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PubMed1995

Effects of protein concentration and protein source on performance of newly arrived feedlot steers.

In Trial 1, 240 crossbred steers (initial BW 243 +/- 8 kg) were used in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment to determine the effects of receiving diet CP concentration (12, 14, 16, or 18%) and source (spray-dried blood meal [SDBM] vs soybean meal [SBM]) on steer performance. There were linear (P < .01) increases in ADG and feed efficiency during wk 1. For the entire trial, there was an increase (P < .01) in feed efficiency with increasing CP concentration and diets containing SDBM compared with those containing SBM. In Trial 2, 240 crossbred steers (initial BW 246 +/- 14 kg) were used in a completely randomized design experiment to determine the effects of receiving diet CP concentration (11, 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26%) on steer performance. Average daily gain and feed efficiency increased (P < .01) with increasing CP concentration during wk 1. There were quadratic (P < .01) responses to CP concentration for final weight, ADG, and feed efficiency. In Trial 3, 216 steers (initial BW 238 +/- 1 kg) were used to determine the effects of receiving diet protein sources on steer performance. The control diet used SBM as the supplemental CP source and was formulated to contain 12.5% CP. The other five protein sources were corn gluten meal (CGM), ring-dried blood meal (RDBM), SDBM, fish meal (FM), and SBM. For these five CP sources, diets were formulated to contain 23% CP during wk 1, 17% CP during wk 2, and 12.5% CP during wk 3 and wk 4. During wk 1, control steers had the lowest ADG (P < .07) and feed efficiency (P < .01) whereas steers fed RDBM and SDBM had the highest (P < .01) feed efficiency. Increased CP concentrations are needed early in the receiving period, when DMI is low.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Virginiamycin and laying hen performance.

Two experiments were conducted for five 28-day periods each. In Experiments 1 and 2, Hyline W-36 hens, 36 and 26 weeks of age, respectively, were used. Experiment 1 was designed to measure the effect of virginiamycin on hen performance and egg characteristics when supplementing a diet having low pigmentation potential. In Experiment 2, the diet contained 3% added fat with 0, 10, and 20 ppm virginiamycin. In Experiment 1, virginiamycin-supplemented hens showed increased (P less than or equal to .05) egg production, body weight, and improved feed efficiency. When egg production and feed efficiency were ranked by quartiles within the control and virginiamycin-supplemented groups, virginiamycin was shown to benefit only the poorer producing hens. In Experiment 2, added fat improved feed efficiency; however, the response to virginiamycin, as observed in Experiment 1, did not occur.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Major advances in applied dairy cattle nutrition.

Milk yield per cow continues to increase with a slower rate of increase in dry matter intake; thus, efficiency of ruminal fermentation and digestibility of the dietary components are key factors in improving the efficiency of feed use. Over the past 25 yr, at least 2,567 articles relating to ruminant or dairy nutrition have been published in the Journal of Dairy Science. These studies have provided important advancements in improving feed efficiency and animal health by improving quality of feeds, increasing feedstuff and overall diet digestibility, better defining interactions among feedstuffs in diets, identifying alternative feed ingredients, better defining nutrient requirements, and improving efficiency of ruminal fermentation. The publications are vital in continuing to make advancements in providing adequate nutrition to dairy cattle and for facilitating exchange of knowledge among scientists. Forages have been studied more extensively than any other type of feed. Cereal grains continue to be the primary contributors of starch to diets, and thus are very important in meeting the energy needs of dairy cattle. Processing of cereal grains has improved their use. Feeding by-products contributes valuable nutrients to diets and allows feedstuffs to be used that would otherwise be handled as wastes in landfills. Many of these by-products provide a considerable amount of protein, nonforage fiber, fat, and minerals (sometimes a detriment as in the case of P) to diets. The primary feeding system today is the total mixed ration, with still considerable use of the pasture system. Major improvements have occurred in the use of protein, carbohydrates, and fats in diets. Although advancements have been made in feeding practices to minimize the risk of metabolic diseases, the periparturient period continues to present some of the greatest challenges in animal health. Computers are a must today for diet formulation and evaluation, but fewer software programs are developed by universities. Several nutrition conferences are held regularly in the United States that are vital for transferring knowledge to the feed industry and the producers of food; the attendance at such programs has increased about 4-fold over the past 25 yr. More emphasis on animal welfare will direct some of the areas of nutrition research. Challenges ahead include having adequate funding for conducting applied nutrition research and for training of students as scientists and for employment in the feed industry.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1984

Influence of feeding supplemental fat by age sequence on the performance of growing turkeys.

