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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Immune responses to exercise in children treated for cancer.

BACKGROUND: Children treated for cancer commonly benefit physiologically from moderate aerobic training, but it is less clear if impairment of the immune system secondary to chemotherapy reduces the immunological tolerance of exercise relative to normal children. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: a case series. SETTING: hospital laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: six children aged 13-14 yr, successfully treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and other types of neoplasms, were compared with 11 normal volunteer children. INTERVENTIONS: three of the sample underwent 12 weeks training at 70-85% of maximal heart rate; the remaining three provided initial and final test data only. MEASURES: mood state (Piers-Harris test), anthropometric data, maximal oxygen intake, response to 30 min exercise challenges at anaerobic threshold, and standard immune measures (differential count, cytolytic activity, and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation) at rest, during and following submaximal exercise. RESULTS: A low maximal oxygen intake, excess of body fat, and high anxiety scores all improved with training. Children who were still receiving chemotherapy showed low resting CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD25+ counts and reduced PHA-induced proliferation. Acute exercise and training caused further impairment of immune responses, although changes remained insufficient to cause concern for health. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise therapy is beneficial following treatment of cancer, but should be prescribed individually, with a careful monitoring of immune responses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes.

Overtraining is a process of excessive exercise training in high-performance athletes that may lead to overtraining syndrome. Overtraining syndrome is a neuroendocrine disorder characterized by poor performance in competition, inability to maintain training loads, persistent fatigue, reduced catecholamine excretion, frequent illness, disturbed sleep and alterations in mood state. Although high-performance athletes are generally not clinically immune deficient, there is evidence that several immune parameters are suppressed during prolonged periods of intense exercise training. These include decreases in neutrophil function, serum and salivary immunoglobulin concentrations and natural killer cell number and possibly cytotoxic activity in peripheral blood. Moreover, the incidence of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection increases during periods of endurance training. However, all of these changes appear to result from prolonged periods of intense exercise training, rather than from the effects of overtraining syndrome itself. At present, there is no single objective marker to identify overtraining syndrome. It is best identified by a combination of markers, such as decreases in urinary norepinephrine output, maximal heart rate and blood lactate levels, impaired sport performance and work output at 110% of individual anaerobic threshold, and daily self-analysis by the athlete (e.g. high fatigue and stress ratings). The mechanisms underlying overtraining syndrome have not been clearly identified, but are likely to involve autonomic dysfunction and possibly increased cytokine production resulting from the physical stress of intense daily training with inadequate recovery.

Blood Cells↗

PubMed1969

Immunization for children. Motivating families to complete a series.

A communication gap in transmission of information from health professionals to indigent parents is demonstrated by the incomplete immunization of children attending pediatric health facilities. To bridge this gap, young women of similar ethnic and social backgrounds were recruited and trained briefly in counseling parents concerning adequate immunization. The effectiveness of these Health Aides in motivating parents to complete an immunization series was less than that of Public Health Nurses. Even so, the Aides were able to motivate two-thirds of the families that they counseled. Conclusions were that a significant number of children appearing in a large public emergency room facility are unimmunized. Many of these children are not seriously ill and an immunization series can be initiated "on the spot." Motivation to complete the series can be done almost as satisfactorily by young rapidly trained indigenous Health Aides as by professionals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Endocrine and cytokine responses to standardized physical stress in multiple sclerosis.

Since the earliest descriptions psychological and physical stress has been considered a controversial but potentially important factor in the onset and course of multiple sclerosis (MS). During recent years it has become clear that MS patients benefit from physical exercise as performed in aerobic training. As acute exercise has profound effects on immune and endocrine parameters we studied endocrine and immune response to standardized physical stress in MS within a study of aerobic training. Fifteen MS patients completed an eight-week aerobic training program, 13 patients were part of a wait-control group. Twenty healthy controls were recruited as well. A step-by-step bicycle ergometry was performed to determine individual exertion levels. For the endurance test patients exercised at 60% VO2 max for 30 min. Blood samples were drawn before, directly after and 30 min after completion of the exercise. Heart rate and lactate increased in all groups (p<.0001). We furthermore saw significant increases in endocrine parameters (epinephrine, norepinephrine, ACTH, and beta-endorphin; all p<.0001) in healthy individuals and in MS patients but without a differential effect. Whole-blood stimulated production of IFN-gamma (IFNgamma) was induced similarly in all groups (p<.01). TNF-alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-10 were less inducible in MS patients (trend). From these data we could not demonstrate a proinflammatory immune deviation in response to physical stress in MS. The observed trend of hyporesponsive TNFalpha and IL-10 responses in MS warrants further investigation.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1989

