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PubMed2006

Potassium excretion in healthy Japanese women was increased by a dietary intervention utilizing home-parcel delivery of Okinawan vegetables.

Potassium, which is abundant in vegetables, is inversely related to blood pressure. Although the situation has changed somewhat in recent years, the Okinawan diet has generally included a large amount of vegetables, and until recently Okinawans had the lowest rates of mortality due to stroke and coronary heart disease in Japan. Based on the hypothesis that these low mortality rates are partly attributable to increased potassium intake resulting from the high vegetable consumption, this study examined whether increasing the consumption of typical yellow-green Okinawan vegetables increases potassium intake. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether increased consumption of these vegetables should be one of the dietary modifications recommended in public health promotion programs for Okinawans. The study employed 56 healthy, normotensive, free-living Japanese women aged 18-38 years living in Okinawa. They were randomized to a dietary intervention group (n=27) or a control group (n=29). Members of the dietary intervention group received an average weight of 371.4 g/day of a combination of the following vegetables twice weekly through an express home parcel deliver service for a period of 14 days: Goya (Momordica charantia), green papaya (Carica papaya), Handama (Gynura bicolor), Karashina (Brassica juncea), Njana (Crepidiastrum lanceolatium), Fuchiba (Artemisia vulgaris) and Fudanso (Beta vulgaris); and they consumed an average of 144.9 g/day, resulting in a 20.5% increase in their urinary potassium excretion over the baseline (p=0.045). The members of the control group were asked to avoid these vegetables, and the change in potassium excretion in this group was not significant (p=0.595). Urinary sodium and magnesium excretions, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, folic acid, triglycerides and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterols changed non-significantly in both groups. Also, post-intervention urinary potassium excretion correlated positively with vegetable consumption in both the dietary intervention (p<0.0001) and control (p=0.008) groups and with Okinawan vegetable intake in the dietary intervention group (p=0.0004).

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption.

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between various psychosocial factors and fruit and vegetable consumption. DESIGN: The 5 A Day Baseline Survey, conducted in August 1991, just before the initiation of the 5 A Day for Better Health Program, obtained data on adults' intakes of, and their knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes regarding, fruits and vegetables. SETTING: The survey was conducted by telephone. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 2811 adults (response rate, 43%) aged 18 years and older in the 48 coterminous United States. MEASURES: Fruit and vegetable intake was measured as self-reported frequency of use; most of the psychosocial variables were measured using Likert scales. RESULTS: This study estimates that only 8% of American adults thought that five or more servings of fruits and vegetables were needed for good health. Of the factors studied, the most important in determining someone's fruit and vegetable intake were the number of servings they thought they should have in a day, whether they liked the taste, and whether they had been in the habit of eating many fruits and vegetables since childhood. These few factors accounted for 15% more of the variation in fruit and vegetable consumption than did demographic variables alone (8%). CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education should stress the need to eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day because few adults are aware of this recommendation and such knowledge is strongly associated with increased intake. Furthermore, efforts to increase the palatability of fruits and vegetables, especially among children, should be promoted.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Association of awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, and stage of dietary change with fruit and vegetable consumption: a national survey.