Large White toms were used in an experiment to determine the response of turkeys to feeding supplemental fat by age sequence. The eight treatments tested consisted of a factorial arrangement of dietary animal-vegetable fat blend (A-V fat) at 0 and 4% and four age periods (0 to 20, 6 to 20, 9 to 20, and 12 to 20 weeks). The concentrations of nutrients were kept constant within an age period, irrespective of level of dietary fat. On an age-period basis, improvements in feed efficiency resulting from supplemental fat increased with increasing age. During the 0- to 6-week period, feed efficiency was improved 1.6% per 1% added fat, while during the 12- to 20-week period, feed efficiency of toms previously fed no added fat was improved 3.6% for 1% added fat. Improvements in weight gains through 12 weeks of age followed a similar pattern but of lesser magnitude. The overall data through 20 weeks of age demonstrated that nearly all of the increases in weight gain and much of the improvements in feed efficiency obtained by feeding supplemental fat from 0 to 6, 0 to 9, and 0 to 12 weeks of age were lost after these treatment groups were fed a diet with no added fat for the rest of the growing period. Conversely, 20-week feed efficiencies and efficiencies of metabolizable energy and protein utilization were similar for all treatment groups that received no supplemental fat from 0 to 6, 0 to 9, or 0 to 12 weeks of age but were then fed 4% supplemental fat thereafter. A small numerical advantage in 20-week body weights was observed for toms fed supplemental fat from 0 or 6 to 20 weeks of age as compared with those fed fat-supplemented diets from 9 or 12 to 20 weeks of age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

Effect of lysine and methionine supplementation of low protein roaster diets fed after six weeks of age.

Three floor rearing experiments were conducted using male broilers to determine the extent to which the protein level of the diet can be reduced by supplementation with the amino acids methionine and lysine. Corn-soybean type diets were used and three protein levels (18, 15, and 12%) were tested. All rations were computer formulated and those containing 15 and 12% protein were supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine HCl. Three replicate pens of about 50 males per pen were assigned to each treatment. Experimental diets were fed from 6 to 10 weeks of age in Experiment 1 and 6 to 9 weeks in Experiments 2 and 3. Birds were all group weighed at weekly intervals and feed consumption determined. Results obtained in Experiments 1 and 3 showed that neither body weight nor feed efficiency was reduced by feeding either 15 or 12% protein diets as long as these diets contained the National Research Council (NRC, 1977) recommended level of methionine and lysine. In Experiment 2 the 12% protein level depressed body weight and feed efficiency. Net returns over feed cost were highest with the 15% protein level in all three experiments. These results indicate that the NRC (1977) recommendation of 18% protein for 6- to 9-week-old broilers may be reduced with adequate amino acid supplementation.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Effect of xylanase and beta-glucanase supplementation of wheat- or wheat- and barley-based diets on the performance of male turkeys.

The efficiency of a mixture of xylanase and beta-glucanase enzymes was evaluated in two separate experiments on growing turkeys offered diets based on wheat or wheat and barley. 2. In the first experiment, the addition of 560 and 2800 IU of xylanase and beta-glucanase, respectively, per kg of diet significantly improved feed efficiency in turkeys fed on wheat- and barley-based diet throughout the entire experiment (42 d). 3. In the second experiment, the enzyme mixture significantly increased N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEN) by approximately 5%. 4. Furthermore, the combination of xylanase and beta-glucanase significantly improved body weight gain and feed efficiency. Feed efficiency was increased by 2.94, 2.47 and 5.91% in diets based on 500 then 540 g of wheat/kg of diet, 394 then 384 g of wheat and 100 then 150 g of barley/kg of diet and 180 g of wheat and 300 then 350 g of barley/kg of diet, respectively. 5. This enzyme mixture decreased in vitro viscosity of wheat, barley and soybean meal, the effect being larger for wheat and barley than for soybean meal. 6. In conclusion, the supplementation of diets based on wheat and barley with xylanase and beta-glucanase significantly improved body weight gain and feed efficiency. Therefore, wheat and barley could be used more efficiently by turkeys in the presence of an appropriate enzyme preparation.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1994

Influence of amino acid supplementation of low-protein diets and metabolizable energy feeding sequence on performance and carcass composition of toms.

