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Results for “prophylactic surgery”

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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Prophylactic antibiotherapy in urological surgery.

The aim of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in urological surgery is the prevention of local or systemic infections. The authors treated 100 patients prophylactically; 62 were treated with amikacin and 38 with cefotaxime. Of the 62 patients treated with amikacin, 18 had infectious complications. Of the 38 patients treated with cefotaxime, ten had infectious complications. We conclude that in the Hospital do Desterro the incidence of infectious complications is high, despite antibiotic prophylaxis.

Amikacin↗

PubMed2004

Severe electrolyte disorders following cardiac surgery: a prospective controlled observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Electrolyte disorders are an important cause of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias as well as various other complications in the intensive care unit. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at risk for development of tachyarrhythmias, especially in the period during and immediately after surgical intervention. Preventing electrolyte disorders is thus an important goal of therapy in such patients. However, although levels of potassium are usually measured regularly in these patients, other electrolytes such as magnesium, phosphate and calcium are measured far less frequently. We hypothesized that patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures might be at risk for electrolyte depletion, and we therefore conducted the present study to assess electrolyte levels in such patients. METHODS: Levels of magnesium, phosphate, potassium, calcium and sodium were measured in 500 consecutive patients undergoing various cardiac surgical procedures who required extracorporeal circulation (group 1). A total of 250 patients admitted to the intensive care unit following other major surgical procedures served as control individuals (group 2). Urine electrolyte excretion was measured in a subgroup of 50 patients in both groups. RESULTS: All cardiac patients received 1 l cardioplegia solution containing 16 mmol potassium and 16 mmol magnesium. In addition, intravenous potassium supplementation was greater in cardiac surgery patients (mean +/- standard error: 10.2 +/- 4.8 mmol/hour in cardiac surgery patients versus 1.3 +/- 1.0 in control individuals; P < 0.01), and most (76% versus 2%; P < 0.01) received one or more doses of magnesium (on average 2.1 g) for clinical reasons, mostly intraoperative arrhythmia. Despite these differences in supplementation, electrolyte levels decreased significantly in cardiac surgery patients, most of whom (88% of cardiac surgery patients versus 20% of control individuals; P < 0.001) met criteria for clinical deficiency in one or more electrolytes. Electrolyte levels were as follows (mmol/l [mean +/- standard error]; cardiac patients versus control individuals): phosphate 0.43 +/- 0.22 versus 0.92 +/- 0.32 (P < 0.001); magnesium 0.62 +/- 0.24 versus 0.95 +/- 0.27 (P < 0.001); calcium 1.96 +/- 0.41 versus 2.12 +/- 0.33 (P < 0.001); and potassium 3.6 +/- 0.70 versus 3.9 +/- 0.63 (P < 0.01). Magnesium levels in patients who had not received supplementation were 0.47 +/- 0.16 mmol/l in group 1 and 0.95 +/- 0.26 mmol/l in group 2 (P < 0.001). Urinary excretion of potassium, magnesium and phosphate was high in group 1 (data not shown), but this alone could not completely account for the observed electrolyte depletion. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation are at high risk for electrolyte depletion, despite supplementation of some electrolytes, such as potassium. The probable mechanism is a combination of increased urinary excretion and intracellular shift induced by a combination of extracorporeal circulation and decreased body temperature during surgery (hypothermia induced diuresis). Our findings may partly explain the high risk of tachyarrhythmia in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. Prophylactic supplementation of potassium, magnesium and phosphate should be seriously considered in all patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures, both during surgery and in the immediate postoperative period. Levels of these electrolytes should be monitored frequently in such patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Breast cancer risk reduction: strategies for women at increased risk.

