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PubMed1982

Trichomonas gallinae infections in the ringdove (Streptopelia risoria).

Twenty Trichomonas-free ringdoves (Streptopelia risoria) were intubated with Trichomonas gallinae derived from pigeons (Columba livia). By 15 days post-intubation (DPI) five doves had T. gallinae-type lesions (Cankers) in the pregastric portion of the digestive system, and six doves had T. gallinae present without lesions. Sixteen Trichomonas-free ring doves were infected using T. gallinae from axenic cultures. By 21 DPI four doves had T. gallinae lesions and died, and one dove had T. gallinae present without lesions. This is the first report of T. gallinae lesions in ring doves since Cauthen reported it in 1936.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in and around Surat.

Trichomonas culture method was used for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis along with gram staining and wet mount preparation. We selected 51 urban women and 51 rural women in this study. Samples were taken from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Out of 102 samples 35 samples were positive for Trichomonas vaginalis by culture method. 20 women were positive for Trichomonas vaginalis by wet mount and 15 by gram staining technique. So it is a fact that culture of Trichomonas vaginalis is a "gold standard" in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. As we had the opportunity to compare both urban and rural women in our study we were able to come to the conclusion that incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis is more in urban women than in rural women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Mouse spleen cell responses to trichomonal antigens in experimental Trichomonas vaginalis infection.

Subcutaneous inoculation of live T. vaginalis into mice caused splenomegaly, particularly when using strains of parasites with low pathogenicity. The proliferative responses of spleen cells from uninfected mice, as measured by [3H] TdR uptake, showed that trichomonal antigens, whether from strains with high or low pathogenicity, have no mitogenic activity. Spleen cells from mice infected with trichomonads of low pathogenicity showed a proliferative response to trichomonal antigens that was maximal after 4 days incubation. The proliferative response of spleen cells from mice infected with trichomonads of high pathogenicity continued for at least 6 days in the presence of the antigen. Moreover, in the latter case there was a significantly greater uptake of [3H] TdR when cells were incubated with antigens of a highly pathogenic strain. These results support the view that although many antigens are common to strains with differing levels of pathogenicity, some antigens are more closely associated with strains that are more highly pathogenic. The strong proliferative response to these antigens may then be related to the clinical presentation of infection with these strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Systemic immune response to Trichomonas vaginalis infection during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize the systemic immune response in women with trichomoniasis in pregnancy as compared with uninfected women. STUDY DESIGN: A nested case control study was performed on 195 serum samples. Serum concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were compared between infected and uninfected women. Cytokines and chemokines were measured using a multiplex bead assay. The CRP concentrations were determined using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS: The median serum concentration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was significantly higher in the trichomonas-infected group compared with the uninfected group (8.9 pg/mL vs. 5.7 pg/mL; P <0.001). The mean log-transformed CRP values were higher in the infected group compared with the uninfected group (1.66 vs. 1.27; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that trichomoniasis during pregnancy can lead to a systemic immune response in some women as exhibited by elevation in the serum concentrations of both GM-CSF and CRP.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in couples with fertility problems].

