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PubMed2005

The meaning of spirituality for individuals with disabilities.

PURPOSE: To examine the experiences of people with disabilities regarding their spirituality and its meaning for them. This study asked: What are the differences in the meaning of spirituality in the lives of individuals with childhood onset disabilities when compared to those with adult onset disabilities? METHOD: This qualitative study involved semi-structured individual interviews of 12 adults, six with childhood onset and six with adult onset disabilities. Member checking of both transcribed data and open coding was done to ensure trustworthiness. Data was analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. RESULTS: Findings suggested that the two groups held different perceptions about the meaning of spirituality. For childhood onset participants, two categories of 'connecting and expressing for purpose and meaning in life', and 'disability as a vehicle to discover god's purpose' were generated. For adult onset participants, two categories of 'connecting and expressing through feelings and actions', and 'disability as a catalyst for spiritual awakening' were derived from the data. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with childhood and adult onset disabilities perceive and experience spirituality differently. Therefore, different approaches to using spirituality in practice need to be employed for the two groups. Suggestions are provided for incorporating spirituality into occupational therapy practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2026

Scalable, open-access and multidisciplinary data integration pipeline for climate-sensitive diseases.

Climate-sensitive infectious diseases pose an important challenge for human, animal and environmental health and it has been estimated that over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change. While climatic and weather conditions are important drivers of transmission of vector-borne diseases, socio-economic, behavioural, and land-use factors as well as the interactions among them impact transmission dynamics. Analysis of drivers of climate-sensitive diseases require rapid integration of interdisciplinary data to be jointly analysed with epidemiological (including genomic and clinical) data. Current tools for the integration of multiple data sources are often limited to one data type or rely on proprietary data and software. To address this gap, we develop a scalable and open-access pipeline for the integration of multiple spatio-temporal datasets that requires only the declaration of the country and temporal range and resolution of the study. The tool is locally deployable and can easily be integrated into existing climate-disease-modelling applications. We demonstrate the utility of the tool for dengue modelling in Vietnam where epidemiological data are legally required to remain local. We include a pipeline for bias correction of climate data to enhance their quality for downstream modelling tasks. The Dengue Advanced Readiness Tools-Pipeline empowers users by simplifying complex download, correction, and aggregation steps, fostering data-driven discovery of relationships between infectious diseases and their drivers in space and time, and enhancing reproducibility in research. Additional modules and datasets can be added to the existing ones to make the pipeline extendable to use cases other than the ones presented here.

automated workflows↗
PubMed1999

Regulation of type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channels by InsP3 and calcium: Simulation of single channel kinetics based on ligand binding and electrophysiological analysis.

Cytosolic calcium acts as both a coagonist and an inhibitor of the type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-gated Ca channel, resulting in a bell-shaped Ca dependence of channel activity (Bezprozvanny, I., J. Watras, and B.E. Ehrlich. 1991. Nature. 351:751-754; Finch, E.A., T.J. Turner, and S.M. Goldin. 1991. Science. 252: 443-446; Iino, M. 1990. J. Gen. Physiol. 95:1103-1122). The ability of Ca to inhibit channel activity, however, varies dramatically depending on InsP3 concentration (Combettes, L., Z. Hannaert-Merah, J.F. Coquil, C. Rousseau, M. Claret, S. Swillens, and P. Champeil. 1994. J. Biol. Chem. 269:17561-17571; Kaftan, E.J., B.E. Ehrlich, and J. Watras. 1997. J. Gen. Physiol. 110:529-538). In the present report, we have extended the characterization of the effect of cytosolic Ca on both InsP3 binding and InsP3-gated channel kinetics, and incorporated these data into a mathematical model capable of simulating channel kinetics. We found that cytosolic Ca increased the Kd of InsP3 binding approximately 3.5-fold, but did not influence the maximal number of binding sites. The ability of Ca to decrease InsP3 binding is consistent with the rightward shift in the bell-shaped Ca dependence of InsP3-gated Ca channel activity. High InsP3 concentrations are able to overcome the Ca-dependent inhibition of channel activity, apparently due to a low affinity InsP3 binding site (Kaftan, E.J., B.E. Ehrlich, and J. Watras. 1997. J. Gen. Physiol. 110:529-538). Constants from binding analyses and channel activity determinations were used to develop a mathematical model that fits the complex Ca-dependent regulation of the type 1 InsP3-gated Ca channel. This model accurately simulated both steady state data (channel open probability and InsP3 binding) and kinetic data (channel activity and open time distributions), and yielded testable predictions with regard to the regulation of this intracellular Ca channel. Information gained from these analyses, and our current molecular model of this Ca channel, will be important for understanding the basis and regulation of intracellular Ca waves and oscillations in intact cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Safety of ingredients used in cosmetics.