Breast cancer risk reduction now represents an achievable medical objective. Current interventions include selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), prophylactic surgery, and lifestyle change. For SERMs, current evidence supports tamoxifen use for breast cancer risk reduction whereas raloxifene requires further study. Prophylactic mastectomy and prophylactic oophorectomy, effective in retrospective clinical experiences, should be considered only for women at substantial risk willing to accept the irreversible consequences of these procedures. Although dietary fat intake is under clinical trial evaluation, lifestyle change, including weight loss, dietary change, and increased physical activity, can be recommended based on other health considerations. Use of any intervention requires careful breast cancer risk assessment, risk-benefit calculations, and informed decision making with full patient participation. Future breast cancer risk assessment may incorporate additional biologic measures of estrogen exposure and/or analyses of collected breast cells. Under active evaluation are novel SERMs, aromatase inhibitors/inactivators, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists, retinoids, statins, and tyrosine kinase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of surgical repair on the neurologic function in infants with lipomeningocele.

Eighteen children under the age of 1 year underwent surgery for lipomeningocele at our institution between 1983 and 1991. All the patients had neurologic exams and urodynamic studies (UDS) including a cystometrogram and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter pre- and postoperatively. The surgical procedure performed included an untethering of the spinal cord, laser debulking of the lipoma and placement of a dural graft. All the infants presented with a lesion on their back. Two of 10 infants with a normal neurological exam had abnormal UDS preoperatively. Early surgery normalized abnormal preoperative UDS in 5 of 6 (83%) infants with abnormal UDS. Moreover, 3 of 8 (38%) infants with an abnormal neurological exam preoperatively improved after surgery and none worsened. These observations suggest that abnormal urinary tract function in infants with lipomeningocele may be reversible with early prophylactic surgery.

Female↗

PubMed1980

Management of cardiovascular complications in Marfan syndrome.

From 1965 to 1979, 59 patients with the Marfan syndrome and cardiovascular complications underwent aortic root and aortic valve surgery. The hospital mortality was 12% (6.5% over the past 5 years). At follow-up an average of 5.1 years later, 2 patients had postoperative heart block, and late complications required reoperation in 4. There was 8 late deaths (overall mortality 25%). Survival at 6 years was 77% and improvement was noted in the functional class of 32 (74%) of the 43 survivors. 3 patients with abnormal preoperative ventricular function have continued in cardiac failure; 3 have moderate mitral regurgitation and 2 have aortic regurgitation. Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta and pulmonary artery have developed in 2 patients. Initially patients underwent surgery when their condition deteriorated despite medical treatment. Echocardiographic assessment of the aortic root has improved diagnosis and management; a large, progressively dilating aorta and evidence of ventricular dilatation were indications for surgery in 11 symptom-free patients. Although patients with Marfan syndrome are prone to other cardiovascular manifestation which affect survival, elective prophylactic surgery to the ascending aorta can be done with a low mortality and expectation of improved lifespan.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Prophylactic colectomy in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

Prophylactic colectomy is indicated in patients whose colons are at very high risk of developing cancer. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is the best example of a situation where prophylactic surgery is clearly necessary to prevent cancer, and has been shown to be effective in doing so. Recent advances in the molecular genetics of colorectal cancer have allowed presymptomatic diagnosis of patients with another dominantly inherited syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Prior to this, prophylactic colectomy had not been a consideration for patients in HNPCC families. A review of the outcome of colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in FAP patients shows that although it is a major abdominal surgery there is a relatively low complication rate and the functional outcome is acceptable for a prophylactic procedure. The decision to apply colectomy to HNPCC patients depends on careful consideration of factors such as comorbidity, age, sphincter function, likely compliance with future surveillance and likely efficiency of colonoscopy as a cancer prevention strategy. In general, prophylactic colectomy is indicated in HNPCC gene carriers, because their lifetime risk for colorectal cancer is 80%.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗

PubMed1992

Indication for surgery of asymptomatic carotid lesions.

