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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Use of skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance for body composition assessment after weight reduction.

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of standard methods for estimating body composition in individuals who have undergone substantial and rapid weight loss. Subjects included 14 participants in a rapid weight reduction program using a very low-calorie diet, and 14 individuals of normal body composition matched with the obese group on the basis of gender, age, and height. Bioelectrical impedance (BI) and skinfold-derived estimates of relative body fat were compared with hydrostatic weighing in both groups. On the basis of mean values, standard errors of estimate (SEE) and simple correlations, none of the skinfold equations or the BI procedure were very accurate in the prediction of body fat in the group of weight-reduced obese patients. The Durnin-Rahaman (D-R) and Durnin-Womersley (D-W) equations were not significantly different from the hydrostatically determined values; however, correlations were low (r = 0.69 and 0.60). The Jackson-Pollock (J-P) equations and BI technique had high correlations (r = 0.78 and 0.89), but were significantly different from hydrostatic weighing. SEE for all equations and BI were high (greater than 4.5%). The control group was best predicted by the J-P equation (r = 0.88, SEE 3.5%, mean value of 21.2 +/- 4.3 vs 22.4 +/- 6.2%). BI and the D-R equation were also reasonably accurate. We conclude that additional research will be necessary to identify a predictive equation using skinfolds or BI that will provide more accurate estimates of relative body fat in individuals who have undergone substantial weight reduction in a relatively short period of time.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1981

Couples training, pharmacotherapy, and behavior therapy in the treatment of obesity.

The effects of behavior therapy with and without either pharmacotherapy or couples training were studied in 124 obese adults. In a 16-week behavioral weight-reduction program, patients were assigned to medication (fenfluramine hydrochloride) and no-medication conditions and to three spouse conditions in a 2 x 3 design. Two conditions consisted of patients with "cooperative" spouses; in one, patients were treated with their spouses, and in the other they were treated alone. In the third, patients with "uncooperative" spouses were treated alone. Fenfluramine produced significantly greater weight losses than no medication, but patients in the medication group regained weight much more rapidly during a 12-month maintenance period. The spouse conditions did not differ in weight change during treatment or follow-up. Obese spouses lost as much weight as the patients and were slightly more successful than the patients at maintaining their losses. Patients with obese spouses lost more weight than patients with nonobese spouses. Depression decreased in proportion to decrease in weight.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A longitudinal study of the dietary practices of black and white girls 9 and 10 years old at enrollment: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study.

PURPOSE: To determine whether there are racial differences in the frequency with which black and white girls engaged in eating practices commonly targeted for modification in weight reduction programs. METHODS: This is part of the NHLBI Growth and Health Study, a longitudinal study of preadolescent girls designed to examine the factors associated with development of obesity, and its later effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Black and white girls ages 9-10 years at entry (n = 2,379) were recruited at three clinical sites. Racial differences were examined in 11 "weight-related" eating practices such as eating with TV, eating while doing homework, and skipping meals. Multiple logistic regression analyses were then conducted for each of the dependent variables. RESULTS: Black girls were more than twice as likely as white girls to frequently engage in the targeted weight-related eating practices. The odds of a study girl frequently engaging in most of these eating practices decreased with an increase in parents' income and education level. However, even when controlling for socioeconomic and demographic effects, black girls remained more likely to engage in these eating practices than white girls. For most of the behaviors, girls who frequently practiced a behavior had higher energy intakes compared to those who practiced it infrequently. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that black girls at an early age more frequently engage in eating practices associated with weight gain may have significant implications for obesity development. For both young black and white girls, early education efforts may be necessary in helping develop good eating habits. Since it appears that black girls have a higher risk of developing adverse weight-related eating practices, culturally appropriate education materials may be required.

Black or African American↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Serum lipoprotein and lipoprotein lipase in overweight, type II diabetics during and after supplemented fasting.