One-hundred and seventy two couples which went for the first time to the Infertility Service of the National Institute of Endocrinology from June 1999 to June 2000, were studied to find out the frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in this group, and determine its interaction with a number of clinical and risk variables. The results yielded that 10.5% were positive to the parasite, the prevailing symptom was leukorrea in women and 96.6% of men showed no symptoms. It was highly significant the fact of having a previous pathological history that might be related to infertility and current T. vaginalis infection. This protozoon was frequently associated with Candida sp. and causative agents of bacterial vaginosis in women and Haemophilus influenzae in men. This parasite seems to play an important role as a likely causative agent to be considered in fertility problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Accuracy of the Papanicolaou smear in the diagnosis of asymptomatic infection with Trichomonas vaginalis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of Papanicolaou smears in reporting cytologic evidence of Trichomonas vaginalis in asymptomatic women attending a resident clinic. METHODS: In phase I of this study, we prospectively enrolled 100 asymptomatic gynecologic patients to be screened for vaginal trichomoniasis using wet preparation, vaginal culture, and Papanicolaou smear. During phase II, asymptomatic patients (40 gynecologic and 20 obstetric) whose screening Papanicolaou smears showed cytologic evidence of trichomoniasis returned for wet preparation, culture, and repeat Papanicolaou smear. Patients were considered infected with T vaginalis if either the wet preparation or culture was positive, and uninfected if both tests were negative. The cytopathologist was not informed of the patient's enrollment in this study or of the results of culture or wet preparation. RESULTS: The prevalence of asymptomatic trichomonas infection in gynecologic patients enrolled in phase I was 6%. In asymptomatic gynecologic patients enrolled in phase II, repeat Papanicolaou smear had a sensitivity and specificity of 86 and 83%, respectively, when diagnosing infection. Thirty percent of these patients would have been treated unnecessarily for trichomoniasis based upon screening Papanicolaou smear. In obstetric patients, the sensitivity of repeat Papanicolaou smear was 94% and specificity was 100%. Had therapy been initiated based on screening cytology, 20% of obstetric patients would have received unindicated therapy. The differences in sensitivity and specificity between the groups were statistically significant (P < .05). CONCLUSION: When a screening Papanicolaou smear reports cytologic evidence of T vaginalis infection in the asymptomatic patient, a confirmatory test should be performed before initiating therapy.

False Negative Reactions↗
PubMed2004

Trichomonas vaginalis infection activates cells through toll-like receptor 4.

While Trichomonas vaginalis infection can cause inflammation and influx of leukocytes into the female genital tract, the molecular pathways important in inducing these effects are not known. This study determined if infection with T. vaginalis activates cells through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Genital tract secretions from infected women stimulated TNF-alpha production by cells with functional TLR4 (350 pg/ml) but significantly less by cells that are unresponsive to TLR4 ligands (44 pg/ml, P = 0.001). Secretions collected after clearance of infection also induced significantly lower responses by cells with functional TLR4 (136 pg/ml, P = 0.008). TNF-alpha responses were not reduced by Polymyxin B and did not correlate with beta(2)-defensin levels, indicating that stimulation of cells was not through lipopolysaccharide or beta(2)-defensin. These studies show that T. vaginalis infection results in the appearance in the genital tract of substance(s) that stimulate cells through TLR4, suggesting a mechanism for the inflammation caused by this infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis causes a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in women, yet trichomoniasis in male sexual partners is not well recognized. Nucleic acid amplification tests can increase detection of T. vaginalis in men compared with culture. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter study to evaluate T. vaginalis infection among male partners of women with trichomoniasis and factors associated with infection by recruiting patients from 3 public clinics in the United States. Male partners were tested for concordant T. vaginalis infection, defined as a positive urethral culture, urine culture, or urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result. A subset of men also provided a semen sample for T. vaginalis culture and PCR. Factors associated with concordant infection were determined from bivariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: We enrolled 540 women with trichomoniasis (diagnosed using wet mount microscopy and/or culture) and 261 (48.4%) of their male partners. T. vaginalis infection was detected in 177 (71.7%) of 256 male partners (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.0%-77.3%), of whom 136 (77.3%) were asymptomatic. A vaginal pH of >4.5 in a woman was independently associated with infection in the male partner (adjusted odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0-6.3). Younger male age (20-29 and 30-39 years) was also found to be an independent risk factor for concordant trichomoniasis. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of male partners of women with trichomoniasis were infected; however, few factors predicted infection. T. vaginalis causes a highly prevalent STI, necessitating vastly improved partner management, application of sensitive nucleic-acid based testing, and better clinical recognition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women and newborn infants].

We studied 149 pregnant women at delivery and 113 newborns in order to determine the frequency of T vaginalis infection. Neutral red stain, dark field microscopy and culture methods were used with comparable yields. The age of women ranged from 12 to 43 years. A 27.5% infection rate was detected in mothers but all newborns were free from infection. Infection rates in relation to age among mothers confirmed previously reports.

Adolescent↗