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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

How the horse moves: 2. Significance of graphical representations of equine hind limb kinematics.

Kinematic data of the equine hind limb are presented graphically and related to functional aspects of the hind limb in locomotion. The trot of 24 two-year-old Dutch Warmblood horses was recorded at 4 m/s on a high-speed treadmill using kinematic analysis equipment. Joint angle-time, angle-angle, stick and marker diagrams were used to present graphically the data following standardised procedures. As the kinematic data were expressed with reference to the joint angles of the horse standing squarely and were time-standardised to the duration of the stride cycle, mean joint curves for the total group could be calculated and therefore describe the function of the different segments of the equine hind limb. The motion of the hind limb in the sagittal plane appeared to be pendular around a rotation point in the acetabulum. During the stance phase the extension of the fetlock joint and stance flexion of the stifle, tarsal and coffin joints illustrate the shock absorption of the hind limb. In the swing phase the reciprocal apparatus, which forms the coupling mechanism between stifle and tarsal joint, also influences the fetlock joint because synchronous flexion and extension between these 3 joints were demonstrated. By graphically presenting hind limb motion we were able to illustrate the relation between kinematics and function. This graphic analysis can be used in clinical studies involving quantification of equine hind limb coordination in the sagittal plane.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Structural associations of osteoarthritis pain: lessons from magnetic resonance imaging.

For many years the search for structural associations of osteoarthritis (OA) pain were based on conventional radiographic imaging that predominantly visualizes bone. As well as being tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the ability to directly visualize all the structures of a joint, including soft tissue and cartilage. Initial MRI studies focused on cartilage assessment, but recently there has been a growing body of work examining the correlation of structural findings with pain in OA and their relation to structural progression. Painful OA knees have more MRI-detected abnormalities and these pathologies are often correlated making individual contributions difficult to assess. However, in large cohort studies, both synovial hypertrophy and large synovial effusions were demonstrated to be more frequent in patients with OA knee pain. Similarly MRI-determined subchondral bone marrow oedema lesions (BME), particularly large ones, are associated with OA knee pain. Meniscal tears in OA knees, although common, have not been linked with pain. Improved, reliable quantification of the structural features and the rapid advances in MRI technology can only improve structure-pain understanding.

Arthralgia↗
PubMed1998

Quantification of synovistis by MRI: correlation between dynamic and static gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and microscopic and macroscopic signs of synovial inflammation.

Dynamic and static gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(Gd-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were evaluated as measures of joint inflammation in arthritis, by a comparison with macroscopic and microscopic signs of synovitis. Furthermore, the importance of the size of the evaluated synovial areas was investigated, as was the optimal time for enhancement measurements. Seventeen rheumatoid arthritis knees and 25 osteoarthritis knees, scheduled for arthroscopy or arthrotomy, were included. Macroscopic and microscopic synovial inflammation as well as nine histologic tissue characteristics were graded at four preselected biopsy sites. Preoperative T1-weighted dynamic fast low angle shot and static spin-echo Gd-enhanced MRI were performed. The dynamic enhancement rate and the static enhancement were measured in the entire synovial membrane of a preselected slice as well as at the four biopsy sites, and compared to synovial pathology. The rate of early enhancement of the total synovial membrane of the preselected slice, determined by dynamic MRI, was highly correlated with microscopic evidence of active inflammation (Spearman p = 0.73; p < 10(-7). Dynamic MRI could distinguish knees with and without synovial inflammation with a high predictive value (0.81-0.90). Moderate and severe inflammation could not be differentiated. The early enhancement rate was correlated with histologic features of active inflammation, particularly vessel proliferation and mononuclear leucocyte infiltration. Dynamic evaluation of small synovial sections at the biopsy sites and static spin-echo MRI resulted in considerably weaker correlations to histologic inflammation than dynamic evaluation of the total synovium. The optimal time for enhancement measurements was one-half to one minute after Gd injection, as the highest correlation coefficients to histologic inflammation were observed in this interval. Dynamic MRI can be used to determine synovial inflammation. Evaluation of large synovial areas one-half to one minute after Gd injection best reflects joint inflammation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Automated feature assessment in instrumented gait analysis.

