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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

What's in a "smile?" Intra-operative observations of contralateral smiles induced by deep brain stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: To describe smiling and euphoria induced by deep brain stimulation (DBS). BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE: The brain systems inducing emotional experiences and displays are not entirely known, but the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens has been posited to play a critical role in mediating emotions with positive valence. DBS has been successfully employed for the treatment of movement disorders, and most recently obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The purpose of this report is to describe the emotional changes associated with stimulation of the ventral striatum. METHODS: A single patient with intractable OCD had electrode arrays placed in the right and left anterior limbs of the internal capsule and region of the nucleus accumbens. Changes in facial movement during stimulation were quantified by video recording. Ten video segments, time locked to the onset of stimulation, were digitized and changes in pixel intensity that occurred over both sides of the lower face, on a frame by frame basis, following stimulation onset were computed. These summed changes in pixel intensity represented the dependent variable of "entropy" and directly corresponded to changes in light reflectance that occur during facial movement. RESULTS: During stimulation on both the right and left side, the patient consistently developed a half smile on the side of the face contralateral to the stimulating electrode, and also became euphoric. The effect ceased when DBS was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS: DBS in the region of the nucleus accumbens produced smile and euphoria suggesting that alterations in the ventral striatum may result in emotional experience and displays. We hypothesize the existence of a limbic-motor network responsible for such changes. This observation suggests that DBS may be useful as a therapy for mood disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effect of neuromuscular stimulation of the genioglossus on the hypopharyngeal airway.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of neuromuscular stimulation (NS) of the genioglossus muscle on hypopharyngeal airway size. STUDY DESIGN: Fourteen consecutively recruited healthy volunteers underwent percutaneous electrical NS of the genioglossus muscle. METHODS: Bipolar hooked wires were inserted percutaneously into the genioglossus muscle and used for NS. The anterior--posterior diameter of the hypopharynx was measured at the level of the superior edge of the epiglottis at baseline and during NS from recorded video endoscopic examinations. RESULTS: NS of the genioglossus muscle resulted in a significant increase in the diameter of the hypopharyngeal airway (P =.002) compared with baseline, ranging from a 33% to 284% increase in airway diameter. Three of the 14 patients demonstrated modest decreases in airway diameter, likely the result of faulty electrode placement in surrounding tongue retrusive muscles. CONCLUSIONS: NS of the genioglossus muscle was effective in increasing the hypopharyngeal airway and may provide a useful alternative to direct stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve with a nerve cuff electrode in the development of neuroprosthetic treatments for obstructive sleep apnea.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Taphonomy of child-sized remains: a study of scattering and scavenging in Virginia, USA.

Child-sized pig carcasses (Sus scrofa) were placed in surface deposit and buried scenarios in a wooded area of Virginia from May 1998 through December 2000, to examine the taphonomic effects of decompositional changes, predator scavenging, and the extent of remains scattering. Changes were observed through on-site examination, charting of remains, and recorded video imaging. Analysis of data revealed that utilization of corpses as food sources by vertebrates was dependent upon invertebrate colonization. Vertebrates avoided feeding on the corpses while invertebrate colonization was active, and would feed before invertebrates successfully colonized a corpse, or would wait until the invertebrate populations migrated away from the corpse. Among vertebrates, there was no apparent succession order for the animals utilizing the remains as a food source. Different vertebrates would feed at different times based upon diurnal or nocturnal predilection. Analysis noted an accidental cooperative relationship between the invertebrates and vertebrates scavenging on the corpses. Certain vertebrates gained access to the internal tissues by utilizing openings in the corpses caused by invertebrate and other vertebrate scavenging. Alternately, carrion-frequenting insects were afforded access to previously inaccessible colonization sites as a result of scavenging vertebrate activities.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The locus of fixation in strabismic amblyopia changes with increasing effort of recognition as assessed by scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

PURPOSE: We performed a qualitative assessment of fixation behaviour in relation to the fovea in patients with strabismic amblyopia. METHODS: The fixation of 25 patients with strabismic amblyopia was examined using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO). A digital frame grabber board was programmed to scan onto the patient's retina single solid black discs of 5, 10 and 15 degrees in diameter and Landolt Cs in different orientations and corresponding to a visual acuity (VA) of 0.01-0.2 in European decimals. The relative position of the fovea was video-recorded. Fifty video fields per second were plotted as x/y (fixational positions in relation to the fovea) and x/t (motion over time) graphs. RESULTS: Three main groups of patients were seen. Group 1 (n = 6), with a VA of < 0.1, showed a grossly eccentric and unstable locus of fixation independent of size/type of test stimulus used. Group 2 (n = 15), with VA of 0.1-0.8, initially used an eccentric retinal area for fixation that, however, shifted to the fovea with decreasing size and increasing detail of the target for fixation. Group 3 (n = 4), with VA of 0.3-0.8, had stable central fixation throughout. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that the reduced VA associated with strabismic amblyopia is due to a defective motor control of fixation that can be modulated by recognitional effort.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Identification of preferred retinal loci with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II in patients with age-related macular degeneration.