The incidence of cerebrovascular diseases with transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction has increased significantly. Although patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis clearly benefit from operative therapy, the indication to prophylactic surgery of asymptomatic carotid lesions however is still controversial. Based on data from a recently completed prospective randomized study and on analysis of the literature the indication and results of surgical treatment of asymptomatic stenoses of the carotid arteries are discussed. From 1970 to 1990 a total of 744 uni-or bilateral reconstructions of the internal carotid artery were performed in 631 patients. The perioperative morbidity (permanent neurologic deficiency) and mortality was 1.1% (n = 8) resp. 0.8% (n = 6). During the follow up period up to 18 years another 9 patients suffered from stroke (1.2%). The annual stroke incidence amounted to 0.2%. An important prerequisite for surgery is the so called critical internal carotid artery stenosis, implying reduced cerebral vasomotor reactivity or high embolic risk of an ulcerative plaque. Proper selection of patients (exclusion of multiple concomitant diseases) and an experienced team of vascular surgeons with operative morbidity and mortality below 1-2% validates surgical treatment of asymptomatic carotid artery stenoses.

Carotid Artery Diseases↗

PubMed1985

Medical management of infective endocarditis; limitations and indication for surgery.

Problems and limitations of medical management for infective endocarditis were studied and surgical indications were discussed based on the retrospective analysis of 55 episodes. Since perioperative complications still occur during highly active infection, antibiotic treatment was suggested as the primary management. Intractable or progressing heart failure appeared to be a definite indication for emergency surgery, but medical therapy was recommended for mild to moderate heart failure. For uncontrolled infection of more than one month duration despite the best available antibiotics, surgical debridement of the infected tissue was indicated. Occurrence of peripheral or fatal emboli was difficult to predict from clinical features and echocardiogram and therefore presented a therapeutic dilemma. Since major or fatal emboli frequently occurred during highly active infection, early initiation of effective antibiotic therapy was considered to be of primary importance. Demonstration of vegetation by echocardiography alone did not seem to justify urgent surgery. In addition, disseminated intravascular coagulation appeared to be a serious complication and thus sedimentation rate should be followed carefully. In the healed stage, prophylactic surgery seemed unnecessary for prevention of recurrent infection or embolization, as they were relatively rare.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Intra-abdominal carcinomatosis after prophylactic oophorectomy in women of hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome kindreds associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

OBJECTIVE: Prophylactic surgical removal of the ovaries has been offered for many years as a potential preventative of ovarian cancer in women deemed to be at increased hereditary risk for this disease. Now, it is possible to test for specific mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that render members of hereditary breast ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome families susceptible to cancer. Widespread intra-abdominal carcinomatosis, which mimics metastatic ovarian serous carcinoma, has been reported following oophorectomy in individuals at increased hereditary risk. This study was undertaken to examine and report particularly the occurrence of intra-abdominal carcinomatosis, as well as other cancers, following prophylactic oophorectomy in patients who carry cancer susceptibility mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 and to assess the cumulative risks for this disease in order to assist in developing appropriate surgical interventions, based on currently available information, and to counsel patients who choose prophylactic surgery, concerning the potential prognosis, thereafter. METHODS: The Creighton University Hereditary Cancer Institute registry was searched for members of HBOC syndrome families who had undergone prophylactic oophorectomy. The histories and results of DNA testing for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations carried in their families were recorded, tabulated and examined, and the aggregate data are reported along with pertinent details of those individuals who developed neoplastic diseases after prophylactic oophorectomy. All available histologic and cytologic materials of patients who were diagnosed with intra-abdominal carcinomatosis were reviewed, and life-table calculations were performed to assess cumulative risks for this disease following prophylactic oophorectomy. RESULTS: From 72 HBOC syndrome families that carried either BRCA1 or BRCA2 cancer-associated mutations, 238 individuals who had undergone prophylactic oophorectomy were recorded in our registry between January 1985 and December 2002. During a mean follow-up of 9.3 years, cancers were diagnosed in 27 subjects, including 16 individuals with breast cancer and five patients with intra-abdominal carcinomatosis. Breast cancers were stage I in 10 of 12 proven carriers of cancer-associated mutations. All five cases of intra-abdominal carcinomatosis were serous carcinomas, and all occurred in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Histologic review of the prophylactically removed ovaries found borderline lesions in two cases, one with possible early stromal invasion. Two of the five patients who developed intra-abdominal carcinomatosis were among 78 patients in this series who were diagnosed and treated for breast cancer before prophylactic oophorectomy. A 3.5% cumulative risk for all mutation carriers and a 3.9% cumulative risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers were calculated through 20 years of follow-up after prophylactic oophorectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-abdominal carcinomatosis in our series was diagnosed only in BRCA1 mutation carriers. The calculated cumulative risks of developing intra-abdominal carcinomatosis after prophylactic oophorectomy in members of HBOC syndrome families, specifically those who carry deleterious mutations, are well below the estimated risks of ovarian cancer published in the literature for similar patients. Breast cancers, which tended to be small and localized, were the most common malignancy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers after prophylactic oophorectomy.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗

PubMed1983

[Importance of external carotid compensation to cerebral vascularization and surgical indications. Apropos of 5 cases].