A methodological modular framework is presented for automated assessment of gait patterns. The processing steps of data selection, gait parameter calculation and evaluation are not limited to a specific field of application and are largely independent of case-based clinical expert knowledge. For these steps, a variety of mathematical methods was used and the validity of the approach to assess gait parameters tested by applying it to the clinical problem of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX-A) treatment of the spastic equinus foot. A set of 3670 parameters was ranked by relevance for classification of a group of 42 diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) patients and an age-matched reference group. The same procedure was performed for pre- and post-therapeutic data sets of these patients. Gait parameters of high relevance coincided well with results of previous studies based on partly manual and more subjective parameter selection. A norm distance measure is introduced to facilitate the quantification of deviations from a normal walking pattern and can be used as an overall scalar measure to evaluate differences in gait patterns or as a set of measures attributing each joint angle separately.

Automation↗
PubMed1996

Plasma, urine, and synovial fluid disposition of methylprednisolone acetate and isoflupredone acetate after intra-articular administration in horses.

OBJECTIVE--To document plasma, urine, and synovial fluid disposition of 2 common intra-articularly administered steroid preparations, methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) and isoflupredone acetate (IPA). DESIGN--Descriptive investigation. SAMPLE POPULATION--100 mg of MPA or 4 mg of IPA was administered to 2 groups of 4 healthy sound radiographically normal female horses. PROCEDURE--Blood samples were collected at time 0 (before) and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration of the designated steroid. Complete urine collection for measurement of designated steroid was accomplished by use of occluding 28-F balloon catheters. Synovial fluid samples were aseptically aspirated from the injected and contralateral uninjected tarsocrural joint at time 0 and 8, 24, 48, 240, and 672 hours after administration of the designated steroid. All samples were screened by ELISA to detect parent drug or metabolite equivalent, with a sensitivity of 2.5 ng/ml for MPA and 0.1 ng/ml for IPA. If drug was detected by ELISA in the plasma or synovial fluid, the samples were further quantified and specified, using HPLC with a lower limit of quantification (10 ng/ml). RESULTS--Between 2 and 12 hours after administration, plasma contained < 10 ng of MPA or IPA/ml (parent drug or metabolite equivalent), as intermittently detected by ELISA. Parent drug or metabolite equivalent was detected in the urine for 24 and 72 hours after injection of IPA and MPA, respectively. Synovial fluid from the contralateral joint contained no detectable MPA or IPA at any sample collection time. Median half-life for MPA, as detected by HPLC, was 10.3 hours (range, 6.1 to 10.6) in the synovial space. Median half-life for methylprednisolone, as detected by HPLC, was 10.4 (range, 9.9 to 32.1) hours. CONCLUSIONS--Both steroids appeared to be rapidly hydrolyzed to their respective ester forms, as detected by HPLC. The ELISA appeared to be a useful screening tool for detection of corticosteroids in this variety of body fluids.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Immunophotometric quantification of extravascular immunoglobulin deposits in the synovial membrane of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

The amount of extravascular immunoglobulin deposits in the synovial membrane of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis was studied in comparison with that of patients suffering from non-joint diseases. Immunoglobulin deposits were immunostained using the three-layer immunoperoxidase method. The staining results were quantified with the help of a microscope photometer connected with a scanning stage. Several experiments involving artificial test substrates, diseases with allegedly increased extravascular deposits or diseases not exhibiting extravascular deposits of immunoglobulins are used to validate the described microspectrophotometrical approach for measuring extravascular immunoglobulin deposits. The scanning photometry demonstrates significantly higher amount of extravascular immunoglobulin deposits in rheumatoid arthritis as compared with osteoarthritis and non-joint diseases.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed2002

[Recent progress of radiology in rheumatoid arthritis: a role of magnetic resonance imaging].