BACKGROUND: To determine the suitability and accuracy of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (HRT II) scanning laser ophthalmoscope for identification of preferred retinal loci (PRLs) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Fixation location was assessed prospectively in 9 eyes by 3 methods: the HRT II, a retinal camera equipped with a fixation target, and grid macular perimetry. Two testing protocols were also used: using an HRT protocol for disc location analysis and an HRT protocol for macular fixation analysis. RESULTS: Locations of PRLs on retinal quadrants identified by all 3 methods were identical in 7 of 9 (78%) cases (McNemar chi(2) test, p = 0.48, kappa = 0.78, at 95% confidence interval) with both testing protocols. Eccentric location coordinates for PRLs were not significantly different by testing modality when using either the disc location protocol (R = 0.47, p = 0.20 [t7 = 1.4], y = 0.29x + 3.29) or the macular fixation protocol (R = 0.44, p = 0.23 [t7 = 1.3], y = 0.31x + 3.23). INTERPRETATION: Eccentric locations of the optic disc on recorded video frames with the HRT II correspond to eccentric locations of PRLs in patients with AMD.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Measurement of lung water dynamics and lung aeration in the perinatal period by use of digital X-ray fluoroscopy.

A method has been developed for the measurement of lung water dynamics and regional aeration of the lung in anesthetized newborn lambs by use of X-ray fluoroscopy, video recording, and digital image processing. After cesarean section and before the first breath fetal lambs under halothane-oxygen were placed on an X-ray table and connected to a volume-cycled respirator. X-ray fluoroscopy commenced before the initiation of respiration, and the images were recorded on video tape. X-ray transmission through the thorax increased as the lung was aerated. The enhanced transmission was compared with the values obtained from a calibration water wedge from which an equivalent path length through water can be estimated. In testing this method, it was demonstrated that X-ray transmission was linearly related to the wet lung weight-to-body weight ratio and to the product of the wet-to-dry weight ratio multiplied by anatomic thickness of frozen lung blocks. Calibrated values were also linearly related to this product and to the actual measured height of the fluid and tissue in the fluid-filled lung.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Ankle restraint modifies motility at E12 in chick embryos.

The chick's relationship to its environment changes dramatically over 21 days of embryonic development. At early ages embryos are buoyant; their posture and movements are relatively unconstrained. As embryos grow and fluid level in ovo decreases, movements are increasingly constrained by gravitational forces and reactive forces due to body contact with the shell wall. The issue of how age-related changes in the constraints on movement in ovo may affect embryonic motility is addressed in this paper. Our long-term goal is to determine whether experience imposed by these conditions contributes to development of posthatching motor behaviors. Because previous work indicated that parameters of motility can be modified by a reduction in buoyancy at embryonic day (E) 9, we sought to determine whether a restraint localized to a single joint could also alter either the episodic distribution of activity or the spatiotemporal patterns of limb movement at either E9 or E12. Thus a restraint was applied to the right ankle of embryos prepared for kinematic recordings. Video and kinematic analyses indicated that the restraint had minimal effect at E9, but significantly modified several motility parameters in both the wing and leg at E12. Ankle restraint decreased episode duration. Restraint also decreased most joint excursion parameters, including excursion range, cycles per sequence, and excursion velocity. Restraint increased cycle period duration and signal frequency content under 1.0 Hz. Parameters of intralimb and interlimb coordination exhibited small mixed effects. Results provide support for the hypothesis that environmental conditions contribute to features of embryonic motility. Further, significant modifications of wing excursions in ankle restrained embryos suggest that sensory feedback arising from mechanical perturbations of leg movements may entrain rostral spinal circuits for preservation of interlimb coordination at E12. Potential mechanisms and implications are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Development of videostrobokymography for the quantitative analysis of laryngeal vibratory pattern.

We developed a new analysis technique for the assessment of irregular vibratory movement of vocal folds. Successive frames of pre-recorded video images from videostroboscopy were transferred to computer memory and vibratory track of one selected point was described as a waveform by displaying the same lines of all frames along the vertical direction. Glottal area waveform, which was normalized with glottal length, was composed to quantitatively assess the overall vibratory pattern of vocal folds. By applying this technique, irregular vibratory patterns of multiple regions, such as asynchronized registration of glottal cycles, could be easily visualized. It would be possible to monitor and analyze the pathologic changes of vocal fold movement by means of this newly developed system.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Digital registration and analysis of visual information in behavioral experiment].