Poorly controlled, obese, Type II diabetics were studied before, during, and 3 months after a weight reduction program that used supplemented fasting (200 kcal or 0.9 MJ/day). During fasting, the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides (TG) decreased, as did the adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (AT-LPLA) and skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase (SM-LPLA) activities. Three months later VLDL TG remained low (-59%), while high density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher (+11%) and blood glucose control improved compared with values on admission. The fractional removal rate (K2) at the i.v. fat tolerance test (IVFTT) and the SM-LPLA were unchanged, while AT-LPLA (expressed per gram of wet weight, but not as whole-body AT-LPLA) increased by 25%. There were no significant correlations between AT-LPLA and the lipoprotein TG concentrations or K2-IVFTT, although there were significant positive correlations between SM-LPLA and K2-IVFtt, both on admission and after body weight stabilization. This may indicate that SM-LPLA is more directly related to the capacity to remove lipoprotein TG, at least in obese diabetic patients. K2-IVFTT was inversely correlated to the VLDL TG and cholesterol concentrations both before and 3 months after fasting. Because both SM-LPLA and K2-IVFTT were unchanged after body weight reduction, the change in VLDL TG may be mainly due to a reduced rate of lipoprotein synthesis.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Impact of weight reduction on early carotid atherosclerosis in obese premenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent of carotid atherosclerosis and the effect of weight loss on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in obese premenopausal women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: In 43 obese premenopausal women who participated in a 3-month weight reduction program with a hypocaloric diet, IMT was measured by B-mode high-resolution ultrasound at entry and after 5 months of follow-up. Blood samples were analyzed at entry, after intervention, and after 5 months of follow-up. Nineteen lean women served as control subjects. RESULTS: At entry, common carotid IMT (0.72 vs. 0.59 mm), carotid bulb IMT (0.90 vs. 0.71 mm), and overall mean IMT (0.81 vs. 0.65 mm) were greater in obese women than in lean women (all p < 0.01). After dietary intervention decreases in blood pressure, low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and an increase in tissue-type plasminogen activator activity levels were observed. These effects persisted after follow-up in 14 women who maintained reduced weight. Reduction in carotid bulb IMT (to 0.81 mm, p < 0.01) and overall mean IMT (to 0.79 mm, p < 0.05) was observed in this subgroup. No significant change of carotid IMT was detected in eight women who regained weight. Changes in IMT were associated independently and significantly with changes in body mass index, low density lipoprotein to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen. DISCUSSION: Obese premenopausal women had greater IMT than did age-matched lean controls. It seems that this early atherosclerotic changes may be reversed by normalization of body weight.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Relationship between changes in serum leptin levels and blood pressure after weight loss.

Insulin resistance is thought to raise blood pressure. Recently, a significant positive relationship between mean blood pressure and plasma leptin levels, but there have been no reports dealing with the relationship between blood pressure and either insulin resistance or serum leptin levels after weight loss. In the present work, we attempted to clarify the relationship between changes in blood pressure and either the serum leptin level or the insulin level in 102 moderately obese females (mean body mass index (BMI), 29.5 +/- 0.5 kg/m2; age, 47.0 +/- 0.9) during a 3 month period. No differences in age, fat-mass, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), the summation of insulin (sigmaIRI), plasma renin activity (PRA) or 24 h norepinephrine excretion (24hU-NE) were observed between the hypertensive (HT) group (n = 31) and normotensive (NT) group (n = 71) before weight loss, but the basal serum leptin was significantly higher in the HT (16.8 +/- 1.1 ng/ml) than in the NT group (15.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml), after adjusting for abdominal total fat. After a 3 month weight reduction program, the total abdominal fat, serum leptin and sigmaIRI significantly decreased in both groups. The systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) significantly decreased from 144/84 to 130/77 mmHg only in the HT but not in the NT group. The PRA decreased in both groups, while the 24hU-NE significantly decreased only in the HT group. The changes in the leptin level were significantly correlated with the changes in both sigmaIRI and HOMA after weight loss in the two groups, respectively. Finally, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the changes in the leptin and the changes in the mean blood pressure (MBP) (r = 0.412, p < 0.05) only in the HT group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the changes in MBP were independently associated with the changes in 24hU-NE and the changes in either sigmaIRI or HOMA in all subjects. However, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the changes in MBP and the changes in leptin levels even after adjusting for the total abdominal fat, 24hU-NE and either sigmaIRI or HOMA (both expressed as a percentage of the baseline value) in a multiple regression analysis only in the HT group. These results suggest that leptin may play a role in the pathophysiology of obese hypertension.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2004