Infectious episodes in runners before and after a roadrace.

Various researchers have implied that regular and moderate exercise training may improve the ability of the immune system to protect the host from infection. In contrast, acute, maximal, and exhaustive exercise may have negative effects of the immune system. This study compared the incidence of infectious episodes in 273 runners during a two month training period prior to a 5 K, 10 K, or half-marathon race. In addition, the effect of the race experience on infectious episodes was studied. Twenty-five percent of the runners training more than 15 miles per week reported at least one infectious episode as compared with 34.3% of runners training less than 15 miles per week (p = 0.09). Only 6.8% of the runners preparing for the half-marathon race reported becoming sick with the flu versus 17.9% of the 5 K and 10 K runners (p = 0.067). During the week following the roadrace, runners did not report an increase in infectious episodes as compared to the week prior to the race. These trends suggest that runners with a more serious commitment to regular exercise may experience less infectious episodes than recreational runners because of both direct and indirect affects on immunosurveillance. In addition, the stressful race experience does not appear to increase risk of acquiring an acute respiratory infection.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Dietary fats and immune status in athletes: clinical implications.

Athletes are competitive, train at very high levels with inadequate rest, consume too few calories, avoid fats, and may be at increased risk of infections. The immune system is sensitive to both fat intake and intense exercise, suggesting that athletes may have suppressed immune function. It has been reported that many athletes consume about 25% fewer calories than the estimated expenditure, leading to low intakes of some essential micronutrients and fats. Acute exercise has been shown to increase inflammatory and decrease antiinflammatory immune factors and may increase oxidant stress. Chronic exercise appears to improve immune competence. Lipids are powerful mediators of the immune system, and they may modulate the immunosuppressive effects of strenuous exercise. Studies have shown that a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet (15% fat, 65% CHO, 20% protein of total calories), typically eaten by athletes, increases inflammatory and decreases antiinflammatory immune factors, depresses antioxidants, and negatively affects blood lipoprotein ratios. Increasing total caloric intake by 25% to match energy expenditure and the dietary fat intake to 32% in athletes appears to reverse the negative effects on immune function and lipoprotein levels reported on a low-fat diet. Increasing the dietary fat intake of athletes to 42%, while maintaining caloric intake equal to expenditure, does not negatively affect immune competency or blood lipoproteins, whereas it improves endurance exercise performance at 60-80% of VO2max in cyclists, soldiers, and runners. There is no evidence that higher fat intakes (up to 42% of total calories), in calorically balanced diets, increase the risk of cancer, but studies are needed to determine whether the beneficial effects of higher fat diets in athletes reduce their rate of infections.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1994

The influence of exercise and aging on immune function.

Immune function declines significantly with advancing age. While many components of the immune system are adversely affected, T cell-dependent functions are most dramatically compromised. This is most likely a result of involution of the thymus gland known to occur with age. Defects in T cell proliferative capacity/responsiveness, interleukin-2 production and receptor expression, signal transduction, and cytotoxicity are frequently cited problems associated with immunosenescence. The stress imposed by a single bout of exercise elicits a number of cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, and neuroendocrine responses that can directly influence many variables associated with the immune system. Consequently, during exercise, as well as into the subsequent recovery period, immune function can be significantly altered. Further, recent work has shown that as a result of endurance training adaptations in both baseline and exercising immune function can occur. However, extremely little is known regarding the interaction between exercise, aging and the immune system. Given that a number of age-related changes occur in many systems (e.g., neuroendocrine) known to alter immune function both at rest and during exercise, it would be of value to learn the extent to which both acute and chronic exercise influence immune function in the elderly.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Passive immunization against nicotine attenuates nicotine discrimination.