A new software for recording, registration and computer analysis of behavior of laboratory animals, EthoStudio, has been developed. The software allows the latency, number and duration of up to 10 behavioral patterns to be simultaneously registered with parallel recording of video on a hard disk. The video records can be played back to track animal locomotion using a computer. EthoStudio was applied to study mouse behavior in the open field test. The numbers of rearings and groomings as well as accumulated time of grooming were interactively assayed by pressing and holding buttons on a computer keyboard. The number of squares crossed, the number of entries into the center and the time spend therein were assayed by computer analysis. EthoStudio can be applied to objectively study various kinds of animal behavior with reliability and accuracy necessary for modern ethological, physiological and pharmacological experiment.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of blood flow in the tympanic membrane: the use of intravital fluorescence microscopy.

The successful healing of the tympanic membrane (TM) following myringotomy or tympanoplasty is dependent upon the maintenance of the blood supply to the injured area of the TM. The blood supply of the TM is derived from the manubrial plexus and the peripheral plexus of vessels. This study concentrated on measuring blood flow derived from the manubrial vessels. The TM of the guinea pig was used as an in vivo model. Ten Outbred Hartley guinea pigs were anesthetized with Inactin 100 mg/kg, the common carotid artery cannulated, and FITC-dextran 150 injected intra-arterially. Blood pressures (mean 66.0 mmHg +/- 5.0 mmHg) and heart rates (330 bpm +/- 12.0 bpm) remained relatively constant throughout the experiment. Following injection of FITC-dextran 150, the TM was visualized under fluorescence microscopy and images recorded by video recorder; measurements of vessel diameter, blood velocity, and blood flow were made. Analysis of the in vivo studies revealed blood flow in the tympanic membrane to travel in two directions: down the manubrial artery towards the periphery and up the manubrial veins from vessels in the periphery. The manubrial artery divides and branches into a series of arcading vessels that extend towards the periphery of the TM. Manubrial artery diameter was measured (mean 0.0521 mm +/- 0.0004 mm) and blood flow calculated (mean 0.0439 mm3/min +/- 0.0007 mm3/min). Blood flow from the manubrial artery supplying the superior quadrants (0.18 mm3/min +/- 0.01) was statistically greater when compared to the blood flow in the inferior quadrants (0.08 mm3/min +/- 0.007) (p less than .001).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of text and video cases in a postgraduate problem-based learning format.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether adding a brief video case instead of an equivalent written text improves the cognitive and metacognitive processes (data exploration, theory building, theory evaluation and metareasoning) of residents in problem-based learning. SUBJECTS: Paediatric residents. SETTING: Department of Paediatrics, Arhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark. METHODS: Eleven residents were each assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Both groups analysed an identical vignette of a patient case. Immediately after this, 1 group watched a 2.5-minute video recording and the other group read a description of the same video recording. The groups then reanalysed the case. Thinking processes were tapped by recording and analysing the verbal group interaction. The frequencies of clause categories were calculated and compared using chi-square tests. RESULTS: The verbal interaction showed statistically significant improvements in data exploration, theory building and theory evaluation after the video case. CONCLUSIONS: The greater improvement in clause frequency after the video case compared with the equivalent text suggests an improvement in data exploration, theory building and theory evaluation. The use of patient video recordings may be a valuable supplement to postgraduate paediatric training, particularly pertaining to movement disorders.

Denmark↗
PubMed1996

Screening obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome by home videotape recording in children.

Overnight polysomnography (PSG) has been used to diagnose and assess the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) in children. The aim of this study was to determine whether home video-recording of children during sleep may be used for screening OSAS. In 58 children suspected of having OSAS, PSG results were compared with the corresponding analyses of 30 min video-recordings of each child sleeping at home. The video-recordings were evaluated by: 1) overall investigator's clinical judgement; and 2) a scoring system based on noisy breathing, movements, walking episodes, apnoea, chest retractions and mouth breathing. PSG results were highly correlated with the video test results, with agreement in 49 out of 58 (84%). In 36 of the 58 children, the PSG was abnormal compared with 41 out of 58 abnormal video tests. The sensitivity of the overall investigator judgement of video test was 94% (34 out of 36) and the specificity 68% (15 out of 22). Video scores > 10 were highly predictive of OSAS, whilst scores < 5 were associated with normality. Using a stepwise logistic regression analysis, each of the scoring variables was tested against the PSG results and an equation was formulated for predicting PSG by the video test. The equation predicted PSG results in 49 out of 58 (84%) cases. Thirty minutes of home video-recordings during sleep is a reliable screening method for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in children. This technique may, thus, improve patient selection for polysomnography.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

A software oscilloscope for DOS computers with an integrated remote control for a video tape recorder. The assignment of acoustic events to behavioural observations.