Effects of carbohydrate refeeding on physiological responses and psychological and physical performance following acute weight reduction in collegiate wrestlers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of carbohydrate refeeding on intermittent sprint exercise, blood lactate response, and mood following a typical weight-reduction program practiced by college wrestlers. Fifteen collegiate wrestlers from the University of Northern Iowa completed 3 trials of intermittent arm cranking and a mood inventory prior to weigh-ins (baseline), after weigh-ins, and 1 hour postconsumption of either 1.5 g carbohydrate (CHO)/kg body mass carbohydrate beverage (25% solution) or placebo taken within 1 hour after weigh-ins. Blood lactate responses were determined with each trial. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated no significant interaction between group and trial for total work (p = 0.08), blood lactate (p = 0.29), positive mood (p = 0.49), or negative mood (p = 0.78). Simple effects analysis indicated a significant difference in lactate response between trials (p = 0.002); however, no difference for work (p = 0.75), positive mood (p = 0.13), or negative mood (p = 0.08). The results of this study suggest that intermittent sprint exercise, blood lactate response, and mood were not positively affected by ingestion of CHOs following an acute weight-reduction period.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss.

We studied a group of obese hyperandrogenic amenorrheic women to determine the effects of weight loss on anthropometry, hormonal status, menstrual cycles, ovulation, and fertility. Fourteen women had polycystic ovaries, two the hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans syndrome, one hirsutism of adrenal origin, and three idiopathic chronic anovulation. The duration of amenorrhea before the study ranged from 3-17 months [mean, 8.6 +/- 4.5 (+/- SD)]. All women ate a hypocaloric diet for a period of 8.0 +/- 2.4 months. Weight loss ranged from 4.8 to 15.2 kg (mean, 9.7 +/- 3.1 kg; 1.35 +/- 0.56 kg/month) and the waist to hip ratio, which was used as a measurement of body fat distribution, decreased from 0.86 +/- 0.1 to 0.81 +/- 0.06 (P less than 0.0001). The women's mean plasma testosterone and LH concentrations decreased significantly (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.005, respectively). A significant positive correlation was found between the decreases in plasma testosterone levels and the decreases in glucose-stimulated insulin levels. Moreover, the decreases in the waist to hip ratio correlated positively with the decreases in glucose-stimulated insulin levels and inversely with the decreases in plasma 17 beta-estradiol. No relationships were found between weight loss and the changes in plasma insulin, steroid, and gonadotropin concentrations. The responsiveness to the weight reduction program was evaluated by comparing the number of menstrual cycles during the study period with the number reported before it. Eight women had significantly improved menstrual cyclicity (responders), while 12 did not (nonresponders). The clinical characteristics and hormone values were similar in responder and nonresponder women. In the group as a whole, 33% of the menstrual cycles during the study were ovulatory, and 4 pregnancies occurred. Hirsutism improved significantly in more than half of the women, as did acanthosis nigricans when present. We conclude that weight loss is beneficial in all obese hyperandrogenic women regardless of the presence of polycystic ovaries, the degree of hyperandrogenism, and the degree and distribution of obesity.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Weight loss intervention in phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. The TOHP Collaborative Research Group.