PURPOSE: To examine associations of awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, and stage of change with consumption of fruits and vegetables. DESIGN: Nationally representative, random digit dial survey conducted in 1997 with a response rate of 44.5%. Psychosocial correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption were assessed using regression analyses. SETTING: United States. SUBJECTS: A total of 2605 adults who were 18 years and older. MEASURES: Awareness of the "5 A Day for Better Health" program and its message, along with stage of change; taste preferences; self-efficacy; and perceived benefits, barriers, threats, social support, and norms related to fruit and vegetable consumption. RESULTS: Awareness and intrapersonal and interpersonal factors explained 24% of the variance in fruit and vegetable consumption beyond the 9% explained by demographic characteristics. Knowledge of the 5 A Day message was associated with a 22% increase in fruit and vegetable consumption. Self-efficacy for eating fruits and vegetables and taste preferences (affect) were the factors most consistently and strongly associated with both higher consumption and higher likelihood of being in action or maintenance stages of change. Affect and perceived barriers were more strongly associated with increased vegetables and salad than fruit. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intervention programs to increase fruit and vegetable consumption should emphasize the 5 A Day message, increased self-efficacy, and ways to make vegetables more palatable and easily accessible. Understanding the factors that influence dietary choices should be used when designing dietary interventions.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fruit and vegetable intake in the United States: the baseline survey of the Five A Day for Better Health Program.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the Five A Day Baseline Survey was to assess fruit and vegetable intake and associated factors among US adults. DESIGN: Questionnaires querying frequency of intake of 33 fruits and vegetables, as well as demographics, attitudes, and knowledge related to fruits and vegetables were administered by telephone. SETTING: The study was a nationally representative random digit dial survey conducted by telephone in the summer of 1991; response rate was 42.8%. SUBJECTS: Respondents were 2811 US adults (including an oversample of African-Americans and Hispanics). MEASURES: Mean and median self-reported intakes of fruits and vegetables were calculated. Estimated servings per week were adjusted on the basis of responses to summary questions regarding overall fruit and vegetable intakes. RESULTS: Median intake of fruits and vegetables was 3.4 servings per day. Linear regressions (accounting for no more than 10% of the variation) showed that education, income, and smoking status were predictors of fruit and vegetable intake and that intake increased with education, income, and nonsmoking status. Women had higher intakes than men at all ages; these differences between men and women increased with age. Fruit and vegetable intakes increased with age for whites and Hispanics, but not for African-Americans. CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable intake among adults in the United States is lower than the recommended minimum of five daily servings. These data will be useful in targeting campaign efforts and in assessing progress of the Five A Day for Better Health Program.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Evaluation of a select strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis as a biological control agent for pathogens on fresh-cut vegetables stored at 7 degrees C.

Raw vegetables inoculated with selected pathogenic bacteria were treated with a strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, which was selected for its ability to produce hydrogen peroxide at refrigerated temperatures. The vegetables inoculated included broccoli, cabbage, carrots, and lettuce. Each vegetable was rinsed, chopped, and stored under conditions similar to those used for ready-to-eat vegetables sold at retail. Portions of each vegetable were separately inoculated with one of two pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Listeria monocytogenes. Prior to packaging, one portion of each inoculated vegetable was treated with a cell suspension of the selected strain of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis. The vegetables were stored at 7 degrees C for 6 days. The populations of pathogens and lactobacilli on each sample were enumerated on storage days 0, 3, and 6. Although populations of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis remained at high levels during storage, there was no noticeable antagonistic action against the pathogens under conditions similar to those used for these products at the retail level. Each pathogen survived on all vegetables throughout storage. Further testing revealed that there was apparently sufficient catalase activity in the cut vegetables to destroy enough of the hydrogen peroxide to prevent antagonistic action against the pathogens.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMed2006

Microflora of minimally processed frozen vegetables sold in Gaborone, Botswana.

Two hundred samples of minimally processed, frozen, and prepacked potato chips, peas, corn, and a variety of combined vegetables from supermarkets in Gaborone, Botswana, were examined microbiologically. Determination of aerobic mesophilic plate count, aerobic psychrotrophic plate count, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms, Listeria spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were done. Chips had the lowest mean log values for all of the microorganisms enumerated except yeasts and molds. The mean log values for single vegetables ranged from 3.6 to 9.1, 3.4 to 8.9, 2.9 to 5.6, and 2.1 to 6.5 log CFU/ g aerobic mesophilic plate count, aerobic psychrotrophic plate count, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds, respectively. The microbial profiles of peas and corn were almost similar (P < 0.001). The mean values for combined vegetables were clustered within 4.6 and 5.4 and 4.2 and 5.2 log CFU/g aerobic mesophilic plate count and aerobic psychrotrophic plate count, respectively. All of the vegetables had a coliform population distribution ranging from 0 to < 10(4) most probable number per g. The predominant gram-negative bacteria isolated included members of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae (86.2%). Escherichia coli was not detected in all of the samples. The organisms isolated included those responsible for spoilage in frozen vegetables, namely Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Corynebacterium, lactic acid bacteria, and Flavobacterium. The predominant lactic acid bacteria were Lactobacillus spp. (55.9%). Other spoilage organisms were yeasts, and Cryptococcus spp. (55.4%) was predominant. Pathogens, namely Listeria monocytogenes, were also isolated at a rate of 2 to 10%, of which 4% was from corn, 2% each from peas and country crop, and 10% from stir-fry. Bacillus cereus was also isolated and accounted for 7.7% of the microorganisms from corn. S. aureus was isolated from all of the vegetables. Enterotoxigenic strains were from corn, peas, mixed vegetables, and stir-fry, and all of them produced enterotoxin A. In addition, the isolates from stir-fry vegetables also produced enterotoxins B and C. The study reveals the presence of pathogens and emerging opportunistic pathogens in the ready-to-use or ready-to-eat vegetables. If E. coli is the only indicator for safety and acceptability, consumers may be exposed to foodborne diseases. Inclusion of other groups as indicator organisms is suggested. Retailers are urged to invest in standby generators to maintain the cold chain.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2000

