PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “WEIGHTS AND MEASURES”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Number of calves born, number of calves weaned, and cumulative weaning weight as measures of lifetime production for Hereford cows.

Genetic parameters for lifetime production for cows with the opportunity to produce from 2 through 7 yr of age, as measured by the number of calves born (NB2, ..., NB7), the number of calves weaned (NW2, ..., NW7), and cumulative weaning weight (CW2, ..., CW7), were estimated using data from 3,064 Hereford cows from a selection experiment with a control line (CTL) and three lines selected for weaning weight (WWL), yearling weight (YWL), and an index of yearling weight and muscle score (IXL). Weaning weights were adjusted to 200 d of age and for sex and age of dam. Estimates of heritability and genetic and environmental correlations were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood with bivariate animal models, with year of birth of the cow as a fixed effect and direct genetic and residual as random effects. Genetic trends were estimated by regressing means of estimated breeding values by year of birth and line on birth year. Estimates of heritability (SE) for opportunity groups of 2 to 7 yr of age ranged from 0.08 (0.03) to 0.16 (0.05) for NB; from 0.05 (0.02) to 0.16 (0.05) for NW; and from 0.06 (0.02) to 0.16 (0.05) for CW. Estimates of genetic correlations (SE) among NB traits ranged from 0.60 (0.14) to 1.00 (0.00), and estimates of environmental correlations (SE) ranged from 0.67 (0.02) to 0.99 (0.00). For NW, estimates of genetic and environmental correlations ranged from 0.98 (0.11) to 1.00 (0.00) and from 0.65 (0.02) to 0.99 (0.00), respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations (SE) among CW traits ranged from 0.94 (0.08) to 1.00 (0.00). Estimates of environmental correlations (SE) ranged from 0.66 (0.02) to 0.99 (0.00). Estimates of genetic correlations for NB2 with all definitions of NW ranged from 0.47 (0.18) to 0.71 (0.12), and with all definitions of CW ranged from 0.55 (0.16) to 0.80 (0.11). Estimates of genetic correlations between NW2 and all definitions for CW ranged from 0.95 (0.02) to 0.99 (0.06). Estimates of annual genetic (SE) change were negligible for NB2, NB6, NW2, and NW6 for all lines. Estimates of annual genetic (SE) change for CW2 were 0.85 (0.11), 0.79 (0.14), 0.51 (0.10), and 0.52 (0.18) kg/yr, and for CW6 were 5.01 (1.25), 2.64 (1.75), 3.67 (1.16), and 3.33 (2.37) kg/yr for WWL, YWL, IXL, and CTL, respectively. Selection for lifetime production as measured by NB, NW, or CW could be effective but would be relatively slow due to low estimates of heritability and to increased generation intervals.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sociodemographic factors associated with long-term weight gain, current body fatness and central adiposity in Swedish women.

OBJECTIVES: To examine sociodemographic factors associated with long-term adult weight gain and current general and central adiposity in women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis based on data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer prospective cohort Study (MDCS), Sweden. SUBJECTS: 5464 women aged 45-73 y, who participated in the MDCS between 1994 and 1996. MEASUREMENTS: Weight change was defined as the difference between measured weight and recalled weight at age 20. Body composition was estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were indicators of central obesity. Sociodemographic factors studied included reproductive, lifestyle and socioeconomic characteristics obtained from a questionnaire. RESULTS: At current age 13% of all women were obese (BMI>/=30), and nearly one-third had a body fat content of >33%. Since age 20, the majority of women (77%) had gained more than 10% of their initial weight. On average, the mean weight change was 12.6+/-10.0 kg during adult life. Age-adjusted group mean comparisons identified a number of significant sociodemographic variables predicting past weight gain and current obesity. In multivariate analysis, significant independent correlates of weight gain were: age, initial small body size, high parity, early menarche, non-use of hormone therapy, low self-rated health, non-smoking, no consumption of alcohol, sedentary leisure activity, past change in diet, retirement, low education, low socioeconomic status, and low socioeconomic status of origin. Many of the same variables were independently associated with current waist circumference, WHR, and percentage body fat. CONCLUSIONS: Large weight gain during adult life and a high rate of overweight were observed in this group of Swedish women. Many sociodemographic characteristics were associated with long-term weight gain and recent obesity indices. Initial BMI, smoking, age, physical activity and early socioeconomic status accounted for most of the explained variance in weight change. The findings indicate the importance of identifying environmental determinants of both weight gain and attained fatness, as well as fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Lack of correlation between maternal body weight or weight gain and stillbirth in twin pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To study differences in maternal weight and weight gain for 48 twin-pregnant women with at least one stillbirth, versus 96 control mothers where both twin pairs survived the perinatal period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In all, 48 twin gestations with one or both twins dead before or during birth (cases), in a defined region with 12 hospitals in southern Sweden between 1973 and 1989, were identified by using information stored at the Medical Birth Registry, the National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm. For each case pregnancy, two control twin pregnancies were selected; matching criteria were same parity and delivery unit, and similar year of delivery (+/- 1 year) and maternal age (+/- 5 years). RESULTS: Case and control women had a similar number of maternal body weight measurements during pregnancy, 8.9 vs. 8.0 (t = 1.5, p > 0.05). No significant difference between cases and controls was found regarding maternal weight (mean +/- SEM) at 12 weeks of gestation (68.0 +/- 1.4 vs. 68.1 +/- 0.9 kg; t = 0.2, p > 0.05), or in weight gain/pregnancy week (0.59 +/- 0.28 vs. 0.61 +/- 0.19 kg; t = 0.8; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that repeated body weight measurements of the twin-pregnant woman are of very limited value in the identification of a twin-pregnant woman later to face stillbirth.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of an atomic force microscopy pull-off method for measuring molecular weight and polydispersity of polymer brushes: effect of grafting density.

