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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Differentiation of variola, monkeypox, and vaccinia antisera by radioimmunoassay.

Poxvirus antisera adsorbed with "homologous" and "heterologous" poxvirus-infected chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) were differentiated by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). Mixtures of the antiserum dilutions and infected CAM were added directly (without centrifugation) to poxvirus-infected CAM antigens affixed to wells of microtitration plates. The affixed antigens combined with unadsorbed antibodies, and the cross-reactive antigen-antibody complexes were removed by washing. The results showed that adsorption of an antiserum with variola-, vaccinia-, or uninfected-CAM antigen and subsequent reaction of each in RIA with monkeypox- and uninfected-CAM antigens allowed the identification of antivariola, antivaccinia, or antimonkeypox sera.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1979

[Worldwide eradication of smallpox or from Sarah Nelmes to Ali Maow Maalin].

It cannot be disputed that the WHO plan for the eradication of smallpox has had considerable success. There is no endemic smallpox any longer in the world. Nevertheless caution is advised and continued supervision must not be neglected. There are still countries where supervision is not satisfactory, there is uncertainty about animal reservoirs and it should be assumed from the beginning that up to the present no epidemic disease could be completely eradicated. For this reason it is inevitable that supplies of vaccine should be available. A vaccine from heat sensitive strains is offered which is obtained from cell cultures.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Monkey pox in humans: current results.

The presented studies were performed at the WHO Collaboration Center for Smallpox in Moscow in the framework of the WHO monkey pox project. The authors recommend improved methods for rapid detection of orthopoxvirus antigen, namely passive haemagglutination (PHA) using dried stable red blood cells and ELISA in order to provide more rapid and efficient laboratory diagnosis under field conditions. Independent serologic diagnosis of monkey pox by ELISA-adsorption (ELISA-A) was proved of value for epidemiological studies and for detection of inapparent infections. The application range of the latter technique and its limitations were also determined.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1988

Human monkeypox: disease pattern, incidence and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire.

Human monkeypox is a zoonosis that occurs sporadically in the tropical rainforest of western and central Africa. This article presents the results of epidemiological features of 91 monkeypox patients reported in Bumba zone in northern Zaire during the period 1981 to 1985. Their age ranged from 7 months to 29 years (93% below 15 years of age). 11% of patients had visible smallpox vaccination scars. Deaths occurred sporadically; the overall case-fatality rate was 9%. 91 patients arose in 61 separate outbreaks; 42 of them consisted of only a single case. The source of infection was suspected to be animal for 70 cases, and human for the remaining 21 cases. The illness occurred in all months of the year. There was a considerable clustering of cases in the northern part of the zone. The average annual incidence rate in the observed zone was 0.63 cases per 10,000 population with marked differences in age, time and place. The average annual primary attack rate among unvaccinated individuals (1.7/10,000) sharply contrasted with those vaccinated (0.04/10,000). The secondary attack rate for contacts without vaccination scar (4.3%) differed significantly from those who had been vaccinated in past (0.7%). Many unvaccinated contacts living under conditions of maximal exposure to index cases escaped not only the disease but also infection. The low incidence rate of human monkeypox indicates its limited public health importance even in a well-known enzootic area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Human monkeypox: confusion with chickenpox.

Human monkeypox is a zoonosis occurring sporadically in the tropical rain forest of western and central Africa. The exact incidence and geographical distribution are unknown, since many cases are not recognized. Special surveillance was established in three regions in Zaire in 1981 that led to a substantial increase in reported cases. The question arose as to the possibility that clinical diagnostic errors cause some cases of monkeypox to be misdiagnosed as other eruptive diseases. This paper presents the results of a study assessing the extent of and reasons for these clinical diagnostic errors in areas where health staff as well as the general public are aware of human monkeypox. In Zaire in the period 1981-1986, 977 persons with skin eruption not clinically diagnosed as human monkeypox were laboratory tested. 3.3% of human monkeypox cases were found among 730 patients diagnosed as cases of chickenpox, 7.3% among cases diagnosed as "atypical chickenpox" and 6.1% among cases with skin rash for which clinical diagnosis could not be established. The diagnostic difficulties were mainly based on clinical features characteristic of chickenpox: regional pleomorphism (in 46% of misdiagnosed cases), indefinite body-distribution of skin eruptions (49%), and centripetal distribution of skin lesions (17%). Lymph-node enlargement was observed in 76% of misdiagnosed patients. In the absence of smallpox, the main clinical diagnostic problem is the differentiation of human monkeypox from chickenpox. The presence of lymphadenopathy, pre-eruptive fever and slower maturation of skin lesions are the most important clinical signs supporting correct diagnosis of monkeypox.

Adolescent↗