Since MR imaging directly visualizes all articular components with excellent contrast resolution, it allows the joint to be viewed as a whole organ. An increasing aggressive therapeutic strategy has attracted growing attention to the potentials of MR imaging in the diagnosis, prognostication, and outcome measure of RA. The introduction of MR imaging into the diagnostic criteria for early RA contributes to more accurate diagnosis in patients suspected of having RA and thus allow an earlier decision to start proper medication. Quantification of inflammatory synovitis by MR imaging can assess treatment outcome in fewer subjects than with traditional measures. We believe MR imaging can be cost-effectively incorporated in the treatment trial.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Immunomagnetic separation of tumor necrosis factor alpha. I. Batch procedure for human temporomandibular fluid.

A batch separation procedure has been developed for retrieval of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha from the microliter volumes of fluid isolated from the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Paramagnetic beads coated with monoclonal antibodies for TNF were used. The beads, and bound TNF, were recovered from solution with the aid of a magnetic field. The amount of bead-bound TNF was quantified using an immuno-based assay developed in this laboratory called the cluster assay. The cluster assay was specific for TNF and linear up to 10 ng. Using these methods we found that TMJ fluid contained 0.2-4.2 ng per 100 microliters of fluid with a mean value of 1.9 ng and a standard deviation of 1.1 ng. This study demonstrates the utility of batch immunomagnetic separation for the concentration and purification of proteins, and the cluster assay for quantification of proteins from microliter volumes of body fluids.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1998

A method and device for measuring force transfers between the deep flexors in the musician's hand.

A device is presented to measure the range of independence, and the force transfers between the deep flexor tendons of different fingers. These force transfers result from the coactivation of the individual deep flexors, or the stretching of anatomical interconnections between the individual muscle bellies or tendons. In the quantification of the forces in the deep flexor end tendons, errors may occur due to (involuntary) forces in the extensors and superficial flexors. These errors are investigated by modelling the distal interphalangeal joint equilibrium equation, and illustrated by measuring results. They can be avoided by appropriate instrumental design, and proper finger positioning during measurement.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1995

Matrix proteins: potentials as body fluid markers of changes in the metabolism of cartilage and bone in arthritis.

Altered dynamics of cartilage and bone matrix in joint diseases results in increased release of macromolecules into synovial fluid (SF). Such macromolecules are increasingly explored as potential markers of damage and severity. This report focuses on the possibilities of using quantification of tissue specific markers for grading the tissue lesion at the molecular level in arthritis. The theoretical and experimental rationale for such an approach is supported by the results in clinical studies. These studies indicate that simultaneous analysis of multiple cartilage and bone markers in the same SF or serum sample could be useful for defining degree of tissue involvement in rheumatoid arthritis and, possibly, in osteoarthritis.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1988

Eminence development of the postnatal human temporomandibular joint.

The objective of this study was to analyze postnatal eminence development quantitatively, as a first step in defining the relationship between loading of the TMJ and eminence development. A sample of human osteological remains provided the temporal bones of forty-nine (49) individuals of ages between birth and twenty years. An angular measurement technique permitted quantification of the degree of eminence development of each individual. It was concluded that: (i) the TMJ eminence reaches more than 50% of mature size, and exhibits mature morphology, by the time of completion of eruption of the primary dentition; (ii) the maximum velocity of development of the eminence takes place before three years of age; and (iii) the velocity of development of the eminence is reduced at about five years of age, and slowly diminishes to zero by the middle to late teens.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantification of cord deformation and dynamics during flexion and extension of the cervical spine using MR imaging.

The magnetic resonance (MR) cine display of flexion and extension (F/E) manoeuvres in the cervical spine has proved useful in the evaluation of cord compression due to bone and joint instability, spondylosis, and multiple tumours. It has advantages over X-ray F/E and CT myelography in that it is noninvasive and produces images with high soft tissue contrast. The MR F/E technique does have its limitations, however, in that each structure in the images has a degree of independent movement and rotation that can make visual interpretation difficult. It also does not address the problem of assessing the relative significance of each lesion where numerous lesions may be present, for example, in compression due to spondylosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or neurofibromatosis. In this paper a novel technique is described that produces quantitative indices of cord deformation and dynamics during MR F/E. A computer program automatically calculates a series of contiguous profiles perpendicular to the cord throughout its length and for each image in the manoeuvre. Orthogonal polynomial curve fitting techniques are used to fit these profiles and extract statistical parameters that are quantitative indices of deformation and dynamics. The four main parameters calculated are kurtosis as an index of bilateral cord compression, skewness as an index of unilateral or asymmetric contact pressure, angulation as a measure of cord deformation about a lesion, and anteroposterior cord width as a direct measure of indentation and attenuation. Illustrative examples of results from normal volunteers and patients suffering from cervical myelopathy are presented. The technique may prove particularly useful to the spinal surgeon in assessing the relative significance of individual lesions and may also be a powerful research tool in the study of cord biomechanics in the living body.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Reciprocal strength ratio in shoulder abduction/adduction in sports and daily living.