Ten rats were trained in a two lever operant chamber to press different levers after a nicotine injection (0.14 mg/kg s.c.) or a saline injection on an FR10 schedule. The rats were then injected i.p. with either 150 mg nicotine-specific IgG or the same amount of control IgG from non-immunized rabbits. On successive days, they were retested with both levers active after a saline injection, a full training dose of nicotine and a half dose of nicotine (0.07 mg/kg s.c.). After saline injection, both groups pressed the saline lever almost exclusively. After each of the nicotine doses, the immunized rats performed a significantly lower percentage of their lever presses on the nicotine lever than did non-immunized rats. The results suggest that passive immunization can interfere with the stimulus properties of nicotine.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Effect of antisera to beta and gamma goldfish brain proteins on the retention of a newly acquired behavior.

The metabolism of 3 brain cytoplasmic proteins (alpha, beta, and gamma) increases markedly when goldfish acquire a new pattern of behavior. Antisera specific to beta and beta + gamma proteins were prepared and injected into the fourth ventricle of the brains of trained animals at 8 and 24 h after the initiation of training. When tested 3 days later, such goldfish (N = 98) could not recall the training; whereas trained goldfish (N = 97) receiving non-immunized rabbit serum had complete recall of the behavior. Also no amnesia was obtained in control experiments in which trained goldfish were injected with an antiserum to a neural surface membrane protein NS-6. The fact that antisera to beta + gamma had no toxic effects was demonstrated by injecting them prior to training; no effects on the rate of acquisition and recall of the behavior was found. The antisera to beta + gamma were effective in inhibiting recall of the training when they were injected any time between 3 h up to 48 h after training; no effect was obtained at 72 h post training. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that beta and gamma might have some functional role in the plasticity of the CNS.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Complications of minimal-access surgery in children.

Minimal-access surgery (MAS) is rapidly becoming the surgical approach of choice for a variety of surgical disorders in adults, but its use in children remains a relative novelty. Most pediatric surgeons continue to harbor justifiable concerns about the morbidity of this modality owing to the cumbersome nature of the instruments and the technical difficulty associated with two-dimensional views. The purpose of this study was to determine the complication rate and the lessons learned from the use of MAS in performing a variety of procedures in a large series of children. To determine complications, the authors reviewed the medical records of all children (n = 636; age range, 1 month to 19 years) who underwent laparoscopy (LAP) or thoracoscopy (THO) during a 5-year period (January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1994). The follow-up ranged from 1 week to 45 months. THO was performed in 62 children. Conversion to thoracotomy occurred in eight children (13%), because of inability to localize the lesion (3), unresectibility (2), inadequate tissue sample (1), unsafe access (1), hypoxemia (1), or inadvertent esophagotomy (1). Postoperatively, two ventilator-dependent children had tension pneumothorax after lung resection and required chest tubes. LAP was performed on 574 children, with conversion to laparotomy occurring in 15 (2.6%), because of technical reasons (10) or intraoperative complications (5). The complication rate of LAP was 2% (12 of 574). Early in the experience, intraoperative complications that led to laparotomy included hemorrhage during appendectomy (2), cholecystectomy (1), and splenectomy (1); and esophagotomy during a fundoplication (1). Other technical problems in the postoperative period were a malpositioned Nissen fundoplication and a gastric volvulus after gastrostomy and Nissen fundoplication owing to improper gastrostomy tube position. In addition, two children had a hernia at the umbilical trocar site that had been used for contralateral inguinal exploration, and cellulitis developed in three patients when a gastrostomy tube was brought out through a trocar site. Other complications not specific to MAS included pelvic abscess after appendectomy (5); small bowel obstruction after jejunostomy catheter placement (1) and combined cholecystectomy/appendectomy (1); enterocolitis (1) and severe hyponatremia (1) after pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease; and pneumonia after splenectomy (1). The overall complication rate of MAS was 4% (26 of 626), and there were no deaths. The initial use of MAS was associated with technical errors, which decreased with experience. Based on this study, the authors recommend (1) routine placement of a thoracostomy tube in children after THO if they require postoperative ventilator support; (2) using the open hernia sac to place a 70 degrees telescope for contralateral inguinal exploration; and (3) not using a trocar site for gastrostomy tube placement in immune-suppressed patients. With appropriate training and experience, MAS can be used safely in children, for a wide variety of diseases, with minimal morbidity and mortality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