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation of low-protein diets and of MEn feeding sequence on performance and selected carcass characteristics of turkey toms. Feeding diets containing 93 or 100% of the protein and 100% of the EAA concentrations recommended by NRC (1984) or a diet containing 93 and 107% of the recommended protein and EAA concentrations, respectively, had no effect on BW or feed efficiency of toms at 104 or 117 d of age. Dietary protein-EAA concentrations also had no effect on carcass and breast meat yields or proximate composition of carcasses at 105, 112, or 118 d of age, irrespective of MEn feeding sequence. Feeding diets supplying 108% of the MEn concentrations (MH) listed by NRC from 41 to 104 d improved BW (P < .02) and feed efficiency (P < .01) as compared with feeding 102% (M) of the MEn listed by NRC, but only the improvement in feed efficiency was evident at 117 d. Feeding diets supplying 108% MEn from 41 to 104 d, followed by the 102% MEn diet from 104 to 117 d (MHM), resulted in the same 117-d BW and feed efficiency as feeding the MH MEn sequence from 41 to 117 d. Metabolizable energy feeding sequence had no consistent effect on carcass or breast meat yields. Feeding the MHM sequence decreased (P < .05) fat pad and carcass fat of toms processed at 105, 112, and 118 d, compared with the MH feeding sequence. However, fat pad and carcass fat of toms fed the MHM MEn sequence generally exceeded those of toms fed M MEn diets from 1 d to time of processing.

Amino Acids, Essential↗

PubMed1990

Efficiency of feed utilization in Holsteins selected for yield.

Feed intakes were obtained for d 71 through d 120 postpartum for 36 first lactation selection and 32 control cows during the last 3 yr of a 16-yr selection experiment for FCM yield in Holsteins. The ration consisted of concentrates fed according to production, limited alfalfa hay, and ad libitum corn silage. The higher estimated net energy intake by selection cows was due primarily to their significantly higher silage intake. Grain intake was slightly higher for the selection animals, but the control animals had a slightly higher hay intake. Neither differences was statistically significant. Only small and statistically nonsignificant differences in BW and weight change were found between the two groups. Selection animals had a 7.6% advantage in gross efficiency for the 50-d trial. Selection for yield gave a desired correlated change in gross feed efficiency.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Feeding readiness in preterm infants: the relationship between preterm behavioral state and feeding readiness behaviors and efficiency during transition from gavage to oral feeding.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this secondary analysis was to assess whether alert behavioral states were associated with an increased number of feeding readiness behaviors (FRBs) and whether the number of FRBs were associated with subsequent feeding efficiency in healthy premature infants born between 29 to 35 weeks gestation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The data were collected as part of a larger study designed to compare the frequency of FRBs and feeding efficiency between control and experimental groups. Data from 21 stable premature infants were included in this secondary analysis. Infants were videotaped immediately prior to each of the first three oral feedings, from which infant behavioral state (IBS) and FRBs were assessed. Feeding efficiency was determined by calculating the ratio of feeding intake to feeding duration. RESULTS: IBS was not a significant predictor of the number of FRBs. The number of FRBs was predictive of feeding efficiency (p <.05). Group assignment was a marginally significant predictor of feeding efficiency (p < .10). Infant sex (p < .05), birthweight (p < .01), gestational age at birth (p <.01), and gestational age at entry (p < .05) were identified as significant predictors of the number of FRBs. Group assignment was marginally significant (p < .10). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Feeding efficiency may be predicted by the increased number of FRBs immediately prior to feeding. An infant's attributes (sex, birth-weight, and gestational age) may relate to feeding efficiency and should be assessed when instituting oral feeding. Assessment of FRBs can be easily incorporated into routine clinical practice.

Attention↗

PubMed1991

Efficiency of feed utilization and rate of feed passage through the digestive system.