BACKGROUND: Phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention was a collaborative, randomized controlled clinical trial designed to determine the feasibility and efficacy of selected nonpharmacologic interventions in reducing or preventing an increase in diastolic blood pressure. METHODS: Participants aged 30 to 54 years who had a high-normal diastolic blood pressure (80 to 89 mm Hg), and were between 115% and 165% of their desirable body weight, were randomly assigned to either an 18-month weight loss intervention (n = 308) or a usual-care control condition (N = 256). Intervention consisted of 14 weekly group meetings followed by monthly maintenance sessions. Intervention participants received training in behavioral self-management technique and were asked to make life-style changes aimed at achieving a moderate reduction in energy intake and an increase in physical activity. RESULTS: The average weight losses in the intervention group at 6, 12, and 18 months of follow-up were 6.5, 5.6, and 4.7 kg for men and 3.7, 2.7, and 1.6 kg for women. The mean (+/- SE) change in diastolic blood pressure for intervention participants compared with controls at termination was -2.8 +/- 0.6 mm Hg for men and -1.1 +/- 0.9 mm Hg for women. For systolic blood pressure, the corresponding change was -3.1 +/- 0.7 mm Hg for men and -2.0 +/- 1.3 mm Hg for women. Blood pressure reductions were greater for those who lost larger amounts of weight. Sex-related differences in blood pressure response were largely due to the smaller amount of weight lost by women, and sex differences in weight loss could be accounted for by differences in baseline body weight. CONCLUSIONS: During an 18-month follow-up period, this weight reduction program was shown to be an effective nonpharmacologic intervention for reducing blood pressure in overweight adults with high-normal blood pressure.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Effect of weight loss on serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations in an obese population.

To assess the distribution of serum concentrations of the atherogenic lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in an obese population and the possible effects of weight reduction, we determined Lp(a) in 52 white, moderately obese subjects (16 men and 36 women). The subjects were participating in a weight-reduction program of diet, exercise, and behavior modification plus combination anorectic drug therapy (fenfluramine and phentermine). This placebo-controlled, double-blind study lasted 104 weeks. We also determined concentrations of fasting insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apo B. Results showed the following: a highly skewed, nongaussian distribution of serum Lp(a) values in the obese population, virtually identical to that reported for healthy adults; no clinically significant change in Lp(a) concentrations with weight loss; and further evidence of normalization of insulin, lipid, and lipoprotein concentrations with weight loss.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗

PubMed2000

[Eating behavior, eating disorders and obesity].

Over the last 50 years, the nutritional and socioeconomic conditions have dramatically changed in all industrialized countries. As a consequence, there has been a sharp rise in the prevalence of obesity. Simultaneously, social and cultural pressures to maintain a thin body shape have significantly increased. This untoward situation is largely responsible for the steady increase of eating disorders, especially bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder, which are common disorders among normal or overweight individuals. Although the criteria for bulimia nervosa were first described in the DSM-III in 1980 (APA, 1980), recent studies have demonstrated that only about 12% of these patients are detected by their GP's. One reason for this low rate of detection may be due to the tendency of patients to conceal their illness from others. It is also possible, however, that general practitioners lack sufficient knowledge about bulimia nervosa, preventing proper identification. To help improve this situation, diagnostic guidelines and therapeutic options were summarized. Binge-eating disorder (BED), which is classified as an "eating disorder not otherwise specified" in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994), has been described as the most relevant eating disorder for overweight individuals. It has been estimated that approximately 20-30% of overweight persons seeking help at weight loss programs are classified as binge eaters. Initial results from these studies suggest that binge eaters may require a modified psychotherapeutic approach which focuses on normalizing disordered eating patterns before attempting weight loss. In addition to the importance of screening for eating disorder behaviors, overweight patients should be assessed for other comorbid conditions, such as depression and anxiety. Further, body image disturbances should be assessed during the evaluation. In the event that comorbid disorders are present, it is recommended that specific psychotherapeutic interventions which target these problems be integrated into the overall weight reduction program.