[A cohort study on the relationship between vegetable intake and risks of lung cancer in the Tin Corporation (YTC) miners in Yunnan].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relationship between vegetable intake and risk of lung cancer in the Tin Corporation (YTC) miners in Yunnan. METHODS: The reproducibility and validity of frequency of vegetable intake in Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were studied and the correlations between different vegetable intake and frequency and lung cancer relative risk among high risk population of lung cancer by Chi-square, single- and multi-Cox regression were analyzed. RESULTS: Results showed that the reproducibility and validity of wax gourd, cucumber, spinach, wild celery, fresh bush pepper, fresh soybean, sweet potatoes, asparagus, fresh bamboo shoot were good (r = 0.20 - 0.33, P < 0.05); There were significantly different incidences of lung cancer in different frequencies of wax gourd, cucumber, wild celery, fresh bush pepper out of 11 vegetables intake, and also in different total vegetable intakes (chi(2) = 8.83 - 30.64, P < 0.05). 11 vegetables and total vegetable intake were significantly negatively correlated with risks of lung cancer (RR < 1, P < 0.05). Only 2 vegetable frequencies were negatively correlated with risk of lung cancer by adjusting confounders such as age, occupational history, and smoking (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This suggested that vegetables intake may have a role in decreasing the incidence of lung cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Vegetables rich in carotenoids on the vitamin A status of children].

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is still an important nutritional problem in our country. In order to determine whether plant carotenoids ingestion can improve VA nutrition, a study by using yellow and dark green vegetables was conducted in two classes of a kindergarten for ten weeks in September through December in 1996. The VA nutritional status was marginal to adequate among 41 children (5.3-6.6 year-old), and serum retinols in 39% of these children were below 0.30 mg/L. Each child in class A was provided with about 238 g/d of green and yellow vegetables (spinach, Chinese chive, carrots, and red yams) and 34 g/d of light colored vegetables (cabbage, Chinese cabbage, potato, cucumber, turnip and winter melon). Each child in class B consumed the usual diet with only 56 g/d of green and yellow vegetables and 193 g/d of light colored vegetables. Serum retinol concentration collected before and after the intervention were used to assess VA nutritional status. The results showed that vitamin A nutrition was improved by increasing the intake of green and yellow vegetables. Serum retinol was sustained in the group fed green and yellow vegetables and decreased in the group fed light colored vegetables. Thus, dietary green and yellow vegetables could provide adequate VA nutrition in these children.

Carotenoids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Occurrence and significance of Cryptococcus neoformans in vegetables and fruits.

Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from three of 437 (0.6%) samples of a wide variety of vegetables collected from a number of markets in Delhi. The vegetables yielding C. neoformans were tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (1/70), 'vegetable sponge', Luffa cylindrica (1/56) and brinjal, Solanum melongena (1/55). Only solitary samples of these three vegetables were found to be positive. In vitro studies at 25 degrees C revealed that a reference C. neoformans isolate readily colonized, as did Candida albicans and Candida viswanathii (controls), sterilized slices of almost all the test vegetables and fruits (cut or uncut surface) which included tomato, 'vegetable sponge', brinjal, potato, carrot, radish, apple, guava, pineapple, pear, papaya, banana and mango. Sterilized juices of the same vegetables and fruits also supported adequate growth of the reference C. neoformans isolate as well as of C. albicans and C. viswanathii. However, the growth of C. neoformans on the afore-mentioned vegetables and fruits was rapidly masked by miscellaneous molds and bacteria if the test samples had not been sterilized prior to inoculation. Cryptococcus neoformans was not found in any of the 275 fruit samples investigated from the same markets. The results indicate that vegetables and fruits are unsuitable as natural habitats for C. neoformans although it may be sporadically isolated from these sources.

Cryptococcosis↗

PubMed2004

[Relationship between vegetable nutrition and nitrate content].

Nitrate accumulation in vegetables, which related well to vegetable nutrition, becomes one of the limiting factors of non-pollution vegetables production. Preference to nitrate is the nutritional characteristic of vegetables. Nitrate is absorbed by vegetables through high-affinity transport system (HATS) and low-affinity transport system (LATS), and is reduced and transformed under the effect of such essential elements as molybdenum, manganese, iron, copper, sulphur and phosphorus. In this paper, the effects of essential elements on nitrate absorption and reductive transform were reviewed, and the relationships of nitrate accumulation in vegetables with vegetable nutrition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and mid-and microelements as well as with balanced fertilization were discussed. The research keys in the field were prospected for controlling nitrate accumulation, improving vegetables' quality and producing non-pollution vegetables.

Copper↗

PubMed2005

[Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of ischemic heart disease].

In Denmark it is recommended to eat 600 g of fruit and vegetables daily. This recommendation has to a large extent been derived from the demonstrated inverse association with the risk of certain major cancer diseases, while the focus with respect to prevention of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been directed primarily towards a reduced intake of ''hard'' fats. This systematic review includes prospective studies which have examined the association between the intake of fruit and vegetables, as well as specific fruits and vegetables (e.g., nuts and pulses, which are considered to be fruits and vegetables in the Danish recommendations), and the risk of developing IHD. Only one controlled intervention study has been performed. This study came out with a negative result because the advice to increase intake was unsuccessful. In the eight published cohort studies, the overall finding was that the risk of developing IHD was reduced, in the scientifically well-conducted studies, by about 20%. Studies have generally found a dose-response effect, from low intakes to high intakes, up to about 800 g daily. Large cohort studies have shown convincing evidence that increased intake of nuts reduces the risk of IHD. With respect to other groups of fruits and vegetables, there is good but not sufficient scientific evidence that particularly pulses, but also the group of carotenoid-rich fruit and vegetables (such as tomatoes, leafy green vegetables, carrots, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and many berries and fruits), reduces risk. In contrast, it is not possible to single out specific substances in fruit and vegetables as being beneficial. Based on the studies, it seems reasonable to recommend an increased intake of a mix of fruits and vegetables to reduce the risk of IHD. The maximum beneficial amount seems to be about 800 g per day.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2006

Ascorbic acid contents of Pakistani fruits and vegetables.

Fresh fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamin C which is known for its antioxidant and immune-enhancing effects. The objective of this study was to determine ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contents of regularly consumed fruits and vegetables available in Pakistani markets. Most commonly used fresh fruits and vegetables were homogenized in 5% trichloroacetic acid, and ascorbic acid contents in the extracts were determined using a spectrophotometric method. Banana, custard apple, orange, lemon, guava and papaya were found to be very rich in ascorbic acid. Among vegetables, capsicum (green sweet pepper), cauliflower, bittergourd, roundgourd, beetroot, spinach, cabbage and radish contained high concentrations of ascorbic acid. Chikoo, grapes, pear, apricot, peach, carrot, cucumber, lettuce and "kakri" were found to be poor sources of ascorbic acid. Several Pakistani fruits and vegetables (pear, melon, onion, sweet green pepper, spinach, cucumber) had ascorbic acid values similar to those reported by US Department of Agriculture in these fruits and vegetables in USA. However, wide differences in vitamin C contents were also observed in certain other fruits and vegetables from these two countries. This indicates that regional varieties of fruits and vegetables could vary in their ascorbic acid contents. Since subclinical deficiency of vitamin C appears to be quite common in developing countries like Pakistan, there is a need to develop awareness among masses to consume fresh fruits and vegetables with high contents of vitamin C.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1986

Perceived intolerance of vegetables among the elderly.