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program was established in 1976 by the Cosmetics, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, with the support of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Consumer Federation of America (CFA). CIR performs independent, expert reviews to determine if ingredients used in cosmetics are safe. CIR staff prepares summaries of available data and the CIR Expert Panel reviews the data in open, public meetings. If more data are needed, requests are made. Unpublished studies may be provided, but become public and available for review once summarized in CIR safety assessments. Tentative conclusions are supported with a rationale and public comment is sought. Taking any input into consideration, a final safety assessment monograph is issued. These monographs are submitted for publication in the peer-reviewed International Journal of Toxicology . To date, 1194 individual cosmetic ingredients have been addressed. Of these, 683 were found to be safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration. With qualifications, another 388 have been found safe for use in cosmetics; specific qualifications for each are given. Nine ingredients have been deemed unsafe for use in cosmetics and the safety issue has been described. The available data were found insufficient to support the safety of 114 ingredients; the needed data are listed. Hair dyes represent an important product category reviewed by CIR. In considering hair dyes, the CIR Expert Panel reviews experimental and clinical data specific to the particular chemical structure of each hair dye and reviews epidemiologic studies that address hair dye use that are less specific. Recently the CIR Expert Panel concluded that the available epidemiologic studies are insufficient to conclude there is a causal relationship between hair dye use and cancer and other end points. It is inevitable that new information will become available concerning ingredients for which safety assessments were completed in the early days of the program. To consider new data, the CIR Expert Panel has instituted a re-review program. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), formaldehyde, and parabens are discussed as examples. Safety assessments currently underway are listed, along with high-priority ingredients from which new work will be chosen. Although supported by the cosmetics industry, the CIR program has remained independent in its decision making, based on its open, public process; the integrity of the expert panel members; the participation of the FDA and the CFA; and the cooperation of the cosmetics industry.

Beauty Culture↗
PubMed1997

A non-intrusive method for the measurement of water vapour sorption by bacterial spores.

Single particle levitation (SPL) is used to measure the sorption and desorption of water vapour from microparticles comprising of Bacillus spores. Water gain is determined from increases in the weight-balancing levitation voltages. Spore water isotherms are compared to values previously reported using bulk gravimetric methods. Two salient differences are found between the SPL and bulk data: (1) greater osmotic swelling is observed in the SPL data; and (2) the SPL data exhibit open loop hysteresis while bulk data exhibit closed loop hysteresis.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of gastric cancer.

The relationship between intake of selected micronutrients and gastric cancer risk was investigated using data from a case-control study conducted in Italy between 1985 and 1992 on 723 cases of histologically confirmed, incident gastric cancer, and 2024 controls hospitalized for acute, nonneoplastic, nondigestive tract diseases. Relative risks of subsequent quintiles of intake were computed after allowance for sex, age, and other major identified potential confounding factors, including an estimate of total calorie intake. No trend in risk emerged for intake of retinol, vitamin D and vitamin E, whereas a protective pattern was observed for consumption of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, folate, and nitrates, with risk estimates for the highest intake quintiles of 0.27, 0.40, 0.58, and 0.43, respectively. Significant direct trends in risk were found for methionine, calcium, and nitrites. When the effect of various micronutrients was taken into account, a residual protective effect was observed for beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, and a direct association with methionine remained, whereas the protective effect of folates and nitrates and the direct associations of nitrites were no longer evident. The risk estimates for the upper quintiles of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and methionine consumption were respectively 0.38, 0.53, and 2.40, and all the trends in risk were significant and consistent across strata of sex and age. Whether this reflects a specific effect of these micronutrients, rather than problems of collinearity or other limitations of the data, is open for discussion. Nonetheless, these data indicate that selected micronutrients may have an impact in the process of gastric carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The age distribution of primary open angle glaucoma.