The accuracy of the molecular weights Mn and polydispersities of polymer brushes, determined by stretching the grafted chains using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and measuring the contour length distribution, was evaluated as a function of grafting density sigma. Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) brushes were prepared by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on latex particles with sigma ranging between 0.17 and 0.0059 chains/nm2 and constant Mn. The polymer, which could be cleaved from the grafting surface by hydrolysis and characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), had a Mn of 30,600 and polydispersity (PDI) of 1.35. The Mn determined by the AFM technique for the higher density brushes agreed quite well with the GPC results but was significantly underestimated for the lower sigma. At high grafting density in good solvent, the extended structure of the brush increases the probability of forming segment-tip contacts located at the chain end. When the distance between chains approached twice the radius of gyration of the polymer, the transition from brush to mushroom structure presumably enabled the formation of a larger number of segment-tip contacts having separations smaller than the contour length, which explains the discrepancy between the two methods at low sigma. The PDI was typically higher than that obtained by GPC, suggesting that sampling of chains with above average contour length occurs at a frequency that is greater than their spatial distribution.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

The effect of hypothermia and hyperthermia on photodynamic therapy of normal brain.

The effect of whole body hyperthermia and hypothermia in conjunction with photodynamic therapy (PDT) was determined on normal rat brain. Hyperthermia animals (Group I, n = 18) were warmed until their core body temperature reached 40 degrees C, (brain temperature, 39.7 +/- 0.5 degree C) and maintained at 40 +/- 1 degree C for 30 minutes prior to and after PDT. Hypothermia (Group II, n = 31) animals were cooled to 30 +/- 1 degree C (brain temperature, 29.3 +/- 0.4 degree C) for 1 hour. PDT treatment was performed, and the body temperature of the animals was maintained at 30 degrees C for 2 hours post-PDT. A population of animals was subjected to PDT under normothermic (Group III, n = 16; body temperature, 37 +/- 1 degree C; brain temperature, 36.7 +/- 0.8 degree C) conditions and treated in a manner identical to that of hyperthermic animals. PDT was performed with 17 J/cm2, 35 J/cm2, or 70 J/cm2 (100 mW/cm2). Photofrin (Quadralogic Technologies Ltd., Vancouver, Canada) (12.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 48 hours prior to laser treatment on all three groups. Wet-dry weight measurements were obtained on a separate set of all three groups of animals (n = 27). Cortical lesion depths were measured, and pathological evaluation was made at 24 hours post-PDT. No difference in the wet-dry weight measurements or histopathology was present between the three groups of animals. Lesion depths for Group I animals did not significantly differ from Group III animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Flexural properties of eight flowable light-cured restorative materials, in immediate vs 24-hour water storage.

This study evaluated the flexural strength, flexural modulus, modulus of resilience and water sorption of eight flowable light-cured restorative materials compared with two conventional restoratives (as control). Forty specimens of each material were made. Twenty specimens were immediately flexural tested, while the remaining 20 were weight-measured and immersed in distilled water in a 37 degrees C incubator. After 24 hours, the samples were weight-measured again to identify water sorption and they were flexural tested. The findings were statistically analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey test and Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation. The results of the flexural strength test were also analyzed using Weibull statistic. All flowable light-cured restorative materials except Palfique Estelite Low Flow exhibited immediate flexural strength values between the conventional ones. All flowable light-cured restorative materials showed 24-hour flexural strength values between the conventional ones. The Weibull modulus for immediate flexural strength of the materials varied from 6.37 to 15.23, while for 24-hour flexural strength, the strength varied from 8.10 to 14.30. In both conditions, all flowable light-cured resin composites showed lower flexural moduli but higher modulus of resilience than the conventional ones. The water sorption of all resin composites was lower than the flowable light-cured compomer. There was a distinct relation (r=-0.84, p<0.01) between the increasing ratio in modulus of resilience and the amount of water sorption.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in reproductive organs of female rats treated with bisphenol A during the neonatal period.