Perceived intolerance of 17 cooked and 14 raw vegetables was investigated in a sample of 66 elderly Meals on Wheels participants. In home-conducted interviews, participants were questioned on vegetables that "disagreed with them," the associated gastrointestinal symptoms, and acceptability of taste. Cooked vegetables were better tolerated than raw ones, and the Brassica genus of vegetables was not perceived to be well tolerated. Severe gastrointestinal symptoms of intolerance, such as diarrhea and nausea/vomiting, were infrequently experienced. Comparison of tolerators with intolerators showed that although both groups rated the taste acceptability of vegetables similarly, more vegetables showed an association between tolerance and high taste acceptability. (The intolerators were those participants who did not tolerate one or more of the tested vegetables.) Some of the well tolerated and acceptable tasting vegetables in this study were less available to the Meals on Wheels participants. This study suggests that feeding programs for elderly persons should offer a wide variety of nutritious vegetables, both raw and cooked, and make exceptions only in confirmed cases of intolerance or disease-related problems.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

[Changes in weight of fresh and dried vegetables on cooking].

The present study represents part of a more important work relative to normal food refuse and change of weight of varied food according to different ways of cooking. The study has been realized on vegetables and some fruits of frequent utilization in the population. It was accomplished by 25 voluntary housekeepers from Paris and Marseille during a whole year according to precise instructions about the method of weighings, every vegetable having to be weighed, three times at different intervals, during the year; 3203 weighings were mode corresponding to 2 399 kg of divers types of vegetables. The results have pointed out important variations according to the kinds of vegetables and methods of cooking. At boiling, the most utilized method, the variations of weight according to the weight before cooking are very important extending from + 10 p. 100, for Brussel sprouts and fresh flageolets at--25 p. 100 and--36 p. 100 for lettuce and endive, the last of weight being the highest for fine leaves vegetables, lesser for roots and tubers, and around zero for artichokes, french beans, cauliflower, aubergines. Other methods of cooking, through concerning a more limited number of kinds of vegetables have pointed out that "sauté" brings a higher loss for the vegetables studied; Similar observations can be made for braising and stewing, frying leads to the highest loss reaching--48 p. 100 for chips. However the weight of fresh pulses varies slightly at boiling and stewing, it is the same for potatoes. As for dry beans, the increase of weight is less important than the percentage curently utilized for the calculation of surveys, the loss of weight according to cooked fruits pears and apples is not high (about 10 p. 100). These results should be taken into consideration for the exploitation of food surveys, especially norvadays when surveys are made more often at home and at the hospital and concern the individual consumption either by weighing the food consumed at table in dining-room or on the tray of the patient, and also when surveys are realized by interrogatory, the food being then, cooked, without refuse. From this point of view the last two tables present the results for a practical utilization. The first one gives the different kinds of vegetables studied with every way of cooking observed, the numbers of weighings effected the weight corresponding to 100 g raw and the weight corresponding to 100 g cooked, the other one presents the kinds of vegetables classified according to importance of the variations of weight for different ways of cooking in connection with the weight before cooking.

Cooking↗

PubMed2001

Vegetal localization of maternal mRNAs is disrupted by VegT depletion.