The effect of moderate aerobic training on lymphocyte proliferation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 12 wks of aerobic training on resting lymphocyte number and proliferation, and immunoglobulin and cytokine levels. Eleven college-aged males (training group = EX) performed 30 min of cycling at 75% of VO2peak, 3 days/wk with VO2peak assessment and blood samples taken at 0,8 and 12 wks. A group of 10 sedentary controls (CT) underwent the same testing protocol. Lymphocyte proliferation response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was quantified as a stimulation index (SI) based on the ratio of stimulated versus control cultures, and as total counts per min (CPM). Immunoglobulin (Ig) levels (IgG, IgA, and IgM), and lymphocyte counts were also determined. There was a significant increase in VO2 in the EX group (41.0 +/- 1.8 vs. 46.3 +/- 1.4 ml.kg-1.min-1 pre and post training, respectively). Training had no effect on the PHA SI for the EX group (23.9 +/- 3.3, 27.7 +/- 4.1, and 26.3 +/- 4.0 at 0, 8 and 12 wks, respectively), or the responses of the CT group (28.8 +/- 6.0, 23.9 +/- 3.1, and 30.6 +/- 4.3). No changes were observed for the PWM SI. Significant increases were observed in the CPM for both groups. No differences in the Ig or lymphocyte levels were found during the study. These data indicate that 12 wks of moderate endurance training did not alter resting immune function as determined by mitogen stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, total circulating lymphocytes, or Ig levels.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Can nutrition limit exercise-induced immunodepression?

Prolonged exercise and heavy training are associated with depressed immune cell function. To maintain immune function, athletes should eat a well-balanced diet sufficient to meet their energy, carbohydrate, protein, and micronutrient requirements. Consuming carbohydrate during prolonged strenuous exercise attenuates rises in stress hormones and appears to limit the degree of exercise-induced immune depression. Recent evidence suggests that antioxidant vitamin supplementation may also reduce exercise stress and impairment of leukocyte functions. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of other antioxidants and dietary immunostimulants such as probiotics and echinacea on exercise-induced immune impairment.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1986

Organising a counselling service for problems related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Recent Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) guidelines on screening procedures for antibody to human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) have stressed the importance of providing adequate counselling for patients before and after testing. The establishment of a national acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) counselling training unit has enabled large numbers of National Health Service staff to be trained in this work. Suggestions for the establishment of district counselling facilities are made, based on this training, and some preliminary results showing change from high risk sexual behaviour after counselling are presented.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2001

Nutritional strategies to minimise exercise-induced immunosuppression in athletes.

Strenuous prolonged exertion and heavy training are associated with depressed immune function. Furthermore, improper nutrition can compound the negative influence of heavy exertion on immunocompetence. Dietary deficiencies of protein and specific micronutrients have long been associated with immune dysfunction. An adequate intake of iron, zinc, and vitamins A, E, B6 and B12 is particularly important but excess intakes can also impair immune function. Immune system impairment has also been associated with excess intake of fat. To maintain immune function, athletes should eat a well balanced diet sufficient to meet their energy requirements. An athlete exercising in a carbohydrate-depleted state experiences larger increases in circulating stress hormones and a greater perturbation of several immune function indices. Conversely, consuming carbohydrate during exercise attenuates rises in stress hormones such as cortisol and appears to limit the degree of exercise-induced immunosuppression, at least for non-fatiguing bouts of exercise. Strong evidence that high doses of antioxidant vitamins, glutamine supplementation or echinacea extracts can prevent exercise-induced immunosuppression is lacking.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗

PubMed2001

Recommendations for preventing transmission of infections among chronic hemodialysis patients.

