47 prefectures in Japan were examined for contamination with Staphylococcus aureus in association with its enterotoxigenicity. S. aureus was isolated from 292 (65.8%) of the samples, and from 131 of the 145 supermarkets. There was no significant difference in the detection rate of S. aureus according to the type of meat examined. About 80% of 714 isolates belonged to the poultry (57.1%) and human biotypes (22.1%). Seventy-eight (21.7%) of 360 isolates were enterotoxigenic and isolated from 78 samples in 53 supermarkets in 31 prefectures. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced were SEB (50 isolates), SEA (14), SEC (8), SED (2), SEA+SEB (2), and SEA+SEC (2). Most of the enterotoxigenic isolates belonged to the human and poultry biotypes, coagulase type VII, VIII or IV, and were lysed by phages of group III. Identical SE types, biotypes, coagulase types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were shown in isolates from different types of meat at the same supermarket and from samples taken from different supermarkets in the same prefectures or in isolates from samples obtained from several different prefectures. Among the 50 SEB-producing isolates, 27 yielded three similar PFGE patterns that differed by only a few fragments, suggesting that they were closely related genetically. The three patterns were found in isolates of samples that retailed at 17 supermarkets in 11 prefectures, indicating that they may be disseminated among raw chicken meat in Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The beta-lactamase activity in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--a comparison of the beta-lactamase from a methicillin-resistant and from a methicillin-sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus].

Strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are more frequently beta-lactamase-negative than those of Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). In the strains of MRSA, the beta-lactamase activity tends to be inversely related to the MIC's of Methicillin. Such a marked tendency has been observed in recent years.

Methicillin↗
PubMed1983

Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis and Staphylococcus epidermidis infection in an intensive care unit.

Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most common agents of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). S. epidermidis isolated from the blood stream of patients with PVE are almost invariably multiple resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment alone gives unsatisfactory results and carries a mortality rate of 70-80%. That is why early surgical treatment is recommended. S. epidermidis is a less common cause of endocarditis in non-surgical patients, accounting for approximately 5% of the cases, which are mostly patients with pre-existent valvular heart disease. Generally, isolates from the latter patients are sensitive to most antibiotics, and the mortality rate is considerably lower. Recently coagulase-negative staphylococci have emerged as causative agents of septicaemia in patients hospitalized in intensive care units. Especially premature infants of very low-birth weight (less than 1500 g) receiving parenteral nutrition appear to carry a high risk of acquiring this kind of septicaemia. Although the staphylococci isolated from the blood of these patients are the same as in patients with PVE, generally multiple resistant to antibiotics, prognosis is far better than in cases of PVE. In our study carried out in a neonatal intensive care unit, two risk factors for coagulase-negative staphylococcal septicaemia were identified. First, nearly 20% of parenteral nutrition fluids used in the unit were found to be contaminated with coagulase-negative staphylococci, and a significant association was established between septicaemia and the infusion of contaminated fluids. Moreover, opsonization of staphylococci in infant serum proved to be severely deficient. Since host defence to staphylococci is dependent on optimal opsonization of these microorganisms, this defence may be severely compromised in the premature neonate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Allergy to staphylococcus and lymphocyte subpopulations. I. Hypersensibility of two types to staphylococcus and lymphocyte subpopulations.

Guinea pigs were sensitized either with dead bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain or by its soluble ultrasonic antigen. With the dead bacteria delayed hypersensitivity (DH) was observed, whereas immediate hypersensitivity (IH) was observed with soluble antigens. Changes in lymphocyte subpopulation distributions in peripheral blood and in some lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes) were studied. The number of total and "active" T lymphocytes in blood and in most lymph nodes increased, in both DH and IH. The increase was particularly significant in delayed hypersensitivity. In the thymus the number of these cells was decreased. Changes in the level of B lymphocytes estimated as cell bearing receptors for complement components were quite different in DH and IH. A low level of B lymphocytes was noted in peripheral blood but not in most of the lymph nodes in IH.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Surface properties of Staphylococcus saprophyticus: hydrophobicity, haemagglutination and Staphylococcus saprophyticus surface-associated protein (Ssp) represent distinct entities.

Cell surface hydrophobicity may contribute to virulence in urinary tract pathogens. In this study we assess the influence of differential expression of the two major surface proteins (Ssp and the haemagglutinin) of Staphylococcus saprophyticus on cell surface hydrophobicity. The haemagglutinating strain CCM883, which does not produce Ssp, was hydrophobic regardless of the growth conditions. Strain 9325, which is non-haemagglutinating and produces Ssp, was hydrophobic only when grown in liquid media. Although these results suggest an association between the ability to express the haemagglutinin and the structure responsible for cell surface hydrophobicity, they refute any major role of Ssp and haemagglutinin in hydrophobicity. Treatment of bacteria with proteases reduces hydrophobicity, indicating that the structure mediating hydrophobicity is a protein.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1980

[Staphylococcus aureus infection in chickens in industrialized poultry units. 1. Manifestations of Staphylococcus aureus infection in chickens].

Staphylococcus aureus infection has become an increasingly grave problem in industrialised poultry farming. This first communication in a series of publications on highly involved studies and experiments describes manifestations of the most common staphylococcal infections in fowl, including synovitis with arthritis, osteomyelitis, dermatitis, endocarditis, septicaemia, wound infection, and ophthalmitis. Reference in greater detail is made to manifestations with more important economic consequences, such as synovitis with arthritis, osteomyelitis, and dermatitis. Their frequency, dependence on age, clinical patterns, pathomorphology, pathogenesis are expounded together with peculiarities of differential diagnosis, with reference being made to findings obtained by the authors from their own studies on three industrialised poultry units.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Interspecies lysogenization in staphylococci: transfer of bacteriophage converting enterotoxin A from a clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus to Staphylococcus intermedius].

The ability of lysogenization was examined of 50 S. intermedius strains and of 77 strains belonging to 14 different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci using 8 enterotoxin A converting bacteriophages isolated from S. aureus. All the examined bacteriophages showed lytic activity against at least 1 of 11 susceptible strains of S. intermedius to them. Lytic activity towards coagulase-negative staphylococci was observed for 6 of 8 examined bacteriophages. Two bacteriophages were active against 1 of 9 examined S. capitis strains, one against 1 of 11 examined S. haemolyticus strains, four against 1 of 6 examined S. lugdunensis strains, three against 1 of 6 examined S. warneri strains and one against 1 of 5 examined S. xylosus strains. Lysogenization with bacteriophage f421-1 able to convert positively enterotoxin A and staphylokinase and negatively beta-haemolysin of one S. intermedius strain was successful. S. intermedius lysogenized with phi 421-1 was able to produce both enterotoxin A and staphylokinase and lost ability to produce beta-haemolysin. Our results showed a broad lytic spectrum and interspecies host range of some S. aureus bacteriophages and the ability of interspecies transfer of bacteriophages between S. aureus and S. intermedius.

Enterotoxins↗