The effects of neonatal administration of estrogenic agents on rat reproductive organs were examined. Either bisphenol A (BPA; 0.25, 1, or 4mg/pup) or 10 micro g 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) was given subcutaneously to Sprague-Dawley female rats during the neonatal period from post-natal day (PND) 0 to 9. Animals ovariectomized at 80 days were given subcutaneous injections of 1 micro g/kg E(2) for 3 days from PND 94 to 96. Clefts in the clitoris, early vaginal opening, irregular estrous cycles, a decrease in the area occupied by the corpora lutea (CL) in the ovary, and multiple cystic follicles in the ovary were found in the animals treated neonatally with 1mg BPA. Uterine fluid weight measured after E(2) treatment on PND 94-96 was less than controls. In addition to these abnormalities, unusual body weight gains, persistent vaginal cornification, and lack of CL were observed in females treated neonatally with 4mg BPA. The ovary weight on PND 80 and uterine fluid weight measured after E(2) treatment on PND 94-96 were less than controls for the 4mg BPA group. Neonatal treatment with 10 micro g E(2) induced similar abnormalities as found in the 4mg BPA group. These results show that BPA when given during the neonatal period caused changes in female reproductive organs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Shape, measurements and weight of the thyroid gland in northwest Indians.

The shape of the thyroid gland, its extension as the pyramidal lobe (PL) and attachments of the levator glandulae thyroideae (LGT) were studied in 410 male and 160 female adults from the Chandigarh zone in northwest India during medicolegal autopsies performed in the department. Whereas the measurements of the gland were recorded in 210 subjects, the weights were taken only in 160 instances. The shapes of the glands were: lateral lobes (LL) with isthmus (50.2%), horseshoe-shaped gland (36.8%), gland with separate lobes (7.9%) and irregularly shaped gland (5.1%). No sexual dimorphism was seen in the incidence of various shapes of the gland. The incidence of the PL and LGT was 28.9% and 19.5%, respectively. Neither a PL nor LGT was present in irregularly shaped glands. The mean weight of the gland was 15.01+/-7.69 g in males and 13.16+/-5.64 g in females. Sexual and age-wise differences in weights were found to be statistically insignificant. A survey involving 152 subjects in 2 villages in Chandigarh showed that it is an iodine sufficient zone. The size and weight of thyroid glands in adults of the two genders were found to be smaller than in western Caucasian and Japanese subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effectiveness of an abdominal obesity reduction programme in men: the GutBuster "waist loss' programme.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long term (1-2 year), as well as immediate effectiveness of a "waist loss' programme for men. DESIGN: Two preliminary studies are reported; one following a small group of 42 men over two years after a 6 week "GutBuster' course, the second following men for 1 year after having completed the initial 6 week programme (n = 83), or the initial course plus an additional six fortnightly "advanced' course (n = 37). MEASUREMENTS: Waist, hip and weight measures were reported for the 2 year group; waist and hip only in study 2. Dietary fat, exercise and alcohol intake were also recorded in study 2 through the use of questionnaires. The goal for the initial course was a 1% waist loss per week. RESULTS: All groups achieved an average waist loss > 1%/week during the initial programme. Waist sizes reported in study 1 were significantly less after 2 years (t = 8.28, p < 0.001) averaging a 6% loss in the group. This equated with an average weight loss of 5.5 kg. A repeated measures ANOVA also showed a significant main effect (F = 85.35; p < 0.0001) for waist losses and an interaction effect (F = 16.53; p < 0.0001) between initial and advanced groups after 1 year in study 2. Average waist losses were 4% and 10% respectively. There were also significant changes in dietary fat intake, exercise and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: Reductions in waist size in men appear to be more feasible than weight losses in women. "Waist loss' may also be a more valid measure of fat loss in men that body mass measures.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1984

Genetic correlations among sex-limited traits in beef cattle.