With only a little knowledge of programming IBM compatible computers in Basic, it is possible to create a digital software oscilloscope with sampling rates up to 17 kHz (depending on the CPU- and bus-speed). The only additional hardware requirement is a common sound card compatible with the Soundblaster. The system presented in this paper is built to analyse the direction a flying bat is facing during sound emission. For this reason the system works with some additional hardware devices, in order to monitor video sequences at the computer screen, overlaid by an online oscillogram. Using an RS232-interface for a Panasonic video tape recorder both the oscillogram and the video tape recorder can be controlled simultaneously and moreover be analysed frame by frame. Not only acoustical events, but also APs, myograms, EEGs and other physiological data can be digitized and analysed in combination with the behavioural data of an experimental subject.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Coronary arteriography in a district general hospital: feasibility, safety, and diagnostic accuracy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility, safety, and diagnostic accuracy of coronary arteriography in the radiology department of a district general hospital using conventional fluoroscopy and videotape recording. DESIGN: Observational study of the feasibility and safety of coronary arteriography in a district general hospital and analysis of its diagnostic accuracy by prospective within patient comparison of the video recordings with cinearteriograms obtained in a catheter laboratory. SETTING: Radiology department of a district general hospital and the catheter laboratory of a cardiological referral centre. SUBJECTS: 50 Patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with streptokinase who underwent coronary arteriography in a district general hospital three (two to five) days after admission. 45 Of these patients had repeat coronary arteriography after four (three to seven) days in the catheter laboratory of a cardiological referral centre. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of complications associated with catheterisation and the sensitivity and specificity of video recordings in the district general hospital (judged by two experienced observers) for identifying the location and severity of coronary stenoses. RESULTS: Coronary arteriograms recorded on videotape in the district general hospital were obtained in 47 cases and apart from one episode of ventricular fibrilation (treated successfully by cardioversion) there were no complications of the procedure. 45 Patients were transferred for investigation in the catheter laboratory, providing 45 paired coronary arteriograms recorded on videotape and cine film. The specificity of the video recordings for identifying the location and severity of coronary stenoses was over 90%. Sensitivity, however, was lower and for one observer fell below 40% for lesions in the circumflex artery. A cardiothoracic surgeon judged that only nine of the 47 video recordings were adequate for assessing revascularisation requirements. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary arteriography in the radiology department of a district general hospital is safe and feasible. Nevertheless, the quality of image with conventional fluoroscopy and video film is inadequate and will need to be improved before coronary arteriography in this setting can be recommended.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intraobserver and interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by endosonography when performed immediately postpartum by resident obstetricians. METHODS: Fifty-four primiparous women who delivered vaginally and had no anal sphincter tears (third- or fourth-degree perineal tears) diagnosed clinically were recruited. Four observers assessed photographic prints and video recordings of anal endosonography performed before the suture of the perineum. We calculated the intra- and interobserver agreement and the kappa coefficient to quantify the reliability of the diagnosis of clinically occult sphincter tears. RESULTS: The observers described sphincter tears in 13-28% of the prints, and in 7-32% of the video recordings. Intraobserver agreement was rated as substantial for prints (kappa, 0.63), and moderate for video recordings (kappa, 0.48). The interobserver agreement was fair for prints (kappa, 0.34) and moderate for video recordings (kappa, 0.42). CONCLUSION: Endosonography performed immediately postpartum to diagnose anal sphincter tears is of moderate reliability.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2005

Downbeat nystagmus as a result of lamotrigine toxicity.

BACKGROUND: Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) has been reported with phenytoin and carbamazepine toxicity. DBN has not been described as a result of lamotrigine toxicity. METHODS: Clinical records, neuroimaging and video recordings were obtained in two patients diagnosed with intractable epilepsy who developed oscillopsia and incoordination while being treated with lamotrigine. One patient had a videonystagmographic (VNG) study. DISCUSSION: Lamotrigine's half-life is extended when used with valproic acid; hence, the increased chance of neurotoxicity associated with DBN. In our cases, DBN and truncal ataxia occurred in conjunction with toxic lamotrigine serum levels. CONCLUSION: Anticonvulsant toxicity should be considered as a cause of DBN. Lamotrigine toxicity may be an unusual cause.

Adult↗