External carotid artery, to a peripheral destination, becomes most important when it is a supplying artery. The work about 5 cases, followed up 2 to 21 months, confirms the importance of this artery, in its substitute function in case of internal carotid artery thrombosis. The problem is its functional future inside the atheriosclerosis evolutivity. All the patients had a revascularization of the stenotic external carotid artery. Therefore, we proposed revascularization indications of the stenotic supplied external carotid artery: --When a neurologic ischemic attack exists, from stenosis or ulcerative plaques, revascularization surgery of this artery is indicated like for internal carotid artery. --Asymptomatic significant stenosis or ulcerative plaque of supplied external carotid artery are indications for prophylactic surgery, knowing the evolutive risk and the insufficiency of the concerned hemispheric vascularization. --But, frequent controls are sufficient when the stenosis is not significant.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Foot surgery in the patient with diabetes.

Foot surgery for the patient with diabetes does not need to have negative implications. Limb salvage is always a worthwhile goal. The surgeon needs to consider prophylactic surgery in the patient with diabetes to prevent subsequent infections from developing in pressure areas. The assessment of hypoxia, with the help of a vascular surgeon when necessary, is of obvious importance. The large number of misconceptions regarding foot surgery for patients with diabetes leads to considerable confusion regarding surgical care. Many patients with diabetes recover from infections, as well as elective and ablative surgery. This may enable years of foot function to be preserved and is a worthwhile goal in all foot surgery involving patients with diabetes.

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMed2003

Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: evidence on prophylactic interventions.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation after heart surgery is frequent and may increase the length of hospital stay and costs of postoperative care of patients after heat surgery. Pharmacological and pacing interventions were evaluated in the large number of relatively small trials with often contradictory results. Conventional beta-blockers, sotalol, amiodarone and pacing were shown to be equally effective in the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Amiodarone and bi-atrial pacing were also effective in decreasing the length of hospital stay.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Adult scoliosis and back pain.

From available long-term follow-up studies of untreated scoliosis, there seems to be minimal risk of disabling back pain in adult patients who have lumbar curves. A review of all Swedish patients who in 1971 received disability pension because of scoliosis showed very few who had lumbar curves, significantly fewer and with curves of lesser degrees than patients who had thoracolumbar and thoracic curves. Those exhibiting lumbar curves were mostly 60 years of age or older and had curves around 25 degrees only, of the type that can arise as a result of osteoporosis and disc degeneration. Whether severe low-back pain occurs more often in adults who have lumbar curves than in those whose spines are straight is open to question, since calculations presented show approximately the same incidence of surgery performed for back pain in scoliotic patients and in those whose spines are straight. Because scoliosis surgery in the adult carries a high risk and long-term efficacy is unproved, all types of conservative measures must be tried before discussing an operation. Prophylactic surgery to prevent future back pain in young patients who have lumbar curves is not justified.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio: experience with foot surgery in diabetics.

The authors present their experience, at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, with foot surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is important to note that the results that follow are a reflection of the authors' experience with foot surgery in these patients from 1980 to 1985. The authors report two separate groups of patients: those who underwent elective foot surgery and those who underwent ablative foot surgery for an infected diabetic foot with necrosis. Also reviewed is the etiology of diabetic foot deformities and ulcerations. It has been the authors' experience that elective prophylactic surgery in patients with diabetes and an intact vascular status produces good results. Patients with an infected diabetic foot, providing they demonstrate adequate vascular status, have a high percentage of healing with early surgical intervention.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2005

[Visceral surgery in organ transplant recipients or in patients awaiting transplantation].