Prevalence data for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), taken from eight population surveys, was smoothed by curve-fitting to derive composite estimates with respect to quinqennial age groups from 40-44 to 85-89 years. These were applied to national population figures to provide a distribution of cases with respect to age. Estimated prevalence for age 40-89 years in mainly white Caucasian people was 1.2%, rising from 0.2% for those in their 40s to 4.3% for those in their 80s. Of the total cases, 7% were less than 55 years old, 44% were aged 55-74 years, and 49% were older. 'Implied incidence' was estimated from the prevalence results, being 0.11% per year in people aged 55 to 74 years. The analysis applied to relatively narrow definitions of POAG. If 'probable' cases and also 'ocular hypertensives requiring treatment' (of relevance for glaucoma screening) were included, the prevalence would be almost twice as high. Also, a larger proportion of potential cases for a screen would be less than 55 years old, partly because the average age of incident (i.e., newly developed) cases is less than that of prevalent (i.e., all existing) cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Regulation of CFTR Cl- channel gating by ATP binding and hydrolysis.

Opening and closing of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel is regulated by the interaction of ATP with its two cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding domains (NBD). Although ATP hydrolysis by the NBDs is required for normal gating, the influence of ATP binding versus hydrolysis on specific steps in the gating cycle remains uncertain. Earlier work showed that the absence of Mg(2+) prevents hydrolysis. We found that even in the absence of Mg(2+), ATP could support channel activity, albeit at a reduced level compared with the presence of Mg(2+). Application of ATP with a divalent cation, including the poorly hydrolyzed CaATP complex, increased the rate of opening. Moreover, in CFTR variants with mutations that disrupt hydrolysis, ATP alone opened the channel and Mg(2+) further enhanced ATP-dependent opening. These data suggest that ATP alone can open the channel and that divalent cations increase ATP binding. Consistent with this conclusion, when we mutated an aspartate thought to bind Mg(2+), divalent cations failed to increase activity compared with ATP alone. Two observations suggested that divalent cations also stabilize the open state. In wild-type CFTR, CaATP generated a long duration open state, whereas ATP alone did not. With a CFTR variant in which hydrolysis was disrupted, MgATP, but not ATP alone, produced long openings. These results suggest a gating cycle for CFTR in which ATP binding opens the channel and either hydrolysis or dissociation leads to channel closure. In addition, the data suggest that ATP binding and hydrolysis by either NBD can gate the channel.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

JUICE: a data management system that facilitates the analysis of large volumes of information in an EST project workflow.

BACKGROUND: Expressed sequence tag (EST) analyses provide a rapid and economical means to identify candidate genes that may be involved in a particular biological process. These ESTs are useful in many Functional Genomics studies. However, the large quantity and complexity of the data generated during an EST sequencing project can make the analysis of this information a daunting task. RESULTS: In an attempt to make this task friendlier, we have developed JUICE, an open source data management system (Apache + PHP + MySQL on Linux), which enables the user to easily upload, organize, visualize and search the different types of data generated in an EST project pipeline. In contrast to other systems, the JUICE data management system allows a branched pipeline to be established, modified and expanded, during the course of an EST project. The web interfaces and tools in JUICE enable the users to visualize the information in a graphical, user-friendly manner. The user may browse or search for sequences and/or sequence information within all the branches of the pipeline. The user can search using terms associated with the sequence name, annotation or other characteristics stored in JUICE and associated with sequences or sequence groups. Groups of sequences can be created by the user, stored in a clipboard and/or downloaded for further analyses. Different user profiles restrict the access of each user depending upon their role in the project. The user may have access exclusively to visualize sequence information, access to annotate sequences and sequence information, or administrative access. CONCLUSION: JUICE is an open source data management system that has been developed to aid users in organizing and analyzing the large amount of data generated in an EST Project workflow. JUICE has been used in one of the first functional genomics projects in Chile, entitled "Functional Genomics in nectarines: Platform to potentiate the competitiveness of Chile in fruit exportation". However, due to its ability to organize and visualize data from external pipelines, JUICE is a flexible data management system that should be useful for other EST/Genome projects. The JUICE data management system is released under the Open Source GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). JUICE may be downloaded from http://genoma.unab.cl/juice_system/ or http://www.genomavegetal.cl/juice_system/.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2001

Inhibition of human ether-a-go-go potassium channels by cocaine.