Data from a comprehensive germ plasm evaluation program were used to estimate genetic correlations of reproductive and maternal traits of beef females with growth and carcass traits of their steer paternal half-sibs. The data set consisted of 187 sires with approximately four female and five male progeny each. Heritability estimates for age at puberty, weight at puberty, conceptions/service, gestation length, calving difficulty, progeny birth weight, progeny preweaning daily gain and mature weight measured on females were .613 +/- .177, .700 +/- .114, .026 +/- .126, .298 +/- .175, .217 +/- .175, .374 +/- .174, .094 +/- .161, and .540 +/- .150, respectively. Postweaning daily gain, carcass weight, fat trim weight and retail product weight measured on male half-sibs had estimated heritabilities of .363 +/- .090, .441 +/- .093, .502 +/- .093 and .451 +/- .093, respectively. The estimated genetic correlations suggest that selection for postweaning daily gain would result in increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, improved fertility, reduced maternal gestation length, reduced maternal calving difficulty, increased maternal birth weight and reduced maternal preweaning gain. Predicted correlated responses to selection for reduced fat trim at a constant age were increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, reduced maternal fertility, reduced maternal preweaning gain and increased maternal gestation length, birth weight and calving difficulty. Consequences of selection for increased age constant retail product weight or carcass weight appear to be increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, improved fertility, increased maternal gestation length and maternal birth weight but reduced maternal difficulty and reduced maternal preweaning gain.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The impact of childhood body mass index on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity: a follow-up study based on adolescent anthropometry recorded at Christ's Hospital (1936-1964).

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of childhood body mass index (BMI) on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity. DESIGN: A retrospective school-based cohort follow-up study. SUBJECTS: A total of 1520 men born between 1927 and 1956 with serial height and weight measurements from the age of 9 to 18, followed up in adulthood at a mean age of 63 years. MEASUREMENTS: Prepubertal (child) BMI; age at peak height velocity (APHV); adult leg length, waist and hip circumference (self-reported), and height and weight (measured). RESULTS: Boys with a higher childhood BMI tended to have an earlier puberty (per s.d. increase in child BMI: -0.31 years, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.23 to -0.39, P < 0.001). Childhood BMI correlated strongly and positively with adult adiposity, as measured by BMI (1.24 kg/m(2), 95% CI: 1.04-1.45, P < 0.001), waist (1.94 cm, 95% CI: 1.50-2.37, P < 0.001) and hip (1.91 cm, 95% CI: 1.55-2.28, P < 0.001). It correlated inversely with leg length (-0.40 cm, 95% CI: -0.68 to -0.12, P = 0.005), but not significantly with height or trunk length. Boys with a later puberty tended to be taller (per s.d. increase in APHV: 0.57 cm, 95% CI: 0.17-0.97, P = 0.006) and less adipose as adults (-0.55 kg/m(2), 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.77, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The long-term consequences of childhood obesity into adulthood are well known, but the potential impact on early pubertal maturation is less well appreciated. The factors that contribute to the onset and persistence of childhood obesity require more public health focus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Waist circumference and weight following smoking cessation in a general population: the Inter99 study.

OBJECTIVE: Central obesity is an independent risk factor of mortality. Change in waist circumference after smoking cessation has not been previously reported in a population-based prospective study of both sexes. METHODS: Population-based study, Inter99, 1999-2001 in Copenhagen, Denmark. 2408 daily smokers completed questionnaires and had their waist circumference and weight measured. Of these, 221 biochemically verified non-smokers and 1122 continuous smokers attended 1-year follow-up and had their waist circumference and weight measured. RESULTS: The mean increase in waist circumference was 3.88 cm (+/-5.4 cm) and 42% of the quitters had increased their waist circumference by > or = 5 cm. Quitters with high baseline tobacco consumption (OR 1.05, 95% CI=1.0-1.1) and quitters with self-reported reduced physical activity (OR 3.4, 95% CI=1.5-7.7) were more likely to have substantially increased waist circumference. The mean weight gain in quitters was 4.22 kg (+/-4.3 kg) and 41% had gained at least 5 kg. Female quitters gained more weight and had a higher increase in waist circumference than men. Abstinence from smoking was the most important predictor of substantial weight gain and substantial increase in waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking cessation resulted in substantial increase in weight and central fat, which might attenuate some of the beneficial effects of smoking cessation. Quitters who reduced their physical activity and persons with high baseline tobacco consumption were more likely to have had a substantial increase in abdominal fat. Abstinence from smoking was the most important predictor of short-term weight gain and increase in waist circumference. It is a challenge for future smoking cessation interventions to achieve a combination of high quit rates and weight-control.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Body mass index references for Turkish children.

AIM: To construct the body mass index reference curves for Turkish children aged 6 to 18 y, and to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Height and weight measurements of healthy schoolchildren (1,100 boys, 1,019 girls) were obtained biannually. Body mass index was calculated from 11,648 height and weight measurements. Centile curves were constructed using the LMS method. RESULTS: The smoothed percentile values and curves for body mass index in Turkish children show that there is a constant increase in body mass index values towards adulthood, especially during the pubertal years, in both sexes. The prevalence of overweight is 25% and obesity 4% in boys at age 18 y. The percentage of overweight and obesity in girls at age 14 was 15% and 1%, respectively. The sample size was too small to come to any conclusion regarding these rates at 18 y of age. CONCLUSION: This study presents data and curves for body mass index values in healthy Turkish children aged 6 to 18 y. The values are in compliance with those of Western countries.

Body Mass Index↗