Anxiety Disorders↗

PubMed2004

Target value of intraabdominal fat area for improving coronary heart disease risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine an intraabdominal fat (IF) area target value for improving coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in response to weight reduction. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Subjects were 279 obese Japanese women, 21 to 66 years old, who were divided into diet-alone and diet-plus-exercise groups and participated in a 14-week weight reduction program. The IF area was measured by computerized tomography scans. Systolic blood pressure > or = 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mm Hg, total cholesterol > or = 5.70 mM, triglycerides > or = 1.70 mM, and fasting plasma glucose > or = 6.99 mM were defined as CHD risk factors. RESULTS: The best trade-off between sensitivity (probability of correctly detecting true positive) and specificity (probability of correctly detecting true negative) was found at 100 cm2 pretreatment in combined data of the two groups. At posttreatment, although a slight difference was found in the target value between the treatment groups (60 cm2 for diet alone and 50 cm2 for diet plus exercise), the combined data showed that the best trade-off occurred at 60 cm2 (sensitivity and specificity were 0.55 and 0.63, respectively). The percentage of subjects having no CHD risk factors was significantly lower in the group that had large IF areas (> or = 60 cm2) (46%) compared with the group that had normal IF areas (<60 cm2) (65%). However, the percentage of subjects having multiple CHD risk factors was significantly greater in the group that had large IF areas (16%) compared with the group with normal IF areas (7%) at posttreatment. DISCUSSION: Our longitudinal data suggest that obese Japanese women should reduce their IF areas to < 60 cm2 through weight reduction to improve CHD risk factors independent of treatment.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2001

Serum leptin changes during weight loss in obese diabetic subjects with and without microalbuminuria.

To evaluate the changes of serum leptin levels after weight reduction in diabetic subjects with and without microalbuminuria, we studied 10 obese healthy subjects, 12 obese diabetics with persistent microalbuminuria and 10 obese diabetic subjects without microalbuminuria. Obese diabetic patients with microalbuminuria showed serum leptin levels significantly higher than normoalbuminuric diabetics, while no difference was found between obese diabetics without microalbuminuria and healthy controls. All obese subjects followed a 12-month intensive weight reduction program during which the mean change in body mass index was similar between obese diabetic and obese healthy subjects (obese diabetics without microalbuminuria: 35.2+/-4.3 vs 29.9+/-4.1, p<0.05; obese diabetics with microalbuminuria: 35.7+/-3.9 vs 30.3+/-4.0, p<0.05; obese healthy subjects: 35.5+/-4.0 vs 30.1+/-3.9, p<0.05). The mean changes in serum leptin levels tended to be similar in two groups of subjects studied (obese diabetics without microalbuminuria: 37.6+/-4.1 vs 19.7+/-4.9, p<0.001; obese healthy subjects: 37.1+/-4.3 vs 20.1+/-5.1, p<0.001); obese microalbuminuric subjects showed higher leptin levels (42.4+/-4.0 vs 30.3+/-4.2, p<0.001) than normoalbuminuric diabetic and obese healthy subjects. In conclusion, during weight loss, independently from the quality of metabolic control, serum leptin concentrations declined in both groups of obese diabetics. The changes of leptin in diabetics seem to be similar to those observed in healthy obese subjects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Chromium picolinate.

Chromium picolinate is a dietary supplement gaining in popularity among Americans, especially those seeking a weight-reduction program. Although the mechanism(s) responsible for the purported actions of chromium picolinate have not been thoroughly investigated, studies suggest that the biochemical, physiological, and behavioral actions of chromium picolinate may be a consequence of the effects of picolinic acid on the central nervous system. Analogues of picolinic acid have been shown to induce profound alterations in the metabolism of serotonin, dopamine, and norepnephrine in brain. Thus, caution should be used with chromium picolinate supplements especially by individuals prone to behavioral disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of the effects of exercise and a mild hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular risk factors in obese subjects.