Cocaine is a potent cardiac stimulant and its use has been linked to life-threatening arrhythmias in humans. A prominent effect of cocaine in the heart is a suppression of the delayed-rectifier potassium current (I(K)) that is important for cardiac repolarization. In this study, cocaine was found to be an inhibitor of HERG channels that underlie the rapidly activating component of I(K). HERG was expressed in tsA201 cells and the whole-cell currents were measured using the patch-clamp technique. HERG currents are inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion with an IC(50) value of 5.6 +/- 0.4 microM. The cocaine inhibition increases over the range of voltages at which the channels activate, indicating that cocaine preferentially binds to open or inactivated channels. At more depolarized potentials, at which the channels are maximally activated, the cocaine inhibition is constant indicating that the binding of the drug is not directly influenced by voltage. Cocaine reduces both the peak tail currents and the instantaneous currents measured by applying voltage steps under conditions where channels are open. The data are consistent with the inhibition of open channels. Cocaine also accelerates the rapid decay of the current at depolarized voltages suggestive of an interaction with inactivated channels. The data indicates that cocaine inhibits the channels by preferentially binding to a combination of open and inactivated states.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2006

Modelling data across labs, genomes, space and time.

Logical models and physical specifications provide the foundation for storage, management and analysis of complex sets of data, and describe the relationships between measured data elements and metadata - the contextual descriptors that define the primary data. Here, we use imaging applications to illustrate the purpose of the various implementations of data specifications and the requirement for open, standardized, data formats to facilitate the sharing of critical digital data and metadata.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A survey of the knowledge and contact with drugs in the community of firstgraders in public and private schools in Ribeirão Preto].

This study refers to an essay concerning knowledge and contact with drugs among students, first grade, in private and public schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto, in different social layers. Looking for a better understanding of our data, we decided to work in this empirical survey with the concept of social stratum: a group of person with determined measurable features in common, that is, common status and that can be defined by distinct criteria. Schools were sorted according to the kind of student they had: after, schools were divided in four groups and we drew lots of each school. We used a questionnaire to collect data with opened and closed questions. According to data obtained we concluded that all students, no matter what socio-economic level, have a superficial knowledge about the subject: 48.2% said they knew people addicted to drugs in their neighbourhood; 8.8% of the children said they had offerings of drugs and the drugs were: cocaine, marijuana, haxixe, cigarettes and toxic pencil; and 63% of the remaining group said they never had an orientation related to drugs.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

Application of standardized quality control procedures to open-path Fourier transform infrared data collected at a concentrated swine production facility.

Open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP/FT-IR) spectrometry was used to measure the concentrations of ammonia, methane, and other atmospheric gases at a concentrated swine production facility. A total of 2200 OP/FT-IR spectra were acquired along nine different monitoring paths during an 8-day period between January 11 and 22, 1999. Standardized quality control (QC) procedures were applied to the archived OP/FT-IR spectra to verify that the instrument was set up and operating properly during the field study and to identify outliers in the concentration data. These QC procedures included measuring the random baseline noise, the signal strength, and the relative single-beam intensity in selected wavenumber regions; inspecting the archived spectra for wavenumber shifts, changes in resolution, and evidence of detector saturation; and examining time series plots of the target gas concentrations and the uncertainty values reported by the classical least-squares (CLS) analysis. Application of these QC procedures to the archived spectra identified 252 potential outliers. After a careful review of the original spectra, 41 of the 252 suspected outliers were designated as actual outliers. Of the QC criteria used during this study, the uncertainty values reported by the CLS analysis were the most reliable indicators of actual outliers.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Zonisamide in pediatric epilepsy: review of the Japanese experience.