The relationship of efficiency of feed utilization determined by the feed conversion ratio (FCR) to the rate of feed passage through the digestive system of juvenile chickens was studied and three different methods of measuring feed passage rate (FPR) were evaluated. The FPR did not differ between sexes that had different FCR, nor did it differ between commercial broiler strains that differed in FCR. Feed restriction did not affect FPR. There was little correlation between FCR and FPR in any of the groups evaluated and the FPR was similar for high- and low-FCR groups. There was some evidence for increased FPR in birds grown at 32.2 C compared with those grown at 26.7 C. Similar results were obtained for FPR whether the tracer dye was given in the feed, or in a gelatin capsule, or no tracer dye was used. Repeatability of FPR obtained on the same individuals at different ages was very low.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1994

Genetic variation of broiler feed consumption and efficiency corrected for differences in test body weights.

Feed consumption and feed efficiency data obtained over nine generations from three selected strains of broilers were adjusted for differences in either initial or initial and final test BW (at 28 and 42 d, respectively). Genetic and environmental variables were estimated for each strain using an animal model with restricted maximum likelihood procedures to avoid bias due to reduced genetic variation caused by selection. Variance component and heritability estimates before and after adjustment of these traits for differences in test weights were evaluated. Adjustments of feed consumption data for either initial test BW or both initial and final test BW reduced additive genetic and environmental variation. Reductions were relatively greater for additive genetic than for environmental variance, thereby reducing the heritability of the adjusted trait. Adjustment of feed efficiency for initial test BW altered additive genetic variation little and reduced environmental variation slightly; however, correction for both test BW reduced variation of both components. Heritability of adjusted feed efficiency was 40% larger (.33 to .35 vs .21 to .28) than for uncorrected feed efficiency, but phenotypic variation of the adjusted feed efficiency was reduced 42% (5.82 to 6.13 vs 10.30 to 11.35). Heritabilities of feed consumption and efficiency were essentially the same (.34 and .36) after adjustment for both test weights. Changes in genetic and environmental variation and heritability due to adjustments were similar for the three strains.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Responses of Beijing black hogs to porcine somatotropin.

Somatotropin treatment of U.S-breed finishing hogs improves feed efficiency, growth rate and carcass lean-to-fat ratio. Because Chinese-bred hogs have poorer feed efficiency, growth rate and lean-to-fat ratio than U.S. bred hogs, the characteristics affected by porcine somatotropin (PST) may respond differently to treatment. In the present experiment, Beijing Black finishing hogs (a composite of a local Chinese, Berkshire and Yorkshire breeds) were treated with PST for 28 d from average initial to final weights of 67.8 to 96.6 kg. In hogs individually fed as much as they would eat four times a day (n = 12/treatment group, six gilts and six barrows), feed efficiency was improved by 22.4 and 29.9% by 2 and 4 mg/d PST, respectively (P less than .01), primarily due to increased growth rate (22.1 and 32.6% greater than control, respectively, P less than .01); feed intake was not affected. Performance of group-housed and group-fed hogs (six/pen, four pens/treatment) administered 2 mg/d PST for 28 d (average initial and final weights of 66.5 +/- 1.7 and 94.0 +/- 2.4 kg, respectively) was similar (22.7% improved feed efficiency, P less than .01; 25% increased growth rate, P less than .01). At slaughter, last rib backfat thickness was decreased an average of 19.2% for hogs treated with 2 and 4 mg/d PST (P less than .01). Percentage of total muscle, obtained by physical separation of the half-carcass, was increased an average of 13.5% (P less than .01), whereas percentage of total fat was decreased 21.8% (P less than .01) in PST-treated hogs. The pH, water-holding capacity and meat color scores of longissimus muscle from PST-treated hogs did not differ from those of control hogs. Growth rate, feed efficiency and muscle weight responses to PST treatment were at least as large as those for U.S. breeds.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1989

Effect of dietary protein, energy, and feed pelleting on the response of chicks to early feed restriction.