A weight reduction program to improve cardiovascular risk factors was implemented in obese subjects. The program consisted of exercise training corresponding to the anaerobic threshold (AT) and a mild hypocaloric diet for 12 weeks. In this program, we evaluated the effects of a combination of exercise training and a diet on cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and poor exercise performance in obese subjects. In addition, we also evaluated the independent effects of exercise training and dietary modification. For this purpose, we adopted a relative training time and a diet score. A relative training time was calculated as the number of times that the subject performed exercises divided by all of the training sessions scheduled, and the diet score was calculated from information which each subject provided on a self-assessment questionnaire. Twenty three obese subjects (Age: 24-54 years old, 19 men and 4 women, body mass index (BMI) > 26 kg/m2) participated in this study. After the 12-week intervention, the mean reductions in body weight, body mass index and body fat were 4.7 kg, 1.7 kg/m2 and 2.9%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The % change in body weight was significantly associated with the diet score and with the relative training time. The mean reductions in total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were 21 mg/dl (P < 0.002), 34 mg/dl (P < 0.01) and 15.9 mg/dl (P < 0.01), respectively, and the % change in triglyceride was significantly associated with the diet score (P = 0.0056) and tended to correlate with the relative training time (P = 0.0596). Oxygen uptake at AT and at peak exercise were increased from 14.1 +/- 1.6 to 16.0 +/- 3.1 ml/min/kg (P < 0.005) and from 26.3 +/- 4.8 to 28.4 +/- 4.9 ml/min/kg (P < 0.002), respectively. A combination of aerobic exercise and a mild hypocaloric diet significantly contributed not only to weight loss but also to the improvement of dyslipidemia and exercise performance, but either hypocaloric diet or mild exercise independently did less. The diet score and the relative training time were useful for evaluating separately dietary modification and the quantity of exercise.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The association of smoking with clinical indicators of altered sex steroids--a study of 50,145 women.

This study was designed to test the association of smoking with four clinically apparent conditions that may be related to altered sex steroids: natural and induced menopause, infertility, oligomenorrhea, and hirsutism. Data were obtained from the personal inventories of 50,145 women ages 20-59 years in TOPS, a weight reduction program. The age-adjusted odds ratios of each condition for heavy smokers compared with nonsmokers were 1.59 for natural menopause, 1.49 for induced menopause, 1.35 for infertility, 1.30 for oligomenorrhea among women younger than 40 years, 1.63 for oligomenorrhea among women 40-49 years, and 1.54 for hirsutism (P less than .05 for oligomenorrhea and P less than .001 for all other risks). The odds ratios were not substantially changed after adjustment for obesity, parity, and husband's education level. These results suggest that smoking may affect the ovaries or hormone metabolism, or both, with medical and cosmetic consequences.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Excessive weight and hypertension in the elderly - the results of the community study.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between excessive weight and systolic-diastolic and isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. The sample covered 631 men and 1269 women of age 65-84 who took part in the screening program for chest diseases in Cracow city center (Poland). During the visit at the medical center, blood pressure measurements (BP), anthropometric data, as well as standardized interviews on symptoms and current medical treatment have been carried out. The findings show that the prevalence of hypertension, defined as self-reported antihypertension treatment by a doctor and/or blood pressure greater or equal to 160/95, was 32.3% in males and 46.1% in females. Adding the cases of isolated systolic hypertension, the prevalence rates would be 50.5% in men and 68.1% in women. There was strong association between body mass index (BMI) and hypertension, defined by self-reported antihypertension treatment. The association between systolic-diastolic hypertension and BMI was significant only in those persons who denied the treatment. Isolated systolic hypertension appeared not to be significantly related to excessive weight. Hypertension attributable to the excessive weight would be in the range of 38% in men and 41% in women. Beneficial effects of the weight reduction programs should not be expected with regard to isolated systolic hypertension. The data support the clinical opinion that both kinds of hypertension are distinct disorders.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

A comparison of two very-low-calorie diets: protein-sparing-modified fast versus protein-formula-liquid diet.

This study investigated the acceptability of two very-low-calorie diets in 16 moderately overweight persons participating in a weight reduction program. Subjects were prescribed a 1000-1200 kcal balanced diet the first month and asked to complete appetite and mood scales on a weekly basis. They were then randomly assigned to either a protein-sparing-modified fast (PSMF) or a protein-formula-liquid diet, each of which provided about 400 kcal daily. Analysis of the appetite data showed that PSMF subjects reported significantly less hunger and preoccupation with eating than did liquid diet subjects during 2 of the 4 weeks on a very-low-calorie diet. Subjects in both conditions reported significant reductions in anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of possible advantages of PSMF.

Adult↗