PURPOSE: Functionally, the shoulder is considered a ball joint, whereby high mobility is attended by low stability. Therefore, muscular balance is decisive for stability. Altered strength ratios are frequently described as "muscular dysbalances" and considered one of the causes of shoulder pathologies, whereby objective quantification is difficult. METHODS: In order to quantify physiological muscle balance, the strength ratio of shoulder abduction/adduction (AB/AD) was determined in 166 untrained men (UM) concentrically at 60 degrees.s-1 (LIDO-Active). The influence on this norm of one-sided (25 high-performance (TPH), 18 leisure tennis players (TPL)) and two-sided athletic exercise (32 gymnasts (GY)), altered daily exercise (11 paraplegics with paralysis time < 4 months (PP), 11 paraplegics with paralysis time > 2 yr (PU)), and a combination of altered daily exercise and athletic activity (16 trained paraplegics (PT)) was examined (ANOVA, alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Determination of the AB/AD quotient in UM was 0.82. Shoulder stress in sports led to a decrease in quotients compared with UM because of a relatively increased torque in AD (P < 0.01). At the beginning of a paraplegia, the quotient of AB/AD is elevated (P < 0.05). This altered ratio decreases with duration of paralysis (PU) and athletic activity (PT). CONCLUSION: With increased shoulder stress, the altered strength ratios reflect specific requirements of the performance attained. However, the importance of muscular dysbalances for the onset of shoulder complaints must be considered more important than their influence on athletic performance capacity.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Body fluid markers of cartilage changes in osteoarthritis.

Various markers of the metabolism of articular cartilage have been identified in synovial fluid, blood, and urine of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The joint fluid level of a cartilage-derived molecule, or its fragment, can be used as a marker of the synthesis or catabolism of that molecule in the articular surfaces within that joint. In blood and urine, on the other hand, the level of a marker is useful in assessing systemic changes affecting the metabolism of a molecule in all the cartilages in the body. Quantification of specific markers in body fluids already has proved useful in identifying increased catabolic as well as anabolic activities in articular cartilage during preradiologic as well as later stages of OA. The markers also can be sued for monitoring the effect of drugs on cartilage matrix molecules and in differentiating among different subtypes of osteoarthritis. Markers should prove most useful in prospective studies aimed at identifying early changes in cartilage metabolism in humans at high risk for developing OA.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1997

The quality and outcomes management connection.

Measuring outcomes has become an essential part of quality improvement efforts. An outcomes management program can contribute to quality activities through the identification and quantification of outcomes and variances that can serve as performance measures. The COMIT model is highlighted as a process that can be used by multidisciplinary teams to promote outcome improvement. In addition, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations functions and their relationship to an outcomes management effort are presented.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

[Initial findings using dynamic magnetic resonance tomography in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the sacroiliac joint].

Up to now 42 patients with clinically suspected diagnosis of sacroiliitis (including 19 patients with confirmed spondylitis ankylosans) and 12 healthy volunteers were examined via magnetic resonance tomography. In oblique sections parallel to the plane of the sacrum the signal intensity patterns from normal and pathological tissues of the sacroiliac articulations were evaluated by plain T1-weighted spin-echo sequences and T2*-weighted FLASH sequences. In addition we used a dynamic FLASH measurement following intravenous application of gadolinium-DTPA for quantitative calculation of signal-time courses. This method has proved to be capable of definitely differentiating normal findings of sacroiliac articulations from inflammatory changes (p = 0.0001) and also enables quantification of the inflammatory activity.

Adult↗