VegT is an essential maternal regulator of germ layer specification in Xenopus. The localization of VegT mRNA to the vegetal cortex of the oocyte during oogenesis ensures its inheritance by vegetal and not animal cells, and directs the differentiation of vegetal cells into endoderm. Similarly localized mRNAs, Vg1 and Bicaudal-C, are also inherited by vegetal cells, while germ plasm-associated mRNAs, such as Xcat2, become incorporated into vegetally derived primordial germ cells. Although mRNA localization is clearly important for tissue specification, the mechanism of mRNA anchoring to the oocyte vegetal cortex is not understood. Here, we examine the role of VegT in cortical localization. We report that depletion of VegT mRNA caused the release of Vg1 mRNA from the vegetal cortex and a reduction of Vg1 protein, without affecting the total amount of Vg1 transcript. Furthermore, we found that Bicaudal-C and Wnt11 mRNAs were also dispersed, but not degraded, by VegT depletion, while the localization of Xcat2 and Xotx1 mRNAs was unaffected. This effect was specific to the loss of VegT mRNA and not VegT protein, since a morpholino oligo against VegT, that blocked translation without degrading mRNA, did not disperse the vegetally localized mRNAs. Therefore, a subset of localized mRNAs is dependent on VegT mRNA for anchoring to the vegetal cortex, indicating a novel function for maternal VegT mRNA.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Increasing terrestrial vegetation activity in China, 1982-1999.

Variations in vegetation activity during the past 18 years in China were investigated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the 3rd generation time series dataset of NOAA-AVHRR from 1982 to 1999. In order to eliminate the effects of non-vegetation factors, we characterized areas with NDVI < 0.1 as "sparsely vegetated areas" and areas with NDVI > or = 0.1 as "vegetated areas". The results showed that increasing NDVI trends were evident, to varying extents, in almost all regions in China in the 18 years, indicating that vegetation activity has been rising in recent years in these regions. Compared to the early 1980s, the vegetated area increased by 3.5% by the late 1990s, while the sparsely vegetated area declined by 18.1% in the same period. The national total mean annual NDVI increased by 7.4% during the study period. Extended growing seasons and increased plant growth rates accounted for the bulk of these increases, while increases in temperature and summer rainfall, and strengthening agricultural activity were also likely important factors. NDVI changes in China exhibited relatively large spatial heterogeneity; the eastern coastal regions experienced declining or indiscernibly rising trends, while agricultural regions and western China experienced marked increases. Such a pattern was due primarily to urbanization, agricultural activity, regional climate characteristics, and different vegetation responses to regional climate changes.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2001

Integration of visual quality considerations in development of Israeli vegetation management policy.

This article deals with the visual quality of Mediterranean vegetation groups in northern Israel, the public's preference of these groups as a visual resource, and the policy options for their management. The study is based on a sample of 44 Mediterranean vegetation groups and three population groups of local residents, who were interviewed using a questionnaire and photographs of the vegetation groups. The results of the research showed that plant classification methods based on flora composition, habitat, and external appearance were found to be suitable for visual plant classification and for the evaluation of visual preference of vegetation groups by the interviewed public. The vegetation groups of planted pine forests and olive groves, characterizing a cultured vegetation landscape, were preferred over typical Mediterranean landscapes such as scrub and grassed scrub. The researchers noted a marked difference between the two products of vegetation management policy, one that proposes the conservation and restoration of the variety of native Mediterranean vegetation landscape, and a second that advanced the development of the cultured landscape of planted olive groves and pines forests, which were highly preferred by the public. The authors suggested the development of an integrated vegetation management policy that would combine both needs and thus reduce the gap between the policy proposed by planners and the local population's visual preference.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Prognostic significance of vegetations detected by two-dimensional echocardiography in infective endocarditis.

Although 2DE is considered the most sensitive method for detecting vegetations in infective endocarditis, the independent clinical significance of these vegetations continues to be debated. To further examine this, we identified 74 patients who were diagnosed as having infective endocarditis over a 54-month period. The 50 patients who underwent 2DE examination form the basis of this report. Definite vegetations were present in 21 (42%) patients and measured 1.2 +/- 0.2 cm2. The vegetation was localized to the aortic valve in 10 patients, the mitral valve in eight, and the tricuspid valve in three. A major complication, defined as death, new-onset congestive heart failure, major arterial embolus, or valve surgery occurred in 86% of the vegetative endocarditis patients compared to 62% of those without vegetations. Among those patients with vegetations, death occurred in 24%, heart failure in 38%, arterial embolus in 48%, and surgery in 43%. This compared to 7%, 21%, 21%, and 24%, respectively, in those patients without vegetations. These data support the concept that 2DE detection of a vegetation defines a high-risk subgroup of patients with infective endocarditis in whom careful monitoring and aggressive management are warranted.

Adult↗