In three trials, male broiler chicks were subjected to a 6-day feed restriction regimen designed to retard growth severely. In one trial, the amino acid requirements during refeeding were evaluated by testing the adequacy of diets based on model calculations. In two additional trials, the response of feed-restricted birds to increased dietary energy density and to feed pelleting was compared with that of birds fed ad libitum. Results of the first trial showed that weight gain and feed efficiency during the first 2 wk of refeeding were reduced when the diet contained less than the model-calculated protein level for this period. No improvement in performance could be obtained when dietary protein was increased by 1% above model-calculated requirements. An increase in dietary nutrient density resulted in an enhanced growth rate. Feed efficiency was improved by an increase in nutrient density and by early feed restriction with no significant feed restriction x diet density interactions. Pellet-feeding resulted in improved growth without affecting feed efficiency, whereas feed restriction resulted in improved feed efficiency only. Interaction between pelleting and feed restriction was not significant for any of the variables. In all three trials, abdominal fat was reduced by feed restriction without any interaction with energy, protein, or dietary form. The results suggest that the requirements for some amino acid increase after feed restriction and that feed consumption does not limit the accelerated growth response at that time.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1981

Role of gastrointestinal microflora in nitrogen and mineral balances in young mice fed on autoclaved and irradiated diets.

Male germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) mice were fed on steam-sterilized (autoclaved for 30 min at 121 degrees C) and gamma irradiation-sterilized (5 Mrad with 60Co) diets for a one-week adjustment period from 4 weeks of age. During the subsequent week, the amounts of feed eaten were determined, and the feces and urine were collected eaily. The effects of the mode of diet sterilization and intestinal microflora on the feed consumption, body weight gain, feed efficiency (body weight gain/feed consumption), feed N efficiency (body weight gain/feed N consumption), and the excretion, absorption and retention of N, Ca, Mg and P and the bone deposits of these minerals were investigated. 1) The method of sterilization of the diet did not appreciably influence these parameters, except for the apparent digestibility of N and ratio of N retention. Compared to autoclaved diet-fed mice, irradiated diet-fed mice showed a higher apparent digestibility of of N and lower ratio of N retention. 2) Feed consumption in both GF and CV mice showed no major differences. Body weight gain, feed efficiency and feed N efficiency were higher in GF mice than in CV mice. 3) GF conditions increased the apparent digestibility of N, Ca, Mg and P. Lower total excretion of N, Ca and P in the feces and urine, a higher retention of Ca and P, and higher ratios of retention of N and these minerals were observed in GF mice. 4) The results in GF mice indicated a higher weight of moisture- and fat-free bone and a higher Ca, Mg and P concentration in the bones (femurs and tibias with fibulas) with respect to the body weight minus the weight of the digesta.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The effect of autoclaving and enzyme supplementation of guar meal on the performance of chicks and laying hens.

Four experiments with broilers and one with laying hens were conducted to study the effects of processing and hemicellulase supplementation of guar meal (37.0% protein) on growth, feed efficiency, and egg production. Guar meal at 0, 10, and 15%, either in raw form or autoclaved at 100, 102, or 132 C for 3, 15, or 30 min, was fed alone or in the presence of 0 to 250 ppm hemicellulase. In an experiment utilizing full-term broilers, 10 and 15% autoclaved guar meal was fed in the presence of lincomycin (3.3 ppm) or in combination with lincomycin and hemicellulase (25 ppm). The laying hen experiment was conducted with 36-week-old hens for 8 weeks. They were fed the raw or autoclaved meal (102 C, 15 min) alone and in combination with 30 ppm hemicellulase. The raw guar meal depressed growth and the depression was dose-related. Autoclaving at 102 C for 15 min increased growth and feed efficiency. A higher temperature or a longer time of autoclaving failed to give any further increase in growth or feed efficiency. The lowest (16.5 ppm) hemicellulase was as effective as the highest (250 ppm) in increasing growth and feed efficiency of chicks when added to guar meal diets. Penicillin had no effect on growth or feed efficiency when added to the diet containing autoclaved guar meal in the presence of hemicellulase. Dry heating at 150 C for 6 hr or water treatment of guar meal was not effective in stimulating growth or feed efficiency. Guar meal also increased stickiness of droppings; autoclaving enhanced the effect, whereas hemicellulase prevented the sticky droppings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Influence of dietary magnesium level on growth-performance and metabolic responses of Holstein steers to laidlomycin propionate.