Patients receiving immunosuppression are at higher risk for gastrointestinal complications: mortality is high if they are not diagnosed and treated rapidly. Systematic screening for cholelithiasis or diverticular disease, and prophylactic surgery, are not recommended systematically anymore. Patients awaiting a transplant with abdominal symptoms should be investigated without delay and surgery, if indicated and whenever possible based on the anaesthetic evaluation, should be performed. In the transplant population, a high degree of suspicion must be raised in case of any abdominal symptom. Radiological investigations and surgery without delay are often the only ways to preserve the function of the graft and optimize the patient's survival.

Gastrointestinal Diseases↗

PubMed1990

[What are the prerequisites for surgery of asymptomatic carotid stenosis?].

Asymptomatic patients with carotid stenoses exceeding 75% have an elevated ischemic cerebrovascular event rate of 18% per year (5% strokes). Our combined perioperative stroke and death rate (1980-1990: 1123 operations) is 1.85%. Thus prophylactic surgery may be indicated in the following cases: hemodynamically significant stenoses of 75% and more, especially with marginal or reduced autoregulatory reserve, rapidly progressing lesions in medically treated patients, lesions with a high risk of embolization (ulcerations on B-scan), clear interrelation between arterial lesions and positive (asymptomatic) intracranial findings (CT, NMR, TC, USD).

Brain Ischemia↗

PubMed2006

Laparoscopic gastric and biliary bypass: a single-center cohort prospective study.

PURPOSE: Relief of gastric outlet and distal biliary obstruction may be accomplished by open surgery or by minimally invasive techniques including endoscopic and laparoscopic approaches. We examined the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic gastric and biliary bypass in all patients with malignant and benign disease requiring surgical relief of obstructive symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with benign duodenal stricture or inoperable malignancy underwent therapeutic laparoscopic bypass surgery. Prophylactic gastric or biliary bypass was added in selected patients with nonmetastatic malignancy. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (17 of them female) with a median age of 67 years (range, 26-81 years) underwent 29 laparoscopic bypass procedures for malignant (n = 23) or benign (n = 6) disease. One patient who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced ulcer disease developed stenosis of the stoma that required laparoscopic refashioning 2 months later, accounting for the 29th procedure reported herein in 28 patients. Surgery included the construction of a single gastric (n = 16) or biliary (n = 5) bypass or a double bypass (n = 8), and an additional prophylactic bypass in 5 of 23 cancer patients (21.8%). All procedures were completed laparoscopically. The median operative time was 90 minutes (range, 60-153 minutes) and mean postoperative hospital stay was 4 days (range, 3-6 days). Complications developed following 4 procedures (13.8%) and 1 patient died (3.4%). No complications occurred in patients with prophylactic bypass. One patient required laparoscopic revision of the gastroenterostomy 2 months postoperatively, for benign disease. No recurrence of obstructive symptoms was observed in cancer patients during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic bypass surgery for distal biliary and gastric obstruction in patients with benign or malignant disease results in low morbidity and mortality and short postoperative hospital stay. The addition of prophylactic bypass in patients with nonmetastatic unresectable malignancy appears safe and effective.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Genetic testing for polyposis: practical and ethical aspects.

The three autosomal dominant inherited polyposis syndromes, familial adenomatous polyposis, juvenile polyposis, and Peutz-Jeghers polyposis predispose to colorectal cancer as does hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Uncovering the genetic background of these four cancer traits provides the possibility for genetic testing of the family members of an affected patient. Before testing identification of the underlying family specific pathogenic mutation is mandatory. This is possible in about 60% to 95% of families. Endoscopic surveillance can be safely discontinued in mutation negative family members and surveillance or prophylactic surgery can be targeted to mutation positive members alone. Testing requires genetic counselling and written informed consent to prevent misunderstanding and to minimise untoward effects such as anxiety. Permanent surveillance and adequate prophylactic treatment for all mutation positive subjects and families is best ensured in national or regional polyposis registries with the capacity to take care of long term follow up from generation to generation.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