These recommendations replace previous recommendations for the prevention of bloodborne virus infections in hemodialysis centers and provide additional recommendations for the prevention of bacterial infections in this setting. The recommendations in this report provide guidelines for a comprehensive infection control program that includes a) infection control practices specifically designed for the hemodialysis setting, including routine serologic testing and immunization; b) surveillance; and c) training and education. Implementation of this program in hemodialysis centers will reduce opportunities for patient-to-patient transmission of infectious agents, directly or indirectly via contaminated devices, equipment and supplies, environmental surfaces, or hands of personnel. Based on available knowledge, these recommendations were developed by CDC after consultation with staff members from other federal agencies and specialists in the field who met in Atlanta on October 5-6, 1999. They are summarized in the Recommendations section. This report is intended to serve as a resource for health-care professionals, public health officials, and organizations involved in the care of patients receiving hemodialysis.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed2005

[Improvement of the vaccine prevention quality as a basis of the social welfare].

Basic trends of morbidity by infectious diseases and the state of vaccine prevention has been studied in different developed and developing countries including Georgia. For analysis all the available special literature and internet materials concerning Georgian population were worked out. Analysis of the organization of the vaccination in our country proved that vaccine prevention of the infectious disease must be carried out not only in children but in adult population as well. On the basis of the recent investigations, it is necessary to organize special programmers, namely: contribution to the increased inclusion of the population in the vaccination; contribution to the expanding of immunization programmers by introducing new vaccines into the clinical practice; increasing the quality of the immunization practice; increasing the level of training the medical staff and population in the topics of vaccination.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Maximizing performance and the prevention of injuries in competitive athletes.

Training athletes to achieve their personal best is an arduous task. The art of coaching athletes toward world-class performances is a blend of science and psychologic motivation. Competitive athletes train 20 to 40 hours per week and push the physiologic limits of the human body. In the past, applying training loads was a best-guess estimate made by the coach and/or athlete. Every athlete is different, and his or her day-to-day exercise and nonexercise stressors vary greatly. Psychophysiologic disturbances precipitated by overtraining can lead to exponential changes in an athlete's ability to tolerate training loads. Musculoskeletal injuries, neuroendocrine irregularities, immune system suppression, and psychologic problems plague athletes and coaches as they attempt to set world records. This paper provides a framework for physicians, athletes, and coaches to better understand the complexities of training, with hopes of preventing overuse problems.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2004

Change in circulating cytokines after 2 forms of exercise training in chronic stable heart failure.

BACKGROUND: A proinflammatory state is recognized in chronic heart failure and the degree of immune activation corresponds to disease severity and prognosis. Training is known to improve symptoms in heart failure but less is known about the effects of specific forms of training on the proinflammatory state. METHODS: Forty-six patients with stable chronic heart failure underwent a home-based program of exercise training for 30 minutes a day, 5 days per week over a 6-week period. Twenty-four used a bicycle ergometer and 22 used an electrical muscle stimulator applied to quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-alpha soluble receptors 1 and 2, interleukin 6, and C-reactive protein were measured before and after the training period. RESULTS: Significant improvements in markers of exercise performance were seen in both training groups. Soluble TNF-alpha receptor 2 levels decreased after training in the bike group only (2900 +/- 1069 pg/mL to 2625 +/- 821 pg/mL, P =.013). Trends towards a decrease in levels of TNF-alpha and soluble receptor 1 were also seen in the bike group only. No change in circulating inflammatory markers was observed after stimulator training. CONCLUSIONS: Physical training improves exercise capacity for patients with chronic heart failure but degree of attenuation of the proinflammatory response may depend on the mode of training despite similar improvements in exercise capacity.

Aged↗