We used 216 Holstein steers (151 kg) in a 262-d trial to evaluate the influence of dietary magnesium level (.19, .25, and .32%) and laidlomycin propionate (LP; 0 vs 11 ppm, air-dry basis) on growth performance and NE value of the diet. During the initial 112 d of the trial, LP increased (P < .01) ADG (6.3%) and feed efficiency (4.2%). From d 112 until slaughter, LP increased (P < .05) ADG (9.7%) and feed efficiency (4.5%). Across the 262-d feeding period, LP supplementation enhanced (P < .01) ADG (8.9%) and feed efficiency (6.3%). There was an interaction (P < .05) between dietary Mg and LP on NE value of the diet. The enhancement in NE value of the diets owing to LP with .19, .25, and .32% dietary Mg were .5, 3.0, and 5.9%, respectively. Six Holstein steers (302 kg) were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square experiment to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion. There were no treatment interactions (P > .10) on site and extent of digestion of OM, starch, and N. Supplemental Mg increased (quadratic effect, P < .10) ruminal OM digestion. Neither LP nor dietary Mg level affected (P > .10) ruminal digestion of starch and feed N. Supplemental LP decreased (15%, P < .05) ruminal microbial efficiency. Total tract digestion of OM and N increased (linear effect, P < .01) with increasing dietary Mg level. There were interactions between LP and dietary Mg level on ruminal soluble-Mg concentration (linear effect, P < .01) and Mg absorption (quadratic effect, P < .05). Apparent total tract Mg digestion increased owing to LP (P < .01) and dietary Mg level (linear effect, P < .01). There were no treatment effects (P > .10) on ruminal pH. Dietary Mg level did not influence (P > .10) ruminal VFA concentrations or molar proportions. Supplemental LP increased (14%; P < .10) total ruminal VFA concentration but did not affect (P > .10) VFA molar proportions. We conclude that LP will increase daily weight gain and feed efficiency of calf-fed Holstein steers and that this response may be enhanced by increasing dietary Mg level.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1985

Effects of coccidiostats and dietary protein on performance and water consumption in broiler chickens.

Two, 7-week floor pen experiments were conducted consecutively with male broilers and then female broilers to determine the effects of feeding salinomycin (60 ppm), monensin (99 ppm), or lasalocid (125 ppm) at the following three levels of dietary protein: 1) that which meets National Research Council specifications (NRC, 1977), 2) that level deficient in sulfur amino acids (SAA), or 3) that deficient in protein. Group body weights, feed intake, and water consumption were noted at 28 and 49 days of age with feed efficiency and overall mortalities determined. Reducing SAA resulted in depressed (P less than .05) body weights at 7 weeks in both experiments, whereas deficient protein reduced (P less than .05) growth, feed efficiency, and water consumption. Generally, inclusion of coccidiostats in the diet did not significantly hinder growth or feed efficiency. Feeding of coccidiostats in combination with the low protein diet did not produce additional anorexigenic effects. Although a significant lasalocid SAA-sparing effect was not observed, diet X coccidiostat interactions (P less than .05) were apparent and attributable to an apparent "protein-sparing" effect upon body weight gain when salinomycin was fed in combination with the low protein diet. Lasalocid increased water consumption (P less than .05) relative to monensin in the female broilers.

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗

PubMed2002

The effects of toasting canola meal on body weight, feed conversion efficiency, and mortality in broiler chickens.

It is hypothesized that the moisture incorporated into canola meal (CM) during desolventization, as sparge steam, promotes toasting. Elimination of toasting of CM would result in higher digestible amino acid content, but it is not known if it is required to reduce anti-nutritional factors. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine if suspending the use of sparge steam would prevent toasting and to study the effects of toasting on broiler chicken performance. Conventional toasted CM (TCM) and a hexane laden, nontoasted CM (NTCM) were collected from a commercial crushing plant. NTCM was desolventized in a research desolventizer/toaster without the use of sparge steam, producing a yellow-colored meal. The meals were fed to broiler chickens from 0 to 39 d and replaced 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the soybean meal (SBM) in wheat-based diets. Elimination of toasting increased broiler weight from 0.606 and 2.148 to 0.618 and 2.181 kg at 19 and 39 d of age, respectively. The feed ratio (0 to 19 d) increased from 0.637 to 0.642, but toasting did not affect mortality. Total mortality and chronic heart failure between 19 and 39 d increased with level of CM addition from 5.2 to 13.9% and 1.9 to 9.6%, respectively. Chronic heart failure in males, but not females, was increased from 3.3 to 17.4% with increasing CM level. In conclusion, desolventization without sparge steam produced a nontoasted meal and improved broiler growth and feed efficiency in comparison to TCM. Therefore, NTCM could be fed to broiler chickens.

Animal Feed↗