Zonisamide is a novel anticonvulsant that is structurally and mechanistically unique, compared with other antiepilepsy drugs. Available in Japan and South Korea since 1989, it was approved in the United States in the year 2000 as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in adults. There has been extensive clinical trial and clinical practice experience with zonisamide therapy in Japanese children. Open-label data from pediatric clinical trials conducted in Japan suggest that zonisamide is well tolerated and effective against partial- and generalized-onset seizures in children. Despite this wealth of open-label data, no formal pharmacokinetic studies and only one well-controlled trial of zonisamide's efficacy and safety in Japanese children have been completed to date. No controlled clinical trials of zonisamide in children have been completed in the United States or Europe. Additional controlled trials in children with partial- or generalized-onset seizures, infantile spasms, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome are warranted to further delineate zonisamide's broad spectrum of efficacy and tolerability in children.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Epidemiological data on primary open-angle glaucoma and treatment in the department of Marne].

A descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological survey of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was carried out in the department of Marne, France, between October 1990 and May 1991. The aim of the study was to obtain socio-medico-demographic data on glaucoma patients who were treated for a period of one year or more. Fifty per cent of the ophthalmologists in the department of Marne participated in the study by having their patients complete an anonymous questionnaire at home. Eighty-five per cent of the 407 patients replied. This response rate to the investigation did not vary significantly (p > 0.90) with respect to the ophthalmologist. However, forgetting to distribute the questionnaires to the patients was variable from one physician to the other. The prevalence of POAG cases undergoing treatment was between 0.15 and 0.36% for the whole population; between 0.37 and 0.89% for patients over the age of 40 years; 0.67 and 1.67% after the age of 60. The same number of women and men are affected, but the risk is 1.33 times greater for men after the age of 60. The geographical distribution of the patients is identical to that of the general population. Sixty-two per cent of the patients take other drugs as well and this proportion increases with age (p < 0.0001); 24% of the subjects have hypertension and 10.6% are diabetic. Half of the patients have received anti-glaucoma therapy for 6 years or less; 94% take beta-blockers, 18% take miotics and 12% use adrenergic drugs. More women instil their eyedrops on their own (79% vs 57%; p < 0.0001). Ten per cent of patients have had glaucoma operations and this proportion increases with age (p < 0.03). The frequency of laser treatment is 20%. Glaucoma patients seem to be faithful to their ophthalmologist as 65% of them go to the same one for follow-up. Our study shows that this type of investigation is well received by the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A web-based program for coding open-ended response protocols.

A Web-based coding application was designed to improve coding efficiency and to provide a systematic means of evaluating responses to open-ended assessments. The system was developed for use by multiple raters to assign open-ended responses to predetermined categories. The application provides a software environment for efficiently supervising the work of coders and evaluating the quality of the coding by (1) systematically presenting open-ended responses to coders, (2) tracking each coder's categorized responses, and (3) assessing interrater consistency at any time in order to identify coders in need of further training. In addition, the application can be set to automatically assign repeated responses to categories previously identified as appropriate for those responses. To evaluate the efficacy of the coding application and to determine the statistical reliability of coding open-ended data within this application, we examined data from two empirical studies. The results demonstrated substantial interrater agreement on items assigned to various categories across free and controlled association tasks. Overall, this new coding application provides a feasible method of reliably coding open-ended data and makes the task of coding these data more manageable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Fate of chemicals in plant-soil systems: comparison of laboratory test data with results of open air long-term experiments.

Three laboratory short-term test systems were used to determine volatilization rates, mineralization rates, and conversion rates of 14 14C-labeled chemicals in soils or soil-plant systems. The chemicals covered a wide range of water solubility, vapor pressure, chemical stability, and biodegradability. In order to compare the data obtained with the environmental behavior of the respective chemicals, data from an outdoor experimental setup which had been shown to give residue data within the range limits of field conditions were used. Volatilization rates, mineralization rates, and conversion rates obtained in the laboratory were correlated to those found under outdoor conditions. Based on these correlations, predictions of field residues were made. The predicted values for total field residues were comparable to those found experimentally with the exception of two chemicals. The prediction of residues of unchanged parent compounds in the field was less satisfactory. The reasons for differences observed are discussed.

Environmental Pollutants↗